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Introductions of Australia and its main citiesAustralia,officiallytheCommonwealth of Australia,isacountryintheSouthernHemispherecomprisingthemainlandoftheAustraliancontinent,theislandofTasmania(塔斯马尼亚)andnumeroussmallerislandsintheIndianandPacificOceans.NeighboringcountriesincludeIndonesia,EastTimorandPapuaNewGuineatothenorth,theSolomonIslands,VanuatuandNewCaledoniatothenortheastandNewZealandtothesoutheast.Foratleast40,000yearsbeforeEuropeansettlementinthelate18thcentury,AustraliawasinhabitedbyindigenousAustralians,whobelongedtooneormoreofroughly250languagegroups.AfterdiscoverybyDutchexplorersin1606,AustraliaseasternhalfwasclaimedbyBritainin1770andinitiallysettledthroughpenaltransportationtothecolonyofNewSouthWales,formallyfoundedon7February1788(althoughformalpossessionofthelandhadoccurredon26January1788).Thepopulationgrewsteadilyinsubsequentdecades;thecontinentwasexploredandanadditionalfiveself-governingCrownColonieswereestablished.On1January1901,thesixcoloniesbecameafederationandtheCommonwealthofAustraliawasformedPoliticsPoliticsvThePolitics of Australiatakesplacewithintheframeworkofaparliamentarydemocracy,withelectoralproceduresappropriatetoatwo-partysystem.Australiaisgovernedasafederationandasaconstitutionalmonarchy,withanadversariallegislaturebasedupontheWestminstersystem.vAustralianselectparliamentarianstotheParliamentofAustralia,abicameralbodywhichisahybridoftheparliamentarymechanismscarriedoverfromtheUnitedKingdomwiththeuniquelyfederalistelementoftheAustralianSenate.Australiaoperatesasystemofcompulsoryvoting.States and territoriesStates and territoriesvAustraliahassixstatesNewSouthWales,Queensland,SouthAustralia,Tasmania,Victoria,andWesternAustraliaandtwomajormainlandterritoriestheNorthernTerritoryandtheAustralianCapitalTerritory(ACT).Inmostrespectsthesetwoterritoriesfunctionasstates,buttheCommonwealthParliamentcanoverrideanylegislationoftheirparliaments.vAdelaide阿德莱德Brisbane布里斯班Townsville汤斯维尔Darwin达尔文vPerth柏斯vNewcastle纽卡斯尔The main cities of AustraliaThe main cities of Australia Canberra堪培拉Melbourne墨尔本Sydney悉尼Geelong吉朗vCanberraisthecapitalcityofAustralia,Withapopulationofover345,000,itisAustraliaslargestinlandcityandtheeighth-largestcityoverall.Australian LibraryvThecityislocatedatthenorthernendoftheAustralianCapitalTerritory(ACT),280km(170mi)south-westofSydney,and660km(410mi)north-eastofMelbourne.SydneySydneyisthelargestandmostpopulouscityinAustraliaandthestatecapitalofNewSouthWales.SydneyislocatedonAustraliassouth-eastcoastoftheTasmanSea.Withanapproximatepopulationof4.5millionintheSydneymetropolitanareathecityisthelargestinOceania.SydneyisalsothesixthlargestcityintheSouthernHemisphere.InhabitantsofSydneyarecalledSydneysiders,comprisingacosmopolitanandinternationalpopulationofpeoplefromnumerousplacesaroundtheworldThe Sydney Sydney Opera HouseOpera HouseTheSydney Opera Houseisamulti-venueperformingartscentreinSydney,NewSouthweals,Australia.theSydneyOperaHouseprovidesavenueformanyperformingartscompaniesandpresentsawiderangeofproductionsonitsownaccount.ItisalsooneofthemostpopularvisitorattractionsinAustralia,withmorethansevenmillionpeoplevisitingthesiteeachyear,300,000ofwhomtakeaguidedtour.Other famous tourist attractions维多利亚女王大厦VICTORIANARTSCENTRE悉尼玫瑰湾悉尼塔：伊丽莎白海湾邸宅中国城：MelbournevMelbourneisthecapitalandmostpopulouscityinthestateofVictoria,andthesecondmostpopulouscityinAustralia.vTheMelbourneCityvCentreisthehubofthegreatergeographicalareaandtheCensusstatisticaldivisionofwhichMelbourneisthecommonname.AsofJune2009,thegreatergeographicalareahadanapproximatepopulationoffourmillion.InhabitantsofMelbournearecalledMelbournians.墨尔本圣保罗教堂墨尔本可谟宅邸库克船长小屋BrisbaneBrisbaneisthecapitalandmostpopulouscityintheAustralianstateofQueenslandandthethirdmostpopulouscityinAustralia.Brisbanesmetropolitanareahasanapproximatepopulationof2million.AresidentofBrisbaneiscommonlyknownasaBrisbanite.Brisbaneisnamedaftertheriveronwhichitsitswhich,inturn,wasnamedafterSirThomasBrisbane,theGovernorofNewSouthWalesfrom1821to1825.ThefirstEuropeansettlementinQueenslandwasapenalcolonyatRadcliffe,28kilometers(17mi)northoftheBrisbanecentralbusinessdistrict,in1824.ThatsettlementwassoonabandonedandmovedtoNorthQuayin1825.Freesettlerswerepermittedfrom1842.BrisbanewaschosenasthecapitalwhenQueenslandwasproclaimedaseparatecolonyfromNewSouthWalesin1859.ThecityplayedacentralroleintheAlliedcampaignduringWorldWarIIastheSouthWestPacificheadquartersforGeneralDouglasMacArthur.Brisbanehashostedmanylargeculturalandsportingeventsincludingthe1982CommonwealthGames,WorldExpo88andthefinalGoodwillGamesin2001.In2008,BrisbanewasclassifiedasagammaworldcityintheWorldCitiesStudyGroupsinventorybyLoughboroughUniversity.Itwasalsoratedthe16thmostlivablecityintheworldin2009byTheEconomist.布里斯班野生动物园QueenslandCulturalCentreGeelongisaportcitylocatedonCorioBayandtheBarwonRiver,inthestateofVictoria,Australia,75kilometerssouth-westofthestatecapital;Melbourne.ItisthesecondmostpopulatedcityinVictoriaandthefifthmostpopulatednon-capitalcityinAustralia.GeelongAdelaide AdelaideisthecapitalandmostpopulouscityoftheAustralianstateofSouthAustralia,andisthefifth-largestcityinAustralia.AdelaideisacoastalcitysituatedontheeasternshoresofGulfStVincent,ontheAdelaidePlains,northoftheFleurieuPeninsula,betweenGulfStVincentandthelow-lyingMountLoftyRanges.AsSouthAustraliasseatofgovernmentandcommercialcentre,Adelaideisthesiteofmanygovernmentalandfinancialinstitutions.MostoftheseareconcentratedinthecitycentrealongtheculturalboulevardofNorthTerrace,KingWilliamStreetandinvariousdistrictsofthemetropolitanarea.Today,Adelaideisnotedforitsmanyfestivalsandsportingevents,itsfood,wineandculture,itslongbeachfronts,anditslargedefensesandmanufacturingsectors.Itcontinuestorankhighlyasalivablecity,beingintheTop10inThe EconomistsWorldsMostLivableCitiesindex.DarwinisthecapitalcityoftheNorthernTerritory,Australia.SituatedontheTimorSea,Darwinhasapopulationof124,800,makingitbyfarthelargestandmostpopulatedcityinthesparselypopulatedNorthernTerritory,buttheleastpopulousofallAustraliascapitalcities.DarwinDarwinItisthesmallestandmostnortherlyoftheAustraliancapitalcities,andactsastheTopEndsregionalcentre.KakaduNationalParkPerthvPerthisthecapitalandlargestcityoftheAustralianstateofWesternAustraliaandthefourthmostpopulouscityinAustralia.ThePerthmetropolitanareahasanestimatedpopulationof1,659,000.vPerthbecameknownworldwideastheCityofLightwhencityresidentslittheirhouselightsandstreetlightsasAmericanastronautJohnGlennpassedoverheadwhileorbitingtheearthonFriendship7in1962.ThecityrepeatedtheactasGlennpassedoverheadontheSpaceShuttlein1998.PerthistiedforeighthplaceinThe Economists2010listoftheWorldsMostLivableCities.SwanRiver:ROTTNESTISLAND:TownsvilleTownsvilleisacityonthenorth-easterncoastofAustralia,inthestateofQueensland.AdjacenttothecentralsectionoftheGreatBarrierReef,itisinthedrytropicsregionofQueensland.TownsvilleisAustraliaslargesturbancentrenorthoftheSunshineCoast,witha2006censuspopulationof143,328,anda20082009estimatedpopulationof181,743.ConsideredtheunofficialcapitalofNorthQueensland,Townsvillehostsasignificantnumberofgovernmental,communityandmajorbusinessadministrativeofficesforthenorthernhalfofthestate.NewcastlevTheNewcastlemetropolitanareaisthesecondmostpopulatedareaintheAustralianstateofNewSouthWalesandincludesmostoftheNewcastleandLakeMacquarieLocalGovernmentAreas.ItisthehuboftheGreaterNewcastleareawhichincludesmostpartsoftheLocalGovernmentAreasofCityofNewcastle,CityofLakeMacquarie,CityofCessnock,CityofMaitlandandPortStephensCouncil.vSituated162kilometersnearthenortheastofSydney,atthemouthoftheHunterRiver,itisthepredominantcitywithintheHunterRegion.vFamousforitscoal,Newcastleispresentlythelargestcoalexportingharborintheworld,exportingover97Mtofcoalin200910withplanstoexpandannualcapacityto180Mtby2013.Beyondthecity,theHunterRegionpossesseslargecoaldeposits.ChristChurchCathedral,Newcastle:
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