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2021/1/23 天津理工大学 1 EST Scientific English Writing Yuan Yongkang 2021/1/23 天津理工大学 2 Contents 1 Introduction to Scientific English 2 Lesson plans for the course 3 Articles 2021/1/23 天津理工大学 3 Introduction to Scientific English Science writing in our country, according to many experts in English is， in fact， scientific translation from Chinese to English. That is to say, all Chinese students are able to write academic papers in Chinese. The problem is how they can put their papers into English. Quite a few professors and graduate students in our country sent their papers to the well-known technical journals abroad, such as the American IEEE and the British IEE. The reviewers comment may often be like this: What you described in the paper is O.K., but your English is poor. Please improve it( Or Please rewrite your paper entirely.) 2021/1/23 天津理工大学 4 Introduction to Scientific English Look at the following examples: 半导体是其导电率介于导体导电率和非导体 导电率之间的物质。常见的有硅和锗。半导 体对光和热很敏感，这两者强烈地影响它的 导电率。因此，半导体被广泛地用来制作自 动计算传送带上的零件等。 2021/1/23 天津理工大学 5 Introduction to Scientific English Semiconductors are a substance whose conductivity lies/comes/is between that of conductors and that of non-conductors. Common examples are silicon and germanium. Semiconductors are quite sensitive to heat and light, both of which have a great effect on their conductivity. Therefore/Thus/So/As a result, semiconductors are widely used for automatically counting parts on conveying belts for many other purposes 2021/1/23 天津理工大学 6 Lesson Plans for the Course Individual sentence writing Individual sentence writing, which is connected with the application of grammatical rules in a different way. Paper writing Paper writing, which deals with how to o rganize sentences in a paper by use of the patterns preferred by foreign scientis ts and engineers 2021/1/23 天津理工大学 7 Articles Introduction to articles The classification of articles The usage of Articles 2021/1/23 天津理工大学 8 Introduction to Articles Articles, due to the lack of equivalent in Chinese, is a difficult grammatical point for English learners. In writing, it is easy for us to find the wrong use of articles, especially in Scientific English Writing. Therefore, a detailed explanation of its usage is given in this chapter. 2021/1/23 天津理工大学 9 Classification of Articles Generally speaking, articles can be divided into three groups. definite article “the” indefinite article “a/an” zero article 2021/1/23 天津理工大学 10 The Usage of Articles 1.Common cases where articles are used before nouns 2. Common cases where articles are omitted before nouns 3. Specific rules for using articles 4. The special positions of some articles 2021/1/23 天津理工大学 11 1.Common cases where articles are used before nouns (1)单数 可 数 名 词 前一般要有冠 词 ，泛指 时 多用不定冠 词 . e.g. A transmitter consists commonly of several parts. 发 射机通常是由几部分 构 成的。 A computer system consists of a computer and some peripherals. 计 算机系 统 是由 计 算机和一些外部 设备构 成的。 注意： 到底是用 a还 是 an， 这 完全取 决 于不定冠 词 后 紧 跟 的第一 个 音素（而不是第一 个 字母），若是元音， 则 一定 要用 an。 e.g. 这 是一 个 n值 的函 数 。 This is an n-valued function. 昨 晚 在天空中出 现 了一 个 不明 飞 行物。 A UFO appeared in the sky last night. 2021/1/23 天津理工大学 12 1.Common cases where articles are used before nouns (2)对 于前面已 经 提到的 东 西、心目中特指的 东 西、 带 有后置修 饰语 （包括短 语 或 从 句）的特指的 东 西前 一般 应 使用定冠 词 。如： 当电流流过导线时，它会遇 到一些阻力。这种阻力就成为电阻。 When an electric current flows through a wire, it meets some oppositions. The opposition is referred to as resistance. 控制系统的设计在很大程度上取决于复变量理论的应 用。 The design of control systems depends greatly on the application of complex-variable theory. 2021/1/23 天津理工大学 13 （ 1）泛指的物质名词及不可数名词前不加冠词； 表示一类的复数名词前不加冠词。 e.g. 电 广泛的 应 用于工 农业 之中。 Electricity is widely used in industry and agriculture. 铁 是物 质 。 Iron is a metal. 空 气 是物 质 。 Air is matter. 机器靠 电 力 运转 。 Machines are run by electricity. 2. Common cases where articles are omitted before nouns 2021/1/23 天津理工大学 14 (2) 论 文的 标题 、 书 籍名 称 等的冠 词 可以省去。 如： 图像处理的研究 (The) Research on Image Processing 热力学第一定律 (The) First Law of Thermodynamics 2. Common cases where articles are omitted before nouns 2021/1/23 天津理工大学 15 (3) 图 示 说 明文字中一般可省略冠 词 如：图 2-1 用旋转适量的垂直分量来产生正弦波 Figure 2-1 Generation of sine wave by vertical component of rotating vector. (注意： generation前省略了 the； sine wave前省略了 a； vertical前省略了 the； rotating前省略了 a。另外，科技英语中 不论图示的说明是否是一个句子，末尾均要加句号。 ) 图 2-5 安培表电阻对电路中电流的影响 Figure 2-5 (the) Effect of (the) ammeter resistance on (the) current in (a) circuit. 2. Common cases where articles are omitted before nouns 2021/1/23 天津理工大学 16 (4) 可 数 名 词单数 形式 泛指 时 可省略冠 词 （特 别 是在 between A and B， from A to B， the variation of A with B等 表 达 中， A和 B之前可以省略定冠 词 ）。 如： 欧姆首先发现了电流、电压、电阻之间的关系。 Ohm first discovered the relationship between current, voltage, and resistance. 晶体管是由发射极、基极和集电极三部分构成的。 A transistor consists of three parts: emitter, base and collector. 2. Common cases where articles are omitted before nouns 2021/1/23 天津理工大学 17 (5) 表示 职 位的名 词 或者表示 独 一无二的人之前一般不用冠 词 。 表示职位 马萨诸塞州伍斯特市的伍斯特工学院数学系主任塞缪尔 兰金博 士说。 Said Dr. Samuel Rankin, head of the mathematical sciences department at Worchester Polytechnic Institute in Worchester, Mass. 表示独一无二 功率的单位是每秒 1焦耳，这被称为 1瓦特，以纪念蒸汽机的开 发者詹姆斯 瓦特。 The unit of power is a joule per second, which is called a watt (W), in honor of James watt, developer of the steam engine. 2. Common cases where articles are omitted before nouns 2021/1/23 天津理工大学 18 (6) 人名的所有格 之前不用冠 词 。 此等式被称之为欧姆定律。 This equation is known as Ohms Law. 根据法拉第定律，在初级绕组中感应出来的电压与初级电感成 正比。 The voltage induced in the primary winding is proportional to the p rimary inductance according to Faradays law. 但如果人名直接修饰 普通名词 ，则其前一般要用定冠词。 这个模型被称为波尔模型。 This model is called the Bohr model. 维恩电桥也可用作频率选择网络。 The Wien bridge is also useful as a frequency-selective network. 2. Common cases where articles are omitted before nouns 2021/1/23 天津理工大学 19 (1)名词前冠词可加可不加的几种情况 用“系表”结构定义某个参数时 标量是只具有大小的一个量。 A scalar/Scalar quantity is one that possesses magnitude only. 速度是既涉及大小又涉及方向的一个矢量。 A velocity/Velocity is a vector quantity involving both magnitude and direction. 被称谓的名词前 这个量被称为扩散率。 This quantity is called the diffusivity. 由核聚变释放出来的能量被称为热核能。 The energy liberated by nuclear fusion is called thermonuclear energy. 3. Specific rules for using articles 2021/1/23 天津理工大学 20 (2) 名 词 前加定冠 词 的特殊情 况 表示某个参数的单位时一般要用定冠词。 电位差的单位为伏特。 The unit of potential difference is the volt. 电阻的单位以乔治 欧姆的名字命名为欧姆，此人首先发现了电 流、电压、电阻之间的关系。 The unit of resistance is labeled the ohm, after George Ohm, who firs t discovered the relationship between current, voltage, and resistance. 参数带有同位语时，该参数前需用定冠词。 变量 s the variable s 下表 i the subscript i 营销工具 p the marketing tool p 3. Specific rules for using articles 2021/1/23 天津理工大学 21 以下表达中需用定冠词。 3. Specific rules for using articles any none neither either all of the + 名词 most one each the rest 这里的所有设备都是国产的。 All of the devices here are home made. 如果前面的两个条件都不满足，则式（ 4-1）不易解。 If neither of the foregoing conditions is satisfied, then Eq.(4-1) is not readily solved. 2021/1/23 天津理工大学 22 (3)几 个 名 词并 列 时 一般共用第一 个 名 词 前的冠 词 。 本书是为想要了解有关 CAD/CAM的技术、应用及范围 的经理们撰写的。 The book is designed for managers who wish to learn about the technology, applications, and scope of CAD/CAM. 将冷热水混合后，我们会得到两千克温度为 50 的水。 After the hot and cold water have been mixed, we will have a 2 kg of water at a temperature of 50 . 3. Specific rules for using articles 2021/1/23 天津理工大学 23 (4) 当 表示“比 较 一下”、“ 计 算一下”、“了解一 下”、“考察一下”、“做一比 较 ”、“做一分析”、 “做一 研 究”、“做一 讨论 ”时 ，抽象名 词 前一般 使用不定冠 词 。 让我们粗略的估算一下那里的压力。 Let us make a rough estimate of the pressure there. 在例 2中对晶体管处于饱和状态下的工作情况作 了更为详尽的描述。 A more detailed description of the operation of transistor in saturation is given in Example 2. 3. Specific rules for using articles 2021/1/23 天津理工大学 24 （ 1）定冠词的特殊位置 all + the +复数名词 both 这里的两台设备质量都很好。 Both the devices here are very good in quality. 我们实验室里所有的仪器都是国产的。 All the instruments in our laboratory are homemade. 4. The special positions of some articles 2021/1/23 天津理工大学 25 too so + 形容词 +a/an +单数名词 as.as how 这道题太难， 10分钟都解不出来。 This is so difficult a problem as not to be solved in 10 minutes. 在实际应用中，电阻器的功率额定值这一特性往往与其 阻值同等重要。 In practical applications, the power rating of a resistor is often as important a characteristic as its resistance value. (2) 不定冠词的特殊位置 4. The special positions of some articles 2021/1/23 天津理工大学 26 Assignments 在下列句子的空白处填入适当的冠词（如果必要的 话），然后将句子译成汉语。 1. The power rating is the maximum power the resistor can safely dissipate without too great _ rise in temperature. 2. _ successful design of the equipment requires _ detailed knowledge of the performance specifications. 3. In _ Bohr model of the hydrogen atom, _ single electron revolves around _ single proton in a circle of radius R. 4. The unit of frequency is _ hertz. 5. If _ voltage is applied across _ circuit, _ electric current will flow in _ circuit. 2021/1/23 天津理工大学 27 6. It is necessary to use _ S-shaped tube here. 7. The author works at _ University of Texes at _ Arlington. 8. _ Fig.5-1 shows _ Oersteds experiment. 9. We should use _ 18-volt battery here. 10. _ study of fluids in motion is one of _ m ore difficult branches of mechanics because of _ diversity of phenomena that may occur. Assignments 2021/1/23 天津理工大学 28 Assignments 1、这是一个 h参数。 To 2、 现在我们开始讨论一下局域网。 To 3、班布里奇（ Bainbridge）质谱仪（ mass spectro meter）是与光谱仪（ optical spectrometer）一样 重要的仪器。 To 4、必须求出一个电子通过这段导线需要多长时间。 To 5、物质的密度等于其单位体积的质量。 To 2021/1/23 天津理工大学 29 Assignments 6、地球的半径为 6.37 106米。 To 7、这两个参数是相同的。 To 8、压力的增加总会引起体积的减少。 To 9、图 2-5显示了等式 2-2所示的情况。 To 10、电感的单位是亨利。 To 2021/1/23 天津理工大学 30 1. This is an h parameter. back 2. We now turn to a discussion of local area network. back 3. The Bainbridge spectrometer is as important an instrument as the optical spectrometer. back 4. It is necessary to find our how long a time is required for an electron to travel the length of the wire. back 5. The density of a substance is the mass per unit volume. back 2021/1/23 天津理工大学 31 6. The radius of the earth is 6.37 106 m. back 7. These two parameters are the same. back 8. An increase in pressure always causes a decrease in volume. back 9. Fig.2-5 shows what is expressed by Eq. 2-2. back 10. The unit of inductance is the Henry. back
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