考研考博-英语-中国青年政治学院考研模拟卷I【3套】含答案详解

住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-中国青年政治学院考研模拟卷【3套】含答案详解（图片大小可任意调节）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第一卷一.单项选择题(共100题)1.Unlike so-called basic emotions such as sadness,fear,and anger,guilt emerges a little later,in conjunction with a childs growing grasp of social and moral norms.Children arent born knowing how to say“Im sorry”;rather,they learn over time that such statements appease parents and friends-and their own consciences.This is why researchers generally regard so-called moral guilt,in the right amount,to be a good thing:A child who claims responsibility for knocking over a tower and tries to rebuild it is engaging in behavior thats not only reparative but also prosocial.In the popular imagination,of course,guilt still gets a bad rap.It evokes Freuds ideas and religious hang-ups.More important,guilt is deeply uncomfortable-its the emotional equivalent of wearing a jacket weighted with stones.Who would inflict it upon a child?Yet this understanding is outdated.“There has been a kind of revival or a rethinking about what guilt is and what role guilt can serve,”Vaish says,adding that this revival is part of a larger recognition that emotions arent binary-feelings that may be advantageous in one context may be harmful in another.Jealousy and anger,for example,may have evolved to alert us to important inequalities.Too much happiness（think mania）can be destructive.And guilt,by prompting us to think more deeply about our goodness,can encourage humans to atone for errors and fix relationships.Guilt,in other words,can help hold a cooperative species together.It is a kind of social glue.Viewed in this light,guilt is an opportunity.Work by Tina Malti,a psychology professor at the University of Toronto,suggests that guilt may compensate for an emotional deficiency.In a number of studies,Malti and others have shown that guilt and sympathy（and its close cousin empathy）may represent different pathways to cooperation and sharing.Some kids who are low in sympathy may make up for that shortfall by experiencing more guilt,which can rein in their nastier impulses.And vice versa:High sympathy can substitute for low guilt.In a 2014 study,for example,Malti and a colleague looked at 244 children,ages 4,8,and 12.Using caregiver assessments and the childrens self-observations,they rated each childs overall sympathy level and his or her tendency to feel negative emotions（like guilt and sadness）after moral transgressions.Then the kids were handed stickers and chocolate coins,and given a chance to share them with an anonymous child.For the low-sympathy kids,how much they shared appeared to turn on how inclined they were to feel guilty.The guilt-prone ones shared more,even though they hadnt magically become more sympathetic to the other childs deprivation.“Thats good news,”Malti says.“We can be prosocial because of our empathetic proclivity,or because we caused harm and we feel regret.”Vaish holds that the rethinking about guilt comes from an awareness that_.A.an emotion can play opposing rolesB.emotions are socially constructiveC.emotional stability can benefit healthD.emotions are context-independent答案：B 本题解析：本题目为细节题，考察具体细节。根据题干关键词Vaish hold that rethinking about guilt定位到第二段第四句。她补充道，在某种情况下可能有利的得情绪在另一种情况下是有害的，后面具体例子，嫉妒和愤怒可能演变成提醒我们注意重要的不平等。正确答案B的emotion是原文feelings的同义替换，can play opposing roles是原文的advantageous in one context may be harmful in another的同义转化。干扰项A的context-independent独立于环境和原文提及不同的环境情绪的作用不同相反，属于正反混淆;选项C的socially constructive原文并未提及，属于无中生有;选项D的emotional stability can benefit health情绪稳定能够有益健康，并未提及，是常识性干扰2.As adults,it seems that we are constantly pursuing happiness,often with mixed results.Yet children appear to have it down to an art-and for the most part they dont need self-help books or therapy.instead,they look after their wellbeing instinctively,and usually more effectively than we do as grownups.Perhaps its time to learn a few lessons from them.41_What does a child do when hes sad?He cries.When hes angry?He shouts.Scared?Probably a bit of both.As we grow up,we learn to control our emotions so they are manageable and dont dictate our behaviours,which is in many ways a good thing.But too often we take this process too far and end up suppressing emotions,especially negative ones.thats about as effective as brushing dirt under a carpet and can even make us ill.What we need to do is find a way to acknowledge and express what we feel appropriately,and then-again，like children-move on.42_A couple of Christmases ago,my youngest stepdaughter,who was nine years old at the time,got a Superman T-shirt for Christmas.It cost less than a fiver but she was overjoyed,and couldnt stop talking about it.Too often we believe that a new job,bigger house or better car will be the magic silver bullet that will allow us to finally be content,but the reality is these things have very little lasting impact on our happiness levels.Instead,being grateful for small things every day is a much better way to improve wellbeing.43_Have you ever noticed how much children laugh?If we adults could indulge in a bit of silliness and giggling,we would reduce the stress hormones in our bodies,increase good hormones like endorphins,improve blood flow to our hearts and even have a greater chance of fighting off enfection.All of which,of course,have a positive effect on happiness levels.44_The problem with being a grown up is that theres an awful lot of serious stuff to deal with-work,mortgage payments,figuring out what to cook for dinner.But as adults we also have the luxury of being able to control our own diaries and its important that we schedule in time to enjoy the things we love.Those things might be social,sporting,creative or completely random（dancing aroud the living room,anyone?）-it doesnt matter,so long as theyre enjoyable,and not likely to have negative side effects,such as drinking too much alcohol or going on a wild spending spree if youre on a tight budget.45_Having said all of the above,its important to add that we shouldnt try too hard to be happy.Scientists tell us this can backfire and actually have a negative impact on our wellbeing.As the Chinese philosopher Chuang Tzu is reported to have said:Happiness is the absence of striving for happiness.And in that,once more,we need to look to the example of our children,to whom happiness is not a goal but a natural by product of the way they live.44选？A.Be sillyB.Have funC.Express your emotionsD.Dont overthink itE.Be easily pleasedF.Notice thingsG.Ask for help答案：B 本题解析：第五段第二句提到But as adults we also have the luxury of being able to control our own diaries and its important that we schedule in time to enjoy the things we love.即成年人有权利自己安排时间，应该给自己找时间来享受生活的乐趣，接下来又说，不管人们所选择的是什么样的事情，只要是无害的，能让人享受的，都会给人们带来幸福，因此本段的中心意思是我们要享受生3.In World War II the factory was heavily bombed and rebuilt afierwards.Bankruptcy forced the factory to close its doors in 1980.After years of 1,large parts of the factory had become ruined and run 2,An unsafe,abandoned place,with widespread vandalism the factory soon 3 into a source of nuisance to the local 4.The project aims to reconvert the old textile factory into a city park.This reconversion is part of a mixed-use development urban renewal project 5 by Sogent,the urban development company of Ghent.Surrounded,as it is,by a 6 0f functions and users,the park is under a lot of outside pressure.The aim was to create a diversified park which could 7 this pressure and stimulate a 8 community life for the neighbourhood.The design briefproved a simultaneous exercise in creating a site with plenty of flow,9 preserving walls and constructions and maintaining a l0,workable zoning of the parks functions.The orthogonal plan ofthe old textile factory is 11 as a basic template for a zoning ofthe park.New,organic green spaces and a paths network 12 with what remains ofthis underlying structure.By preserving some historical marks,the park becomes anarchitectural 13.On another level,the integration of portraits of former employees in the factory（central gangway）,14 a social dimension to the historical one already present in the parks design.On the whole,new meaning and new life are 15 by the bringing together of past and present.The walls and structures become the historical placemat for the development of new activities.16 the diversified park was 17 there has been a revival of activity in the neighbourhood.The reconversion has positive 18 0n the buildings and quarters around the park.Thanks to the public participation sessions,locals have felt very 19 with the project.The park is now being used 20 across the generations（senior citizens,families,children）,becoming,much like it used to be,the meeting place for the neighbourhood.10选？A.plausibleB.rationalC.logicalD.sensible答案：C 本题解析：形容词辨析题。空缺处之后的形容词是workable“可行的”，意思是把区域改造成可使用的功能空间，可推测此处应填入logical，形容空间的合理性。故C项为正确选项。【干扰排除】A项表示“貌似有理的”，而实际上并非如此，带有贬义，故A项可排除；B项“理性的”，指头脑清醒的，不能形容空间的合理性；D项“明智的”，一般形容人的理性，所以D项也不合适。4.Wanen Buffett,who will host Berkshire Hathaways annual shareholdersmeeting on May 3rd,is an icon of American capitalism.At 83,he also epitomhes a sLriking demographic 1:for highly skilled people to go on working well int0 2 was once thought to be old age.Across the rich world,well-educated people 3 work longer than the less-skilled.Some 65%of American men aged 62-74 with a professional deUee are in the 4,compared with 3290 0f men with only a high-school certificate.In the European Union Lhe pattern is similar.This 5 is part of a deepening divide between the well-educated 6 and the unskiUed poor that is slicing 7 all age groups.Rapid innovation has raised the incomes of the highly skilled while 8 those of the unskilled.Those 8t the cop are working longer hours each year than those at the bottom.9 the well-qualified are extending their working lives,compared with those ofless-educated people.The 10,for indrviduals and society,are profound.The world is on the 11 rise in the number of old people,and they will live longer than ever before.12 the next 20 years the global population of those aged 65 or more will almost double,from 600m to 1.1 billion.The 13 of the 20th century,when greater longevity translated into more years in retirement 14 more years at work,has persuaded many observers that this shift will 15 slower economic growth andsecular stagnation,while the 16 ranks of pensioners will bust government budgets.But the notion of a sharp division between the working young and the 17 0ld misses a new trend,the 18 gap between the skilled and the unskilled.Employment rates are falling among younger unskiUed people,19 0lder skilled folk are working longer.The divide is most extreme in America,where well-educated baby-boomers are 20 retirement while many less-skilled youn-ger people have dropped out of the workforce.16选？A.decayingB.crawlingC.swellingD.fading答案：C 本题解析：词汇辨析题。本题选项Adecaying和Dfading都有“衰退”之意，可以同时排除。答案锁定在Bcrawling“爬行”和Cswelling“膨胀，增大，增多”。该段整段都在讲述老年人口增加，该空为重复信息，其中下文的ranks of pensioners指“领养老金的群体”，也就是老年人，故得知该空应填人“多”这样的词才符合整段话的语境，故本题选择c。5.Text4 Most forecasts suggest that Britain will be a poorer country afier Brexit,largely because trading with the European Union will become more difficult.Such predictions about the distant future are,by their nature,open to doubt,which is partly why Brexits proponents feel free to dismiss them.But the same does not apply to a new paper by Meredith Crowley,Oliver Exton and Lu Han from Cambridge University,which suggests that,months before Brexit has even happened,trade is already suffering,as firms respond to the prospect of higher tariffs.More than 100,000 British businesses export goods to the EU each year.At present they enjoy tariff-free trade with the countrys biggest export market.But all face uncertainty as Britain negotiates a new trading relationship with Brussels.Some fear disaster if the talks break down.British carmakers could face a l0%tanff to export to the EU market.Dairies might have to pay tariffs of more than 30%.These extra costs could make exporting uneconomic.The Cambridge paper looks at the exporting decisions of British firms,across 8,000 types of product,in response to the tariffs that Britain would face in the event of reaching no trade deal with the EU.Where necessary,they adjust their calculations to take account of exchange-rate fluctvations.Since the referendum many companies appear to have reduced their exports to the EU.The research suggests that the bigger the potential tariff facing a product,the more nervous:firms are about exporting it.Why risk producing for a market that could soon become unwelcoming?Overall,the number of companies that began exporting new products to the EU in 2016 would have been 5%higher if there had been a Remain vote,the paper finds.It is hard to know what those firms that decided against producing for the EU did instead.The research finds little evidence,however,that they have lived up to the hopes of Brexiteers and boosted their exports to fast-growing non-EU markets.Some may have tried to sell more within Britain.Businesses may have only temporarily scaled down their production of exports for the EU.Normal service could resume ifBritain negotiates a good trade deal.But some damage is already done.The papers results imply that in 2016 Britain lost somelbn（$1.3bn）of exports to the EU because of the mere threat of higher tariffs.The long-term impact will be greater.Some of the firms dissuaded from exporting would have turned into big beasts.The referendum was only halfway through 2016,and the paper does not analyse data after that year.Meanwhile,Brexit uncertainty continues to rise.The author believes that the impact of Brexit uncertainty is_A.enormousB.obscureC.fierceD.controllable答案：A 本题解析：推理判断题。根据定位词定位到文章最后一段。原文指出，但这已经造成了一些损害；长期影响将会更大，故A项为正确选项。【干扰排除】由以上分析可知，B项“模糊的”、C项“凶猛的”、D项“可控的”与原文不符，故排除。6.Text 4 Against a backdrop of drastic changes in economy and population structure,younger Americans are drawing a new 21st-century road map to success,a latest poll has found.Across generational lines,Americans continue to prize many of the same traditional milestones of a successful life,including getting married,having children,owning a home,and retiring in their sixties.But while young and old mostly agree on what constitutes the finish line of a fulfilling life,they offer strikingly different paths for reaching it.Young people who are still getting started in life were more likely than older adults to prioritize personal fulfillment in their work,to believe they will advance their careers most by regularly changing jobs,to favor communities with more public services and a faster pace of life,to agree that couples should be financially secure before getting married or having children,and to maintain that children are best served by two parents working outside the home,the survey found.From career to community and family,these contrasts suggest that in the aftermath of the searing Great Recession,those just starting out in life are defining priorities and expectations that will increasingly spread through virtually all aspects of American life,from consumer preferences to housing patterns to politics.Young and old converge on one key point:Overwhelming majorities of both groups said they believe it is harder for young people today to get started in life than it was for earlier generations.While younger people are somewhat more optimistic than their elders about the prospects for those starting out today,big majorities in both groups believe those“just getting started in life”face a tougher a good-paying job,starting a family,managing debt,and finding affordable housing.Pete Schneider considers the climb tougher today.Schneider,a 27-yaear-old auto technician from the Chicago suburbs says he struggled to find a job after graduating from college.Even now that he is working steadily,he said.”I cant afford to pay ma monthly mortgage payments on my own,so I have to rent rooms out to people to mark that happen.”Looking back,he is struck that his parents could provide a comfortable life for their children even though neither had completed college when he was young.“I still grew up in an upper middle-class home with parents who didnt have college degrees,”Schneider said.“I dont think people are capable of that anymore.”Both young and old agree that_A.good-paying jobs are less availableB.the old made more life achievementsC.housing loans today are easy to obtainD.getting established is harder for the young答案：D 本题解析：根据题干关键词Both young and old agree可以定位到第五段第一句，该定位句指出年轻人和年长者两辈人对于一点是有共识的，即与前辈相比，年轻人在社会上起步变得更为艰难了，get started in life与getting established意义相近，由此可知，正确答案为D。7.The colourful chalkboards and baskets of fruit that greet customers at the entrances of Whole Foods Markets shops paint a rosy picture.Yet shares in the American seUer of organic and natural food have fallen by more than 40%since hitting a peak last October,in a period when stock markets have been strong.41.It is not that the retailer is in immediate crisis:its latest quarterly figures,on July 30th,showed sales and profits both up a bit.And it is not that people are going off the idea of paying more for food produced without chemical fertilisers,pesticides or additives:the Intemational Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements reckons that the industrys worldwide revenues were a record of 63 biUion in 2012;and Techsci Research,a market-research firm,predicts that the American market for such foods-the worlds largest-may grow by 14%by 2018.42.The problem is that at Whole Foods,shoppers have been paying way over the cost of regular produce,and its success in getting them to do so has now attracted a lot of competitors,from rival organics chains like Sprouts and Trader Joes to mass-market retailers like Walmart and Costco.As a result,the pnce premium for organic produce is crashing down.On a recent shopping trip,a pound of organic apples cost 2.99 at Wbole Foods but just l.99 at Sprouts and even less at Costco.43.The firm has been trimming costs to keep its margins up,but the slump in its share price reflects investorsexpectation that this cannot continue,that profits will suffer and that Whole Foodsdominance of the market is coming to an end.44.That the company has had to recall a number of products-in late July it and other grocers recalled plums and peaches suspected of contanunation with Listeria bacteria-has made it harder to maintain an air of superiority over its competitors.Organic foodsclaim to superiority is questionable anyway.Both Britains Food Standards Agency and the Annals of Internal Medicine,a journal,concluded after reviewing the extensive studies on the issue that there is no substantial difference in the nutriliousness of organics and non-organics.In some respects organics may be bad for the environment,because growing them uses land less efficiendy than non-organics.45.As fornaturalfoods,there is no official definition of this,in America at least;so the label,which Whole Foods also applies to many products,is close to meaningless.Alan McHughen,a bota-nist at the University of California,Riverside,argues that the whole industry is99%marketing;and public perception,reeling people in through a fabricated concept of a time when food,and life in general,was simple and wholesome.If true,the trick has worked nicely for Whole Foods.But its success has attracted so many imitators that it is losing its uniqueness.Even recent speculation about a takeover bid has failed to lift its shares.It may insist its food is sustainable.But it seem8 its prices are not.45选？A.C