数据库基础知识培训胶片V

数据库基础知识培训胶片数据库基础知识培训胶片集成产品部数据库原理数据库原理 3目标目标通过这部分课程的学习通过这部分课程的学习,您将了解以下内容您将了解以下内容:l关系数据库基本概念关系数据库基本概念l常用数据库对象常用数据库对象l常用数据类型常用数据类型4IN DatabaseInformixInformixServerServerSMPSMPSCPSCPSMAPSMAPSMAPSMAPSMAPSMAPThe database plays the role of the base,saving and processing the data that should be easily accessed by the user.What is a database?What is a database?Usually,a database runs in the server part to serve access requests from clients.5DBClient(DBA)DBDB ServerDBClient(User)DBClient(User)Users use DDL to define a databaseUsers use DML to operate data in a databaseUsers use programs to manage databaseDDL,DML&Programs6TablesTablesA database in a RDBMS is a collection of information that is grouped into one or more tables.A table is an array of data items organized into rows and columns.Stock7PPS Service Data TableIN Service DatabaseFPH Service Data TableSubscriber Data TableTables are relationalSub IDBalanceIDD Flag1001100.0001012200.001MSISDN NumBalanceIDD FlagSub ID1001100.0001001012200.001101FPH NumBalanceIDD FlagSub ID80081012341100.00010080081043212200.0011018RowsRowsRowsEach row of a table stands for one instance of the subject of the table,which is one particular example of that entity.Stock9ColumnsEach column of a table stands for one attribute,which is one characteristic,feature,or fact that is true of the subject of the table.ColumnsColumnsStock10Operations on TablesOperations on Tables11Database ObjectsObjectDescriptionTableBasic unit of storage;composed of rows and columnsView Logically represents subsets of data from one or more tablesSequence Numeric value generatorIndexImproves the performance of some queriesSynonym Gives alternative names to objects12What is a View?EMPLOYEES Table:13Why Use Views?lTo restrict data accesslTo make complex queries easylTo provide data independencelTo present different views of the same data14What are Constraints?lConstraints enforce rules at the table level.lConstraints prevent the deletion of a table if there are dependencies.lThe following constraint types are valid:NOT NULLUNIQUE PRIMARY KEYFOREIGN KEYCHECK15What is an Index?An index:lIs a schema objectlIs used by the Oracle server to speed up the retrieval of rows by using a pointerlCan reduce disk I/O by using a rapid path access method to locate data quicklylIs independent of the table it indexeslIs used and maintained automatically by the Oracle server16How Are Indexes Created?lAutomatically:A unique index is created automatically when you define a PRIMARY KEY or UNIQUE constraint in a table definition.lManually:Users can create nonunique indexes on columns to speed up access to the rows.17Data TypesData TypeDescriptionVARCHAR2(size)Variable-length character dataCHAR(size)Fixed-length character dataNUMBER(p,s)Variable-length numeric dataDATE Date and time valuesLONG Variable-length character data up to 2 gigabytesCLOBCharacter data up to 4 gigabytesRAW and LONG RAW Raw binary dataBLOBBinary data up to 4 gigabytesBFILEBinary data stored in an external file;up to 4 gigabytesROWIDA 64 base number system representing the unique address of a row in its table.18总结总结通过这部分课程的学习通过这部分课程的学习,您需要掌握以下内容您需要掌握以下内容:l关系数据库基本概念关系数据库基本概念l常用数据库对象常用数据库对象表索引约束l常用数据类型常用数据类型SQL语言基础语言基础 20目标目标通过这部分课程的学习通过这部分课程的学习,您将了解以下内容您将了解以下内容:lSQL语句的种类语句的种类l执行基本的执行基本的Select语句语句l在表中插入数据行在表中插入数据行l在表中修改数据行在表中修改数据行l从表中删除数据行从表中删除数据行l控制事务处理控制事务处理21SQL StatementsSELECT INSERTUPDATEDELETECREATEALTERDROPTRUNCATECOMMITROLLBACKSAVEPOINTGRANTREVOKE Data retrieval Data manipulation language(DML)Data definition language(DDL)Data control language(DCL)22基础基础SELECT 语句语法语句语法SELECT*|DISTINCT column|expression alias,.FROMtable;23 使用算术操作符使用算术操作符SELECT last_name,salary,salary+300FROM employees;24 使用列的别名使用列的别名SELECT last_name Name,salary*12 Annual SalaryFROM employees;SELECT last_name AS name,commission_pct commFROM employees;25使用连接符和字符串使用连接符和字符串SELECT last_name|is a|job_id AS Employee DetailsFROM employees;26 排除重复的行排除重复的行SELECT DISTINCT department_idFROM employees;27使用使用 WHERE 条件条件SELECT employee_id,last_name,job_id,department_idFROM employeesWHERE department_id=90;28字符串和日期值字符串和日期值l都使用单引号都使用单引号.l字符串值区分大小写，日期值需注意格式字符串值区分大小写，日期值需注意格式.SELECT last_name,job_id,department_idFROM employeesWHERE last_name=Whalen;29比较条件比较条件操作符操作符=含义含义等于等于大于大于 大于或等于大于或等于 小于小于 小于或等于小于或等于不等于不等于30其它的比较条件其它的比较条件操作符操作符BETWEEN.AND.IN(set)LIKEIS NULL含义含义两个值之间两个值之间匹配值列表中值匹配值列表中值 匹配一个字符样式匹配一个字符样式 空值空值31使用使用 BETWEEN 条件条件可以使用该条件显示某范围内的值可以使用该条件显示某范围内的值.SELECT last_name,salaryFROM employeesWHERE salary BETWEEN 2500 AND 3500;Lower limitUpper limit32SELECT employee_id,last_name,salary,manager_idFROM employeesWHERE manager_id IN(100,101,201);使用使用 IN 条件条件满足成员列表中的条件满足成员列表中的条件.33使用使用 LIKE 条件条件l搜索条件能包括两种模式匹配类型搜索条件能包括两种模式匹配类型:%表示许多字符._ 表示一个字符.SELECTfirst_nameFROM employeesWHEREfirst_name LIKE S%;34使用使用 NULL 条件条件测验空值使用测验空值使用 IS NULL 条件条件.SELECT last_name,manager_idFROM employeesWHERE manager_id IS NULL;35逻辑条件逻辑条件OperatorANDORNOT含义含义两部分条件都返回真值则结果返回真值两部分条件都返回真值则结果返回真值两部分条件中有任意一部分返回真值则两部分条件中有任意一部分返回真值则结果返回真值结果返回真值如果条件返回假则结果返回真值如果条件返回假则结果返回真值36使用使用 AND 操作符操作符要求条件都为真要求条件都为真.SELECT employee_id,last_name,job_id,salaryFROM employeesWHERE salary=10000AND job_id LIKE%MAN%;37SELECT last_name,job_idFROM employeesWHERE job_id NOT IN(IT_PROG,ST_CLERK,SA_REP);Using the NOT Operator38SELECT last_name,job_id,department_id,hire_dateFROM employeesORDER BY hire_date;ORDER BY 条件条件l带带 ORDER BY 条件的排序条件的排序ASC:升序，缺省DESC:降序lORDER BY 条件在条件在Select语句最后语句最后.39数据操作语句数据操作语句l一条一条 DML 语句在下列情况下被执行语句在下列情况下被执行:向表中增加新的数据行修改表中存在的数据从表中删除数据l一个事务由一个事务由DML语句集合形成的逻辑工作单元构语句集合形成的逻辑工作单元构成成.40INSERT 语句语法语句语法.INSERT INTOtable(column,column.)VALUES(value,value.);41向表中插入新的数据行向表中插入新的数据行l插入的新行应包括所有的列值插入的新行应包括所有的列值.l插入的值应按照表中列缺省的顺序排列插入的值应按照表中列缺省的顺序排列.l如插入所有的列如插入所有的列,INSERT 条件中可随意选择是否条件中可随意选择是否列出所有列列出所有列.INSERT INTO departments(department_id,department_name,manager_id,location_id)VALUES (70,Public Relations,100,1700);1 row created.42INSERT INTO employeesVALUES (114,Den,Raphealy,DRAPHEAL,515.127.4561,TO_DATE(FEB 3,1999,MON DD,YYYY),AC_ACCOUNT,11000,NULL,100,30);插入特殊的日期型值插入特殊的日期型值lVerify your addition.43l带 子 查 询 的带 子 查 询 的 I N S E R T 语 句语 句.l字段的数据类型必须匹配字段的数据类型必须匹配.INSERT INTO sales_reps(id,name,salary,commission_pct)SELECT employee_id,last_name,salary,commission_pct FROM employees WHERE job_id LIKE%REP%;从另外一个表中复制行从另外一个表中复制行44UPDATE 语句语法语句语法l可一次性修改多行可一次性修改多行UPDATEtableSETcolumn=value,column=value,.WHERE condition;45UPDATE employeesSET department_id=70WHERE employee_id=113;l在在WHERE条件中指定需要修改的行条件中指定需要修改的行.l修改表中所有的行修改表中所有的行.修改表中数据修改表中数据UPDATE copy_empSET department_id=110;46UPDATE copy_empSET department_id =(SELECT department_id FROM employees WHERE employee_id=100)WHERE job_id =(SELECT job_id FROM employees WHERE employee_id=200);基于另外表基于另外表SELECT得到的值修改数据得到的值修改数据使用子查询实现：使用子查询实现：47DELETE 语句语法语句语法DELETE FROM tableWHERE condition;48l通 过通 过 W H E R E 条 件 指 定 删 除 的 行条 件 指 定 删 除 的 行.l省略省略 WHERE 条件，所有的行都将被删除条件，所有的行都将被删除.从表中删除多行从表中删除多行 DELETE FROM departments WHERE department_name=Finance;DELETE FROM copy_emp;49DELETE FROM employeesWHERE department_id=(SELECT department_id FROM departments WHERE department_name LIKE%Public%);基于另外表基于另外表SELECT得到的值删除数据得到的值删除数据通过子查询语句从另外表中得到值作为删除条件通过子查询语句从另外表中得到值作为删除条件.50数据库事务数据库事务一个数据库完整事务包含以下情况一个数据库完整事务包含以下情况:l构成对数据的一次一致性改变的构成对数据的一次一致性改变的DML语句（一条或语句（一条或多条）多条）l一条一条DDL 语句语句51数据库事务数据库事务l当第一条当第一条 DML SQL 语句执行时开始语句执行时开始l当下列任意事件发生时结束当下列任意事件发生时结束:提交或回滚语句执行一条DDL 执行(自动提交)系统崩溃52控制事务控制事务SAVEPOINT BSAVEPOINT ADELETEINSERTUPDATEINSERTCOMMITTimeTransactionROLLBACK to SAVEPOINT BROLLBACK to SAVEPOINT AROLLBACK53UPDATE.SAVEPOINT update_done;INSERT.ROLLBACK TO update_done;回滚改变到一个标记回滚改变到一个标记l在当前的事务中可通过在当前的事务中可通过 SAVEPOINT 语句创建标记语句创建标记.lROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT 语句可回滚到标记语句可回滚到标记.54l自动的自动的 commit 发生在发生在:DDL 语句执行隐性的事务处理隐性的事务处理55COMMIT;l改变数据改变数据.lCommit 改变改变.DELETE FROM employeesINSERT INTO departments VALUES(290,Corporate Tax,NULL,1700);提交数据提交数据56回滚后数据状态回滚后数据状态将丢弃所有未将丢弃所有未COMMIT的改变：的改变：DELETE FROM copy_emp;ROLLBACK;57如何写如何写SQL语句语句lSQL 语句不区分大小写语句不区分大小写.l关键字不能分行隔开关键字不能分行隔开.l条件通常被分行放置条件通常被分行放置.l缩进被用来提高语句的可读性缩进被用来提高语句的可读性58总结总结通过这部分课程的学习通过这部分课程的学习,您将了解以下内容您将了解以下内容:lSQL语句类型语句类型l写一个写一个SELECT语句语句:l描述描述 DML 语句语句l在表中插入数据行在表中插入数据行l在表中修改数据行在表中修改数据行l从表中删除数据行从表中删除数据行l控制事务处理控制事务处理59练习练习请见请见Oracle数据库维护上机任务书数据库维护上机任务书课堂练习课堂练习-SQL语言基础语言基础 数据库函数数据库函数61目标目标通过这部分课程的学习通过这部分课程的学习,您将了解以下内容您将了解以下内容:l描述描述SQL中用到的不同类型的函数中用到的不同类型的函数l在在SELECT语句中使用字符，数值和日期等函数语句中使用字符，数值和日期等函数l转换函数的使用转换函数的使用 62SQL FunctionsInputFunction performs actionOutput63字符型函数字符型函数字符型函数字符型函数LOWERUPPERINITCAPCONCATSUBSTRLENGTHINSTRLPAD|RPADTRIMREPLACE64FunctionResult大小写处理函数大小写处理函数能对字符串进行大小写转换能对字符串进行大小写转换.LOWER(SQL Course)UPPER(SQL Course)INITCAP(SQL Course)sql courseSQL COURSESql Course65使用大小写处理函数使用大小写处理函数SELECT employee_id,last_name,department_idFROM employeesWHERE last_name=higgins;SELECT employee_id,last_name,department_idFROM employeesWHERE LOWER(last_name)=higgins;66CONCAT(Hello,World)SUBSTR(HelloWorld,1,5)LENGTH(HelloWorld)INSTR(HelloWorld,W)LPAD(salary,10,*)RPAD(salary,10,*)TRIM(H FROM HelloWorld)HelloWorldHello106*2400024000*elloWorldFunctionResult字符处理函数字符处理函数下列函数能对字符串进行处理下列函数能对字符串进行处理:67SELECT employee_id,CONCAT(first_name,last_name)NAME,job_id,LENGTH(last_name),INSTR(last_name,a)Contains a?FROM employeesWHERE SUBSTR(job_id,4)=REP;使用字符处理函数使用字符处理函数12312368数值函数数值函数lROUND:四舍五入到指定的小数位数四舍五入到指定的小数位数lTRUNC:截断值到指定的小数位数截断值到指定的小数位数lMOD:做除法取余数做除法取余数MOD(1600,300)10069日期函数日期函数两个日期中的间隔月数两个日期中的间隔月数MONTHS_BETWEENADD_MONTHSNEXT_DAYLAST_DAYROUNDTRUNC 在日期中增加历法月数在日期中增加历法月数指定日期中的下一天指定日期中的下一天这个月的最后一天这个月的最后一天Round 日期日期 Truncate 日期日期FunctionDescription70 MONTHS_BETWEEN(01-SEP-95,11-JAN-94)使用日期函数使用日期函数 ADD_MONTHS(11-JAN-94,6)NEXT_DAY(01-SEP-95,FRIDAY)LAST_DAY(01-FEB-95)11-JUL-9408-SEP-9528-FEB-9571转换函数转换函数72Using the TO_CHAR Function with DatesThe format model:lMust be enclosed in single quotation marks and is case sensitivelCan include any valid date format elementlHas an fm element to remove padded blanks or suppress leading zeroslIs separated from the date value by a commaTO_CHAR(date,format_model)73YYYY日期格式基本模型日期格式基本模型YEARMMMONTHDYDAYFull year in numbersYear spelled outTwo-digit value for monthThree-letter abbreviation of the day of the weekFull name of the day of the weekFull name of the monthMONThree-letter abbreviation of the monthDDNumeric day of the month74使用使用 TO_CHAR 函数转换日期函数转换日期SELECT last_name,TO_CHAR(hire_date,fmDD Month YYYY)AS HIREDATEFROM employees;75使用使用 TO_NUMBER 和和 TO_DATE 函数函数 l转换字符型到数值型转换字符型到数值型:l转换字符型到日期型转换字符型到日期型:TO_NUMBER(char,format_model)TO_DATE(char,format_model)76总结总结通过这部分课程的学习，您应该已经了解通过这部分课程的学习，您应该已经了解:l描述描述SQL中用到的不同类型的函数中用到的不同类型的函数l在在SELECT语句中使用字符，数值和日期等函数语句中使用字符，数值和日期等函数l转换函数的使用转换函数的使用77练习练习请见请见Oracle数据库维护上机任务书数据库维护上机任务书课堂练习课堂练习-数据库函数数据库函数 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