英语句子结构分析.ppt

句子的基本结构 句子种类两种分类法 按句子的用途可分四种： 1） 陈述句 （肯定、否定）： He is six years old. 2） 疑问句 （一般、特殊、选择、反意）： Do they like skating? How old is he? Mary can swim, cant she? 3） 祈使句 ： Be careful, boys. Dont talk in class 4） 感叹句 ： How clever the boy is! 按句子的结构可分三种： 1) 简单句 2) 并列句 3) 复合句 1） 简单句 ：只有一个主语（或 并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列 谓语）。 e.g. He often reads English in the morning. Tom and Mike are American boys. She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers. 我们可以给句子的 动词加上副词 修饰，给 名词加上形容词、介词短语 修饰，给句子 加上 状语 进行修饰等，以使整个句子的意 思变得更加的丰富和充实。但不管如何变 ，都只有 一个主谓结构 。 He worked hard all his life. He is a school student in No. 1 Middle School. 2) 并列句： 句型： 简单句 +并列连词 +简单句 并列句是由两个或两个以上的简单句 连接而成。并列句中的各简单句意义 同等重要， 相互之间没有从属关系， 是平行并列的关系 。它们之间用连词 连结。 e.g. You help him and he helps you. The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 并列句的分类 1、表示连接 两个同等概念 ，常用 and, not onlybut also, neithernor, then等连接。 e.g. The teachers name is Smith, and the students name is John. 2、表示 选择 ，常用的连词有 or, eitheror, otherwise 等。 e.g. Hurry up, or youll miss the train. 3、表示 转折 ，常用的连词有 but, yet, while等。 e.g. He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting. 4、表示 因果 关系，常用的连词有 so, for等。 e.g. August is the time of the year for rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark. 3）复合句： 含有一个或一个以上从句的 句子。 从句包括 名词性从句 （主语从句、宾语从 句、表语从句和同位语从句） 定语从句和状语从句 等。 句型 主句 +连词 +从句；或连词 +从句 +主句 e.g. The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall. 复合句就是 含有两个或两个以上主谓结构 的句 子。这种结构中，必定有一个主谓结构是句子 的主句部分，而另一个主谓结构则是句子的次 要部分，即从句部分。 Where there is a will, there is a way. Exercises 判断句型 1.Having finished his homework, the boy went on to help his mother. 2. What he says doesnt suit what he does. (简单句 划线部分在句中作状语，修饰 整个句子 ) (复合句 包含两个名词性从句： What he says 是一个主语从句； what he does 是一 个宾语从句 ) 3. We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon. 4. The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom. 5. There is a chair in this room, isnt there? 简单句 复合句 简单句 6. He is in Class One and I am in Class Two. 7. He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child. 8. My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening. 并列句 复合句 简单句 9. Neither has he changed his mind, nor will he do so. 10. What he said at the meeting is very important, isnt it? 11. Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music. 并列句 复合句 简单句 句子成分和句子结构 简单句的五个基本句型 主语 不及物动词 She came. 主语 及物动词 宾语 She likes English. 主语 系动词 主语补语 She is happy 主语 动词 间接宾语 直接宾语 She gave John a book She bought a book for me. 主语 动词 宾语 宾语补语 She makes her mother angry The teacher asked me to read the passage. （ There +be There is a book on the desk. 1. 主语（ subject） ： 句子的中心词，说明的人或事物。 The sun rises in the east （名词） He likes dancing. （代词） Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词 ) Seeing is believing. （动名词） To see is to believe.（不定式） What he needs is a book.（主语从句） It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree. （ It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语） (一）指出下列句中主语的中心词 The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. There is an old man coming here. The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. To do todays homework without the teachers help is very difficult. 2.谓语（ predicate）： 是对主语加以陈述，表示主 语的行为或状态，常用动词或者动词词组担任，放在 主语的后面。 We study English. He is asleep. (二 ). 选出句中谓语的中心词 I dont like the picture on the wall. A. dont B. like C. picture D. wall The days get longer and longer when summer comes. A. get B. longer C. days D. summer Do you usually go to school by bus? A. Do B. usually C. go D. bus There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon. A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon 3. 表语（ predicative） ： 系动词之后的成分， 表示主语的性质、状态和特征。 He is a teacher. （名词） You dont look it. （代词） Five and five is ten. （数词） He is asleep. （形容词） His father is in. （副词） The picture is on the wall. (介词短语 ) My watch is gone / missing / lost. （形容词化的 分词） The question is whether they will come. （表语 从句） （常见的系动词有 : be, sound（听起来） , look （看起来） , feel(摸起来， smell（闻起来） , taste（尝、吃起来） , remain（保持，仍是） , feel（感觉） It sounds a good idea. The sound sounds strange. Her voice sounds sweet. Tom looks thin. The food smells delicious. The food tastes good. The door remains open. Now I feel tired. (三 ) 挑出下列句中的表语 The old man was feeling very tired. Why is he worried about Jim? The leaves have turned yellow. Soon They all became interested in the subject. She was the first to learn about it. 4. 宾语： 1）动宾表示行为的对象，常由名词 或者代词担任。放在及物动词或者介词之后。 如： I like China. （名词） He hates you. （代词） How many do you need? We need two. （数 词） I enjoy working with you. （动名词） I hope to see you again. （不定式） Did you write down what he said? （宾语从 句） 2）介词后的名词、代词和动名词 -介 宾 Are you afraid of the snake? Under the snow, there are many rocks. 3）双宾语 -间宾（指人）和直宾 （指物） He gave me a book yesterday. Give the poor man some money (四 ) 挑出下列句中的宾语 My brother hasnt done his homework. People all over the world speak English. You must pay good attention to your pronunciation. How many new words did you learn last class? Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? 5. 宾补： 对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。 We elected him monitor. （名词） We all think it a pity that she didnt come here. （名词） We will make them happy. （形容词） We found nobody in. ( 副词 ) Please make yourself at home. （介词短语） Dont let him do that. （省 to不定式） His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson. （带 to不定式） Dont keep the lights burning. （现在分词） Ill have my bike repaired. （过去分词） (五 ) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语 She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. He asked her to take the boy out of school. She found it difficult to do the work. They call me Lily sometimes. I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus. Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now? to read newspapers and books in the reading-room to take the boy out of school Lily get on the bus playing football on the playground 划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语 Please tell us a story. My father bought a new bike for me last week. Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term. Here is a pen. Give it to Tom. Did he leave any message for me? 6.定语： 修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或 句子。 Yanling is a chemistry teacher.（名词） He is our friend. （代词） We belong to the third world.（数词） He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（形容词） The man over there is my old friend.(副词 ) The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介词 ) The boys playing football are in Class 2. （现在分词） The trees planted last year are growing well now. （过去分 词） I have an idea to do it well.（不定式） You should do everything that I do. （定语从句） 挑出下列句中的定语 They use Mr., Mrs. with the family name. What is your given name? On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3. I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor. The man downstairs was trying to sleep. family given third some downstairs 7.状语 ：用来修饰 v., adj., adv., or 句子。表示时间、 地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步。 （以下例句按上述顺序排列） I will go there tomorrow. The meeting will be held in the meeting room. The meat went bad because of the hot weather. He studies hard to learn English well. He didnt study hard so that he failed in the exam. I like some of you very much. If you study hard, you will pass the exam. He goes to school by bike. Though he is young, he can do it well. 挑出下列句中的状语 There was a big smile on her face. Every night he heard the noise upstairs. He began to learn English when he was eleven. The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast. With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off. on the face Every night when he was eleven fast off 8. 同位语 ：对句子中某一成分作进一步解释、 说明，与前面的名词在语法上处于同等地位 的句子成分叫同位语。 Mr Lin, our headmaster , is giving us a speech. Beijing , capital of China , is developing fast. The engineer himself repaired it . We all got angry. We two will go to see you . The news that he will come is true. 9、独立成分：有时句子中会有一些与句子 没有语法联系的成分，称为句子独立成分 (注 意：区别于分词独立结构 )。 感叹词： oh,hello,aha,ah,等。 肯定词 yes 否定词 no 称呼语 ：称呼人的用语。 插入语 ：一些句中插入的 I think , I believe,等。 如 : The story,I think,has never come to the end./我 相信 ,这个故事还远没结束 . 情态词 ,表示说话人的语气（多作为修饰全句的状语 ） :perhaps也许 ,maybe大概 ,acturely实际上 ,certainly当然，等。 10、分词独立结构： 分词作状语时其逻辑主语与句 子的主语一致 ! 否则应有自己的逻辑主语，构成分词 独立结构。 Studying hard,your score will go up. 正确： (1) Studying hard,you can make your score go up. 或 (2)If you study hard,your score will go up. 独立结构还可用 with、 without引导，作状语或定语 。这种结构不但可以用分词，还可以用不定式、形 容词、介词短语、副词或名词等。 如： With nothing to do,he fell asleep soon./ The teacher came in,with glasses on his nose. 分词做状语时，其逻辑主语应该与句子的主 语保持一致，否则应该有自己的逻辑主语， 构成分词的独立结构。 1）逻辑主语 +现在分词，表主动。 Mary coming back, they discussed it together.(when Mary came back.) All being well, the project will be finished in five months.(If all is well.) That being the case, wed better make another plan. (Since that is the case) She walked along the path, her daughter following close behind. (her daughter followed close behind) 1）逻辑主语 +现在分词，表主动。 Mary coming back, they discussed it together.(when Mary came back.) All being well, the project will be finished in five months.(If all is well.) That being the case, wed better make another plan. (Since that is the case) She walked along the path, her daughter following close behind. (her daughter followed close behind) 做状语 1.做时间状语，相当于 when引导的从句 Eg: Hearing the news, they immediately set off for Shanghai.(when they heard the news) Seen from the pagoda, the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees. 2. 做原因状语，相当于 as,since, because的从句 Being Sunday, the shops are overcrowded. A bit frightened, he stood motionless. 3. 做方式伴随 He walked down the hill, singing softly to himself. He hurried to the hall, followed by two guards. The boy ran home, crying. 4.做条件状语，相当于 if, unless引导的从句 Given another chance, Ill do it much better. 5.做结果状从， 相当于 so that的从句 He turned off the light, seeing nothing. 6. 做让步状从，相当于 though, even if的从句 Wounded, the brave soldier continued to fight. Admitting what she has said, I still think that she hasnt tried her best. 练习 一 .指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分： 1. The students got on the school bus. 2. He handed me the newspaper. 3. I shall answer your question after class. 4. What a beautiful Chinese painting! 5. They went hunting together early in the morning. S. Attribute O. Predicate Adverbial Attribute Adverbial 6. His job is to train swimmers. 7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing. 8. There is going to be an American film tonight. 9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow. 10. His wish is to become a scientist. 11. He managed to finish the work in time. 12. Tom came to ask me for advice. Attribute Predicative O. Predicate S. Predicate S. Predicative Predicate Adverbial 14. Do you have anything else to say? 15. To be honest， your pronunciation is not so good. 16. Would you please tell me your address? 17. He sat there, reading a newspaper. 18. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy. 19. He noticed a man enter the room. 20. The apples tasted sweet. O. Attribute Parenthesis O. Adverbial Adverbial Predicative O.C. O.C. Predicative 划分 句子成分 1.we are working . 2.I can swim very well . 3.The waiter brought a bottle of beer to me . 4.Why does the wind blow ？ 5.The rain has been pulling down for a whole day . 6.Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music . 二、用符号划出下列短文各句中的 主语（ ）、谓语（）、宾语（）： I hope you are very well. Im fine, but tired. Right now it is the summer vacation and Im helping my Dad on the farm. August is the hottest month here. It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark. Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat. We have a lot of machines on the farm. 三、用符号划出下列短文各句中的定语（ ）、 状语（）、补语（）： Most Saturday evenings there is a party, even at harvest time. These parties often make us very happy. We cook meat on an open fire outside. Its great! Americans eat a lot of meat too much in my opinion. Some of my friends drink beer. I dont, because I have to drive home after the party. In your letter you asked about the time in different areas of the States. There are five different time areas in the States. In my state we are fourteen hours behind Beijing time. How many different time areas do you have in China? Well, I must stop and get some sleep. Please give my best regards to your parents. 句子成分详解表 句子成分 意义 充当词类 例句 主语 表示句子说的是什么人或什么 事 名，代，数，不定 式，动名词，短语或 句子 We study in HuangQiao Middle School. 谓语 说明主语做什么，是什么或怎 么样 动词或动词词组 She is dancing under the tree. 宾语 表示动作行为的对象 同主语 Both of us like English. 表语 与联系动词连用，一起构成谓 语，说明主语的性质或特征 同主语 Her father is a chemist. His words sound reasonable. 定语 用来修饰名词或代词 形，代，数，名 , 副，介词短语或句子 We have eight lessons every day. 状语 修饰动词，形容词，副词，表 示动作发生的时间，地点，原 因，目的，方式，结果等 副词，介词短语或句 子 He works very hard. They held a party in Hollywood. 宾语 补足语 逻辑上与宾语是主谓关系 形容词，名词，介词 短语等 She always keeps the house clean. 主语谓语是基础，宾表定状补辅助。宾主来自名代数，动词作谓不可无！