科技英语翻译

Welcome to the Class By Lu Zhijun(2nd-12th Week)Translation of EST科技英语翻译科技英语翻译卢志君卢志君 63079238Reference Books n1 许建平.英汉互译实践与技巧M.北京：清华大学出版社，2003n2 陈小蔚.新编实用翻译教程M.北京：经济科学出版社，2006.n3 冯志杰.汉英科技翻译指要M 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，1998.n4 翟天利.科技英语阅读与翻译实用教程M.北京：新时代出版社，2003.n5 严俊仁.科技英语翻译技巧M.北京：国防工业出版社，2000.n6 严俊仁.汉英科技翻译M.北京：国防工业出版社，2004.n7 成昭伟.简明翻译教程M.北京：国防工业出版社，2006.n8 刘宓庆.文体与翻译M.北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，1998.n9 耿洪敏.实用英汉翻译M.上海：复旦大学出版社，2005.n10 中国农业百科全书（农作物卷）（上、下卷）M.北京:农业出版社，1991.n11 赵萱,郑仰成.科技英语翻译M.外语教学与研究出版社,2006.n12 武力,赵栓科.科技英汉与汉英翻译教程M.西北工业大学出版社,2007.Books Recommendedn1 赵萱赵萱,郑仰成郑仰成.科技英语翻译科技英语翻译M.外语教学与研究出版外语教学与研究出版社社,2006.(*)n2 武力,赵栓科.科技英汉与汉英翻译教程M.西北工业大学出版社,2007.(*)n3 冯志杰冯志杰.汉英科技翻译指要汉英科技翻译指要M 北京：中国对外翻译出北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，版公司，1998.(*)n4 翟天利.科技英语阅读与翻译实用教程M.北京：新时代出版社，2003.(*)n5 严俊仁严俊仁.科技英语翻译技巧科技英语翻译技巧M.北京：国防工业出版北京：国防工业出版社，社，2000.(*)n6 严俊仁严俊仁.汉英科技翻译汉英科技翻译M.北京：北京：国防工业出版社，国防工业出版社，2004.(*)Requirementsn考试方式及成绩评定考试方式及成绩评定n教学方式：课堂讲授、分析研讨、课后练习。n考核方式：平时综合表现（考勤、课堂活动表现、课堂作业）50%，课程结业考试50%。Nature of TranslationnTranslation is the reproduction of the original message in the target language.nTranslation is an art.(some specific pieces of translation)(with each piece manifesting its own charms and style in the creative hands of the translator)Nature of TranslationnTranslation is a science.(a subject)(rules,laws,principles to for translators to abide by)nTranslation is a craft or a skill.(a process)n(The process of translation has its peculiarity,and none of its rules and principles is universally applicable.)Four Meaningsn1.translating:the processn2.a translation：the translated textn3.translation:the abstract concept which encompasses bothn the process of translating and the product of that process;n4.translator or interpreter:the person who does the work of translating or interpreting.Definition of Translation n1.Translation is a kind of cross-linguistic,cross-cultural and cross-social communication.n翻译是跨语言、跨文化、跨社会的交际活动。Definition of Translationn2.Translation means the conversion of an expression from one language into another.To say it plainly,translation is an art to reproduce the exact idea of the author by means of a language different from the originaln翻译指的是将词句从一种语言转换成另一种语言。简单地说，它是用与原作不同的语言将作者的真正意思准确地复述出来的一种艺术。Definition of Translationn3.“Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message,first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.”n所谓翻译，是指在译语中用最切近而又自然的对等语再现原语的信息，首先在语义上，其次在文体上。Definition of Translationn4.“Translationserves as a means of communication,a transmitter of culture,a technique of language learning,and a source of personal pleasure.”n “It has the special purpose of demonstrating the learners knowledge of foreign language.”n“A Textbook of Translation”by Peter Newmark(2001)Principles for Translation nFaithfulness (contents-meaning)nCoherence (form-style)nVarious Translation PracticesnVarious Translation Standards Involved Due to Different Texts and Purposes Translation StandardsnLiterary Translation n严复 “信、达、雅”（faithfulness,expressiveness and elegance）n鲁迅 “凡是翻译，必须兼顾两方面，一当然是其易解，二则保存着原作的丰姿。”n傅雷 “神似”（Similarity in Spirit）n钱钟书 “化境”（Sublimation）Translation Standards n18th Century Alexander F.Tytler nTranslation theorist Professor in the University of Adinburghn1)A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.n2)The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original.n3)A translation should have all the ease of the original composition.Translation Practice n泰特勒n1）译文应该完全传达原文的思想。n2）译文的风格和笔调应与原文的一致。n3）译文应像原文一样流畅。nTranslation of EST nTexts for Practical UsenTranslation of Business StylisticsTerms nEST(English for Science and Technology)科技英语科技英语nScientific Texts/Scientific Prose(from a point of view of stylistic)科技文本科技文本/科科技散文技散文nTranslation of EST/Translation of Scientific Texts 科技英语翻译科技英语翻译/科技文体科技文体翻译翻译EST nIn a broad sense,EST covers anything related to science and technology,both in written and spoken forms.n1)科技著述科技著述、科技论文和报告科技论文和报告、实验报告和方案实验报告和方案;n2)各类科技情报和文字资料各类科技情报和文字资料;n3)科技实用手册(Operative Means,包括仪器、仪表、机械、工具等等)的结构描述和操作规程;n4)有关科技问题的会谈、会议、交谈的用语;n5)有关科技的影片、录像等有声资料的解说词,等等nThis course mainly deals with what has been mentioned in 1)and 2)in their written forms.Linguistic Features of EST&the Translation n Science-precision&the absence of ambiguityn The language of science-precise&unambiguous nCoherence,Clarity&Fluency(连贯、明晰、畅达)nTranslated versions:objective,accurate&well-knit Translation StandardsnTranslation Standards for Translation of EST:clarity,coherence&conciseness n科技英语翻译标准科技英语翻译标准:明确明确、通顺通顺、简练。简练。n(准确规范准确规范、通顺易懂通顺易懂、简洁明晰简洁明晰)准确规范准确规范nWe shall mention here two temperature scales,namely,the Fahrenheit scale and the Centigrade scale.n这里我们将提及两种温度计这里我们将提及两种温度计:华氏表和摄氏表。华氏表和摄氏表。n这里我们将提及两种这里我们将提及两种温标温标:华氏华氏温标温标和摄氏和摄氏温标温标。n(temperature scales 有固定的翻译方法,翻译为“温标”,而不是“温度计”(thermometer)。)Practice n1.The power plant is the heart of a ship.n2.The power unit for driving the machines is a 50-hp induction motor.n1.动力动力装置装置是船舶的心脏。是船舶的心脏。n2.驱动这些机器驱动这些机器的动力装置是一台50马力的感应电动机。通顺易懂通顺易懂nA material object cannot have a speed greater than the speed of light.n一个物体不会有一个大于光速的速度。一个物体不会有一个大于光速的速度。n一个物体的速度绝不会超过光速。一个物体的速度绝不会超过光速。通顺易懂通顺易懂nDistillation involves heating the solution until water evaporates,and then condensing the vapor.n蒸馏就是加热溶液直到水蒸发蒸馏就是加热溶液直到水蒸发,然后冷然后冷凝蒸汽凝蒸汽。n蒸馏就是蒸馏就是要把要把溶液溶液加热加热,直到水蒸发直到水蒸发,然然后后再使再使蒸汽冷凝蒸汽冷凝。Practicen3.Semiconductor devices,called transistors,are replacing tubes in many applications.n3.半导体器件也称为晶体管，在许多场合半导体器件也称为晶体管，在许多场合替代电子管。替代电子管。Practicen4.All bodies are known to possess weight and occupy space.n4.我们知道我们知道,所有的物体都有重量所有的物体都有重量并占据空间。并占据空间。Practice n5.Cramped conditions means that passengers legs cannot move around freely.n5.空间狭窄空间狭窄,旅客的双腿就不能自由活动。旅客的双腿就不能自由活动。简洁明晰简洁明晰nIt is forbidden to dismantle it without permission so as to avoid any damage to its parts.n为了避免损坏设备的零件为了避免损坏设备的零件,未经许可不得未经许可不得拆卸该设备。拆卸该设备。n严禁乱拆严禁乱拆,以免以免损坏该设备的零件。损坏该设备的零件。Practicen6.All living things must,by reason of physiological limitations,die.n7.The removal of minerals from water is called softening.n6.由于生理上的局限由于生理上的局限,一切生物总是要一切生物总是要死亡的。死亡的。n7.去除水中的矿物质叫做软化。去除水中的矿物质叫做软化。Requirements for a Qualified Scientific Translatorn1)a broad knowledge on the subjects involved;n2)capable of employing translating skills involved in translation of EST;a)a thorough understanding of the technical terms b)acquaintance with sentence structures frequently used in EST c)a thorough analysis of the deep structures n3)to have a good command of English&Chinesen4)to be rigorousStylistic Features of EST n Lexical Features of ESTnSyntactic Features of EST Lesson 2 Lexical Features of ESTLexical Features of EST&the Translation nFrequent Use of n1)Terminology/Scientific Wordsn2)Nominalization Terminology nTerminology n1)Proper nounsn2)The borrowing of daily words n3)New words and expressions based on modern English word-formation Proper Nouns Proper nouns for a certain major only nhertz 赫兹 nvolt 伏特nhydroxide 氢氧化物nanode 阳极nannealing 退火nisotope 同位素nAlfonol 16 (一种铁铝合金,其中铝合金含量为16%)nUnipizeo (美国制造的铁氧体软磁材料)The borrowing of daily wordsnoperation 操作n运算(Computer Science)n手术 (Medicine)n作战(Military)nceiling 天花板、顶板n绝对升限/最大飞行高度(aeronautics航空学)n云幕高度(meteorology气象学)n风值电压(electricity电学)The borrowing of daily words ntransmission 传递/传达(daily usage)n发射/播送 (a term in radio engineering)n传动 (in mechanical engineering)n透射 (in physics)n遗传 (in medical science)The borrowing of daily wordsnderivative 派生物 (daily usage)n衍生物 (in chemistry)n导数/微商 (in mathematics)n金融衍生工具 (in business activity)nloop 环/圈n回路 (in radio engineering)n节育环(medical science)n循环 (in metrology)nconcentration nA)Electrode potential depends on the concentration of the ions.nB)The determination of trace concentrations of mercury in minerals is described.nC)A concentration process is important now that the depletion of high grade ores is possibility.Translation nA)Electrode potential depends on the concentration of the ions.n电极电位决定于离子浓度。(chemistry)nB)The determination of trace concentrations of mercury in minerals is described.n 文章论述矿物中痕量汞的测定。(measurement in physics)nC)A concentration process is important now that the depletion of high grade ores is possibility.n由于目前高品位的矿石可能用完,富集过程是重要的。(metallurgy)New words and expressions based on modern English word-formation n(1)Compounding or composition,the process by which two independent words are put together to make a new words.n(2)Affixation n(3)Blending n(4)Acronym n(5)Borrowing n(6)Clipping,Back-Formation,Coinage,Functional Shift&transliteration of foreign languages (1)Compounding or compositionnthe process by which two independent words are put together to make a new words.nfallout 放射性尘埃nLaserbomb 激光炸弹nFallout放射性尘埃 nSplashdown溅落nWaterlock水闸nThunderstorm雷暴nMoonwalk月面行走nGround zero 地面零点位置nCruise missile 巡航导弹Compounding or compositionnCrawling peg 兑换率微量调整体制nBlack hole 黑洞nFox-bat 狐幅式战斗机(米格-25)nLunar module 登月舱nBiological clock 生物钟Salt-former卤素ndew-point露点nHeatwave热浪 nhot-press热压npulse-scaler脉冲(2)Affixationna process of word-formation by which words are formed by adding affixes(prefixes and suffixes)to a root.nAntibody（anti-）抗体nantimatter（anti-）反物质nantiproton（anti-）反质子nAntismog(anti-)反烟雾nAntipollution(anti-）反污染nAntihyperon(anti-）反超子nAnticyclone(anti-)反气旋nNonaddict,（anti-）吸毒未成瘾者nnondegradable,（anti-）不可降解的nMicroeconomics（anti-）微观经济学AffixationnMicroinstruction(micro-)微指令nMacroeconomics(macro-)宏观经济学nMacroinstruction(macro-)宏指令nTelerama(-rama)大屏幕电视机nCinerama(-rama)全景电影nAnthropology(-logy)人类学nTranslatology(-logy)翻译学nFururology(-logy)未来学nEcology(-logy）生态学AffixationnEthnomycology(-logy）人种真菌学nEscapology(-logy）逃生术nbronchitis(-itis)支气管炎narthritis(-itis)关节炎Else:thermo-（热）electro-（电）aero-（空气）carbo-（碳）hydro-（水，氢）-ite（矿物）-maia（热，狂）(3)BlendingnAdvertistrcs(advertising+statistics)广告统计学nAltiport(altitude+airport)高山短距离起落机场nLunacast(lunar+telecast)登月电视广播nSmog(smoke+fog)烟雾nChunnel(channel+tunnel)海峡隧道nComsat(communications+satellite)通信卫星nBallute(balloon+parachute)减速气球nComint(communications+intelligence)通信情报nHumint(human+intelligence)间谍情报nAmerind(American+Indian)美洲印第安人nTelediagnosis(television+diagnosis)远程诊断nCarbecue(car+barbeque)热压熔化废旧汽车的装置BlendingnHumint (human+intelligence)间谍情报nAmerind(American+Indian)美洲印第安人nTelediagnosis(television+diagnosis)远程诊断nCarbecue(car+barbeque)热压熔化废旧汽车的装置Biorhythm（biological+rhythm）生理节奏Mechnochenistry（michanical+chimistry）机械化学Telex（teleprinter+exchange）电传Medicare（medical+care）医疗保健Escalirt（escalator+lift）自动电梯(4)AcronymnLaser(light amplification by stimulatedn emission of radiation)激光nADP(automatic data processing)自动数据处理nDC(direct current)直流电nIC(integrated circuit)集成电路nAC(alternating current)交流电nKWIC(key-word-in-context）关键字在文内nKWOC(key-word-out-of-context)关键字在文首nCPU(Central Processor Unity)(5)BorrowingnAlfven wave（阿尔文波）Hannes AlfvennChandlers wobble(钱德拉波动说）Seth Carlo ChandlernKuru（库鲁癫痫症）-Kurn Highlands（库鲁高地）nIBM System-International Business Machines Corporation(美国国际商业机器公司）nMace（迈斯神经镇静剂）-To mace（v)(a brand name)nTo xerox,xeroxer-Xerox(静电复制）(a brand name)nOhm(欧姆）amp（安培）diesel（内燃机）hamburger cardigan(开襟羊毛衫）(6)Clipping,Back-Formation,Coinage,Functional Shift&transliteration of foreign languages nClipping:laboratory-labnBack-Formation:Laser-to lasenCoinage:Quark夸克nFunctional Shift：to contact the terminal nGene(from German)Translation of Technical Terms 名从主人，译者加注n（）liberal translation 译其义得其名nBourgeoisie 布尔乔亚 资产阶级nVitamin 维他命 维生素nLaser 莱塞 激光nCouple 对、偶 电偶、力偶n（）transliteration 译其音得其名n（）liberal translation+transliteration 因形见义(注释性音译)nMastic 玛蹄脂nThe Vistula 维斯杜拉河nPumi 普米族Translation of Technical Termsn(4)Translation of acronym&blending wordsnLibel translation&transliteration (析出原词,再顺序递加词义)nLaser(radio detecting and ranging)无线电定位和测距nPERT(Program Evaluation Review Technique)计划评价检查技术nCTOL(conventional take-off and landing)常规起飞和着陆nMultivider=multiply+divider 简便乘除计算器nprogramatic=program+automatic 能自动编制程序的n(5)fixed version nGreenwich 格林威治n(6)Chinese Correspondence/equivalence nThe Plough 北斗星nThe Pluto 冥王星nTin plate 马口铁nZinc plate 白铁皮nMarijuana 大麻Agricultural Terminologies ngermplasm conservation 种质资源保存种质资源保存nsequential cropping rice 连作稻连作稻ninsect pests of sugar beet 甜菜虫害甜菜虫害ndry spell and wet spell 干期和湿期干期和湿期nevaluation of salt tolerance 耐盐性鉴定耐盐性鉴定nsoybean maturity groups 大豆生育期组大豆生育期组ndistribution sweet potato in China 中国甘薯种植区中国甘薯种植区nseed production 良种繁育良种繁育nunderground fruiting of peanut 花生地下结实花生地下结实navailable soil moisture 土壤有效水分土壤有效水分Agricultural Terminologiesn早熟育种早熟育种 breeding for earlinessn水稻旱种水稻旱种 dry culture of paddy rice n甜菜病害甜菜病害 sugar beet diseases n大豆落花落荚大豆落花落荚 premature shedding of soybean flowers and podsn卫星气象探测卫星气象探测 satellite meteorological monitoring n观赏植物无性繁殖观赏植物无性繁殖 vegetative propagation of ornamental plantsn花卉市场花卉市场 flower market n异花授粉蔬菜异花授粉蔬菜 cross-pollinated vegetable n菜田耕作菜田耕作plowing of vegetable fieldn雪害雪害 snow damage Nominalization nTo turn verbs into nouns with actions involved.nTo change verbal phrases or sentences into noun phrases.Nominalization nAir moves the motion of air nTo apply force the application of force n analytical chemists develop the equipmentn the development of the equipment by analytical chemicals Nominalizationn(1)阿基米德最先发现固体排水的原理nArchimedes first discovered the principle that water is displaced by solid bodies.n Archimedes first discovered the principle of displacement of water by solid bodies.(The original appositive clause is simplified and the fact“displacement”is emphasized)Nominalizationn(2)地球绕轴自转，引起昼夜变化nThe earth rotates on its own axis,which causes the change from day to night.nThe rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night.(The idea to be conveyed is much clearer.)Nominalization n(1)Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.n火箭已被用来探索宇宙。n(2)The addition of 2 percent sodium carbonate to boiling water increases the bactericide effect.n在沸水中加入2%的碳酸钠会增加杀菌效果。n(3)The testing of machines by this method entails some loss of power.n 用这种方法实验机器会损失一些功率。Nominalization n(4)Failure to fix these symbols in mind keeps students from mastering the mathematical subjects they take up.n由于未能记住这些符号,使得许多学生无法掌握他们选修的教学课程。n(5)This higher cost is not entirely due to the shape of the part,or the use of a more expensive metal.n成本教高不完全是由于部件的形状,也不是由于使用的金属比较昂贵。NorminalizationnDespite all the improvements,rubber still has a number of limitations.n尽管改进改进了很多，但合成橡胶仍有一些缺陷。nHigh precision implies a high degree of exactness but with no implication as to accuracy.n高精度意味着高度的精确度，但并不表明表明具有准确性。NorminalizationnAll these factors play a key role in formulation of the model.n在拟定拟定模型时，所有这些因素都将起到关键性的作用。nThe first step in the solution of any dynamical problem is the selection of an appropriate coordinate system.n在解任何一个动力学运算题时要做的第一步就是选择一个合适的坐标。NorminalizationnA chicken is a suitable specimen for the study of the general external features of a bird.n鸡是研究研究禽类外部特征的合适范例。nThe flow of electrons is from the negative zinc plate to the positive copper plate.n电子从负的锌极流向流向正的铜极。文语词(not technical but commonly used in EST)nAccordance 按照nAcknowledge 承认nAlter 改变nAlternative 交替的nAmend 修正nApplication 应用nAppropriate 恰当的nAttain 达到nCircumstance 情况nCompensation 补偿nConfirm 证实nConsequence 后果nConsidering 鉴于nConsist 组成nConstitute 构成nConsume 消耗nDeduce 推理nDistinction 区别nFunction 功能nIllustrate 说明文语词(not technical but commonly used in EST)nImply 隐含nInclusion 包括nIncur 招致nIndicate 指示nInduce 归纳nInitial 初始的nModification 修改nNevertheless 然而nNonetheless 然而nObtain 获得nOccur 发生nOmission 省略nProviding 假设nReduce 减少nReplacement 代替nSpecifically 具体地说nUnderlie 支持nValid 有效的nVerify 验证Translation Practice Ex.11.Translation of Technical Terms nliquid crystal nwater jacket ncomputer language nmachine building nlinear measure ncivil engineering naircraft nmetalwork npowerplant ncast-ironnconveyer-belt nmachine-made nmaintenance npropeller ncounterbalance nantibodyncontradictionndischarge nimbalance nnon-metalnhydro-electric nextra-terrestrialndecontrolnultrasonicnsubsystemnunbarnnon-ferrous1.Translation of Technical Terms nMACV(Military Assistance Command,Vietnam)nPLSS(Portable Life-Support System)nGSO(General Staff Officer Gen)nAirveyor(air+conveyor)nTalkathon(talk+marathon)nPictogram(picture+telegram)nlight show 2.Agricultural Terminologies n1小麦抗锈育种 n2水稻三黄三黑 n3杂交育种 n4早熟禾 n5自花授粉蔬菜 n6盆花栽培 n7温床小气候 n8畜牧气象灾害 n9嫁接育苗 n10粮食贮藏2.Agricultural Terminologies n1.documentation of germplasm resourcesn2.insect pests of rape n3.breeding tobacco for disease resistance n4.relatives of wheat n5.peanut culture with mulching membrane n6.growing green manures in cotton fields n7.freezing injury of fruit trees n8.tissue culture of plant n9.soilless culture of ornamental plants 10.soil sterilization 3.Norminalizationn1)Particular attention should be given to hoses to ensure that chafing does not occur.n2)The primary concern of electrical engineering is the doing of work by the delivery of energy.n3)Gene piracy is not new.n4)All plants and animals need carbon for growth.Keys nLiquid crystal n 液晶nWater jacket n水套nComputer languagen 计算机语言nMachine building n 机器制造nLinear measure n 长度单位nCivil engineering n 土木工程nAircraft n飞机KeysnMetalwork n 金属制品nPowerplant n 发电站nCast-iron n 铸铁nConveyer-belt n 传送带nMachine-made n 机制的nMaintenance n 维修KeysnPropeller n 推进器nCounterbalance n 反平衡 nAntibody n 抗体nContradiction n 矛盾nDischarge n 放电nImbalance n 不平衡Keys nNon-metal n 非金属nHydro-electric n 发电nExtra-terrestrial n 行星际的nDecontrol n 取消控制nUltrasonic n 超声的nSubsystem n 分系统nUnbar n 清除障碍nNon-ferrous n有色金属的KeysnMACV(Military Assistance Command,Vietnam)n前美军驻南越司令部nPLSS(Portable Life-Support System)n 手提式助生设施nGSO(General Staff Officer Gen)n总参谋部军官KeysnAirveyor(air+conveyor)n空气传送器/机nTalkathon(talk+marathon)n长篇讲话nPictogram(picture+telegram)n图像电讯nlight show n光显示Keys to Agricultural Terminologiesn1小麦矮化育种小麦矮化育种 nrice breeding for semidwarfnese n2水稻三黄三黑水稻三黄三黑 nalternations of shade of leaf color in rice n3杂交育种杂交育种 ncross breeding n4早熟禾早熟禾 n blue grass n5自花授粉蔬菜自花授粉蔬菜 nself-pollinated vegetable Keys to Agricultural Terminologiesn6盆花栽培盆花栽培 npot-flowers culture/potted flowers culturen7温床小气候温床小气候 nmicroclimate in hotbedn8畜牧气象灾害畜牧气象灾害 nweather damages to animal husbandryn9嫁接育苗嫁接育苗n raising seedlings by grafting n10粮食贮藏粮食贮藏n grain storage Keys to Agricultural Terminologiesn11.documentation of germplasm resources n种质资源整理种质资源整理n12.insect pests of rape n油菜虫害油菜虫害 n13.breeding tobacco for disease resistancen烟草抗病育种烟草抗病育种n14.relatives of wheatn小麦亲缘植物小麦亲缘植物n15.peanut culture with mulching membranen花生地膜覆盖栽培花生地膜覆盖栽培Keys to Agricultural Terminologiesn16.growing green manures in cotton fieldsn棉田种植施肥棉田种植施肥n17.freezing injury of fruit treesn果树冻害果树冻害n18.tissue culture of plantn植物组织培养植物组织培养n19.soilless culture of ornamental plantsn观赏植物无土栽培观赏植物无土栽培n20.soil sterilization n土壤消毒土壤消毒3.Norminalization n1)Particular attention should be given to hoses to ensure that chafing does not occur.n要特别注意软管，保证没有擦伤。（动词派生名词）n2)The primary concern of electrical engineering is the doing of work by the delivery of energy.n电工学主要关注的是通过输送能量做功的情况。3.Norminalizationn3)Gene piracy is not new.n窃取基因不是新鲜事。n4)All plants and animals need carbon for growth.n所有的动植物均需要碳才能生长。Lesson 3Syntactic Features of ESTSyntactic Features of EST n1.Non-deviation from Basic Grammarn-the present tense(esp.the simple present tense)n 2.Impersonal Style -frequent use of passive voice the objects,substances and processes the focus of attention rather than the people operating with them passive voice-preferable for one to keep neutral and objectiveSyntactic Features of ESTn3.Frequent Use of Non-restrictive Verbsn(to do,doing,done)n4.Common Use of Conditional&Imperative(条件句,祈使句较多)n5.Adjective phrases as attribute(普遍使用形容词短语作后置定语)n6.Frequent Employment of Long,Complex Sentences Simple Present TenseThis law applies to all classes of levers.这个定律适用于各类杠杆。All bodies have inertia.所有物体都具有惯性。(laws,rules,conclusions,truth-simple present tense)the present tense(esp.the simple present tense)People discovered electricity a good many years ago.人们很久以前就发现了电。The ancient people counted with stones.古代人用石子记数。(to introduce what was done in the past such as invention,creation,etc.-simple