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动词及其时态 中考语法 动词及其时态概述 动词即表示动作或状态的词。如： come, think, call, sit, study, have, be, feel等； 动词具有人称、数量、时态、语态的变 化。 时态是谓语动词的一种形式。在英 语中，不同时间所发生的动作或存在的 情况要用不同的动作形式来表现。初中 阶段学习了八种，但中考只考查其中六 种。即：一般现在时、一般过去时、现 在进行时、过去进行时、一般将来时和 现在完成时。 考点分布 1动词的考点： （ 1）动词的基本形式 （ 2）系动词 （ 3）及物动词和不及物动词 （ 4）助动词 （ 5）情态动词 2. 时态的考点 （ 1）现在进行时（ 2）一般现在时（ 3） 一般过去时（ 4）一般将来时（ 5）过去 进行时（ 6）现在完成时 考点梳理 考点一 动词的基本形式 动词的基本形式有：原形、第三人称单数、 现在分词、过去分词和过去式。 类 别 用法要求或变化规则 举 例 原 形 1. 位于情态动词之后，如： can, may, must, should, would, have to, neednt 等。 He can play the piano. You must finish your homework on time. 2. 位于助动词之后，如： do, does, did, will, shall等。 Did you have a good time yesterday? 3. 位于感官动词或使役动 词之后，如： see, watch, hear, make, let, have等。 Don t let her eat too much. Let s go to play basketball with Jack. 4. 跟在 to后面构成动词不定 式，如： to come Tell your father to give up smoking. 考点梳理 类别 用法要求或变化规则 举 例 第 三 人 称 单 数 在一般现在时里，当主语 是第三人称单数时，动词 要用第三人称单数形式。 其变化规则如下 : 1. 一般动词在词尾加 -s构成 ; 2. 以 x, s, ch, sh和 o结尾的 动词，在词尾加 -es; 3. 以辅音字母加“ y”结尾 的动词，先改“ y”为“ i”后， 在加 -es; 4、不规则形式： havehas； beis 1. playplays; like likes; speakspeaks 2. teachteaches ; gogoes fixfixes; wash washes 3. studystudies ; flyflies carrycarries; cry cries 注：以元音字母加 -y结 尾的，直接加 -s 如： buys, says, plays, obeys等。 考点梳理 类别 用法要求或变化规则 举 例 现 在 分 词 现在分词与 be动词构成进 行时态，其变化规则如下： 1. 一般动词直接在词尾加 - ing; 2. 以不发音的字母 e结尾 的，去 e再加 -ing； 3. 以重读闭音节结尾的动 词，先双写末尾的辅音字 母再加 -ing. 4. 以 -ie为重读音节结尾的 动词，改 ie为 y，再加 -ing. 1. look looking listen listening 2. come coming write writing 注意： seeseeing; agreeagreeing 3. put putting stop stopping run running swim swimming 4. lie lying die dying tie tying 考点梳理 类别 用法要求或变化规则 举 例 过 去 式 过去式用在一般过去时里， 规 则动词变化如下： 1. 一般动词在词尾加 -ed构成； 2. 重读闭音节词，先双写末尾 辅音字母再加 -ed； 3. 以不发音字母 e结尾的动词， 加 -d； 4. 以辅音字母加 -y结尾的，先 改 y为 i，再加 -ed。 1. workworked; callcalled; cleancleaned ; looklooked 2. stopstopped ; dropdropped 3. likeliked ; smilesmiled 4. carrycarried; studystudied 过 去 分 词 过去分词用在现在完成时、过 去完成时和被动语态中，规则 变化同过去式，不规则需查不 规则动词表 动词有规则和不规 则动词之分 考点梳理 考点二 助动词 助动词没有任何含义，不能单独做谓 语，只能和行为动词一起构成谓语，帮助 行为动词组成各种时态、语态、语气以及 疑问或否定形式。常见的助动词有 be, do, does, did, have, will, shall等。具体用法如下： 种类 用 法 举 例 be 1. 构成各种进行时态 It was raining all day yesterday. 2. 构成被动语态 The meeting was held yesterday afternoon. 3. 与不定式连用表示 按计划、预先安排或 规定要发生的动作 They are to see an English film this evening. 他们今 天晚上看英语电影。 考点梳理 种类 用 法 举 例 do 构成疑问式或否定式 Does he think so? I didn t say anything about the result. 在动词前加上 do, does, did表示强调， 意为“的确，确实” They do study hard.他 们学习确实很努力 She does love listening to English songs. have have的过去式是 had; have和 had均可与动词过 去分词一起构成完成时 态 He has lived here for three years. As soon as the sun had set, they returned. shall, should 1.助动词 shall只用于第 一人称的将来时态； 2.助动词 should是 shall的 过去式构成过去将来时 . I shall send ten letters to my good friends. She wanted to know if I should go to the palace. 考点梳理 【 考点精练 】 ( ) 1. I _ an old friend of mine when I _ in the street yesterday afternoon. A. met; was walking B. was meeting; walked C. was meeting; was walking D. met; walked ( ) 2. Did the farmers have a good harvest last year? _. A. Yes, they had. B. No, they hadn t C. Yes, they did D. No, they did. ( ) 3. _ you like to write down his telephone number for me? A. Are B. Do C. Shall D. Would 考点梳理 【 考点精练 】 ( ) 4. Why are you in such a hurry, Mike? There_an NBA basketball game in ten minutes. A. will have B. will be C. is going to have D. are going to be ( ) 5. Monica, you _ the exam! Congratulation! A. pass B. have passed C. will pass D. are passing be动 词用 法口 诀 我用 am，你用 are， is连着他，她，它； 单数名词用 is，复数名词全用 are。 变疑问，往前提，句末问号莫丢弃。变 否定，更容易， be后 not莫忘记。 疑问否定任你变，句首大写莫迟疑。 考点梳理 考点三 情态动词 情态动词本身有一定含义，但不能单独作谓语， 要和行为动词一起构成谓语。它们也能表明句子的 否定、疑问或时态上的区别。常见的情态动词有： can, may, must, need, should等。 具体用法见下表： 用法 种 类 举 例 表能 力 1.表示“能够”， can 用于一般 现在时 , could用于一般过去时。 2. be able to 也表示能力，表示 做事的能力时可与 can通用 , 但 be able to可用于任何时态。 1. Rose can speak now, but she couldnt a week ago. 2. She could / was able to eat four pieces of bread when she was young. They will be able to finish the work soon. 表请 求 can (could) 在疑问句中与第二 人称连用时，表示征求对方意 见或提出请求，表示委婉语气。 could 比 can语气更加委婉客气， 没有时间上的差别。 Could you lend me your pen? Yes, I can. 考点梳理 用法 种 类 举 例 表许 可 1. may/might, can/could表 示许可常可互换， 只是 might, could语气比较 委婉。 2. May I ? 的否定回答用 No, you can t. 或者 No, you mustn t. 1. May/Could I borrow your book? Yes, you may/can. 2. May I take the book out of the room? No, you can t./ No, you mustn t. 表必 须、 必要 must和 have to 一般情况下 可互换，但有以下区别： 1. must表示说话人的主观 看法； have to 表客观需要。 2.否定式 mustn t表示禁 止，意为“不准，不可以 做”；而 don t have to 意 为“不必”。 3. Must I ? 否定回答用： No, you needn t. 或者 No, you don t have to. 1.You must / have to finish the work. I must have a talk with him. He has to stay here because it s raining. 2.You mustn t copy others homework. You don t have to explain it to me if you dislike the job. 3. Must I hand in my homework now? No, you needn t./you don t have to. 考点梳理 用法 种 类 举 例 表推 测 1. must表示有把握的推 测，只用于肯定句，不能 用语否定句或疑问句。 2. could, may, might表示 把握不大的推测 , 用于肯 定句 ; 3. can用于否定句，表示 没有可能用 can t 1. The photo must be Lu s. Those are his parents 2. I can t find my backpack. It might/may/ could be still at school. 3. The red bicycle can t be Lucy s. She has a blue bicycle. need 的 双重 身份 need作情态动词时，多用 于否定或疑问结构，一般 不用于肯定句，表示“必 要”。 need用作一般实义动词， 根据需要作动词变形。 They needn t go to work that day. They didn t need to work that day. Do you need any help? 考点梳理 【 考点精练 】 ( ) 6. Must I get up at 6 oclock? No, you _.You can get up at 7 oclock. A. mustnt B. neednt C. cant D. shouldnt ( ) 7. A cross from my home, _ a shop which sells things from foreign countries. A. it is B. it has C. there is D. that is ( ) 8. _ I know by what time you want the project to be done? By the day after tomorrow. _ you finish it on time? A. May; Can B. Must; Need C. Could; Must D. Need; Would 考点梳理 【 考点精练 】 ( ) 9. Excuse me, may I keep the book a little longer? Sorry. You _ return it today. A. must B. mustnt C. can D. cant ( ) 10. I forgot to bring my dictionary. Could I use yours? Yes, you _. A. can B. must C. could D. should ( ) 11. The man is feeling much better now, so you _ call a doctor. A. neednt B. cant C. mustnt D. shouldnt 考点梳理 【 考点精练 】 ( ) 12. May I take this magazine out of the reading room? No, you _. You read it in here. A. mightnt B. wont C. neednt D. mustnt ( ) 13. Lets go climbing, shall we? You _ be joking! Dont you know Im afraid of high places? A. may B. can C. must D. should ( ) 14. Could you please have a walk with me? Sorry, I _. I have something important to do now. A. mustnt B. neednt C. cant D. may not 考点梳理 考点四 连系动词 连系动词有一定意义，它们要与其后 作表语的形容词、名词或介词（短语）一 起构成合成谓语。常见系动词有： be, seem, keep, remain, look, feel, smell, sound, taste, become, get, grow, turn等。如： She becomes more beautiful than three years ago. 她比三年前更漂亮了。 考点梳理 考点五 行为动词 行为动词又称实义动词，它们都含有实在 的意义，表示动作或状态，可在句中独立作谓 语。行为动词又分为及物动词和不及物动词。 1. 及物动词 及物动词后一定要跟宾语，意思才能完整。 如： My mother told me she wanted to buy some books for me. 2. 不及物动词 不及物动词意义完整，不需带宾语，但如果 有些不及物动词非要带宾语时，必须先加介词 后加宾语。如： He only worried about his daughter. 考点梳理 3. 动词短语 由两个或两个以上的单词构成一个短语，具有 动词的意义和功能，这样的短语叫动词短语，相 当于一个动词。常见的有： 类 型 例 词 类 型 例 词 不及物动 词 +副词 run out, get up 动词 +名词 lose weight, take place 不及物动 词 +介词 look for, care about 动词 +名词 + 介词 take care of, make use of 及物动词 +副词 send up, put off 动词 +介词 + 名词 keep in touch, learnby heart 动词 +副 词 +介词 come up with, keep away from be+形容词 + 介词 be proud of, be surprised at 考点梳理 【 考点精练 】 ( ) 17. Smart phones are more and more popular now. So they are. But they still _ too much. A. pay B. cost C. take D. spend ( ) 18. Steven, we should _ the bus at the next stop. A. get up B. get off C. get to D. get in 考点梳理 考点六 一般现在时 项 别 表现形式 例 句 具体用法 1、表示现在的状 态 He is twelve. She is at work. 2、表示经常或习 惯性的动作 He reads English every morning. 3、表示主语具备 的性格和能力 She speaks French very well. 4、普遍的真理和 自然规律 The moon goes around the earth. 5、在时间状语和 条件状语从句中， 用一般现在时表示 将来的动作 Please call me as soon as you arrive in Paris. We will put off the sports meeting if it rains this week. 考点梳理 项别 表现形式 例 句 句型 结构 肯定句：主语 + 动词 原形 + 宾语 +其它 主语 +动词的单三 形式 +宾语 +其它 We read English every morning. He does morning exercises at school. 否定句：主语 + don t +V. + 宾语 +其 它 主语 + doesn t +v.+ 宾语 +其它 We don t read English every morning. He doesn t have breakfast every day. 一般疑问句： Do/Does+主语 +v.+其 它？ Do you read English every morning? Does your father go to work on foot? 时间 标志 1. often, usually, always, sometimes 2. every +时间类 如： every day/week/month 3. on Sundays； once a week； twice a day； in the morning/evening/afternoon. 注意： often, usually, always在句子的位置：通常是在 be 动词之后，行为动词之前。 注意 的问 题 一般现在时当中，当句子主语时第三人称单数时，谓语 动词用单三形式。 be am/is/are 考点梳理 【 考点精练 】 ( ) 19. Alice likes doing housework. She _ her room every afternoon. A. cleans B. cleaned C. will clean D. has cleaned ( ) 20. Which teacher _ lessons_ to you every day? A. does； gives B. does； give C. do； give D. gives； / ( ) 21. Well go to play with snow if it _ tomorrow. A. snow B. snows C. will snow D. snowed ( ) 22. Nobody _ how to run this machines. A . know B. have known C. knows D. is knowing 考点梳理 考点七 现在进行时 项别 表现形式 例 句 具体 用法 表示现在（说话瞬间）正 在进行或发生的动作 I am listening to my teacher. 句型 结构 1. 肯定句 主语 +be(am/is/are ) +doing + 其它 We are watching TV now. 2. 否定句 主语 +be not +doing + 其它 She isn t looking at you. 3. 一般疑问句： Be +主语 +doing +其它？ 回答： Yes, 主语 +be ； No, 主语 +be not. Are they doing their homework now? Yes, they are./ No, they aren t. 时间 标志 1. now; 2. Look, listen等提示语； 3. these days； 4. at present； 5. at the moment 6. these days； 7. from three to five； 8.上下文提 示等 考点梳理 【 考点精练 】 ( ) 23. Someone _ at the door. Can you open it? A. knocks B. knocked C. is knocking D. was knocking ( ) 24. Hello, Betty! What are you doing now? I _ on the Great Wall of China. Ill send them to you later. A. will take pictures B. am taking pictures C. was taking pictures D. take pictures ( ) 25. Where is your father? He _ the World Cup in the living room. A. is watching B. watches C. watched D. will watch ( ) 26. Look! The police _ the food onto the bank of the river. A. am carrying B. is carrying C. are carrying D. are carried 考点梳理 考点八 一般将来时 项别 表现形式 例 句 具体 用法 表示在将来某一时间发生的 动作或存在的状态 I believe my dream will come true one day. 句型 结构 1. 肯定句 主语 + will + v. + 其它 主语 + be going to + v. +其它 She will be 42 years old next year. She is going to fly a kite this Sunday . 2. 否定句 主语 + won t + v. + 其它 主语 + be(not) going to + v. + 其它 The train won t arrive on time. I m not going to play soccer after school. 1. 一般疑问句 Will +主语 + v. + 其它 ? Be+主语 +going to + v. +其它 ? Will you take part in the sports meeting? There is going to be an English speech contest. 时间 标志 1.tomorrow/the day after tomorrow 2. next + 时间 3. this+星期 4. in/on +将来时间 如： in 2016， on May 1st 201,8. 5.soon, right away等 注意 的问 题 有些短暂性动词可以用进行时表示将来，如： come , go, leave, arrive, start等。 She is leaving for Shanghai tomorrow. 她明天要去上海。 考点梳理 【 考点精练 】 ( ) 27. Im busy now. I _ to you after school this afternoon. A. talk B. talked C. will talk D. have talked ( ) 28. Mr. Wang has left for Guangzhou. He _ a speech there in two days. A. gives B. gave C. will give D. has given ( ) 29. Look at those clouds. It _ soon, Im afraid. A. is going to rain B. is raining C. will rain D. wont rain ( ) 30. Be careful. The train _. A. will come B. came C. comes D. is coming 考点梳理 考点九 - 一般过去式 项别 表现形式 例 句 具体用 法 表示在过去某一时间发生的 动作或存在的状态。 He got up late and missed the early bus this morning. The little boy was born in 2007. 句型结 构 肯定句 主语 +was/were+其它 主语 +动词的过去式 +宾语 + 其它 They were in the classroom just now. We played soccer last night. 否定句 主语 + wasn t/weren t +其它 主语 + didn t + v.+宾语 +其 它 They weren t in the classroom just now. We didn t play soccer last night. 一般疑问句 Was/Were+主语 +其它？ Did+主语 + v. +宾语 +其它？ Were they in the classroom just now? Did you play soccer last night? 时间标 志 1. yesterday类 ; 2.last +时间类 ; 3. 时间段 +ago类； 4. in/on +过去时间 如： in 2008； on May 1st 2012等 注意的 问题 be动词的过去为 was/were 考点梳理 【 考点精练 】 ( ) 31. I_tennis with my cousin every day when I was in America. A. play B. played C. had played D. has played ( ) 32. The teacher is already standing here. Do you know when she _? A. comes B. came C. is coming D. was coming ( ) 33. I suppose you are at least 60 years old. Thank you. Im glad you _ that. My real age is 62. A. say B. said C. are saying D. were saying ( ) 34. Are you going anywhere? I _ about visiting my sister, but I have changed my mind. A. think B. have thought C. will think D. thought 考点梳理 考点十 过去进行时 项 别 表现形式 例 句 具体用法 过去进行时表示在过 去某一时间正在进行 或发生的动作。 My mother was cooking when I came back home last Friday. 句型结构 肯定句 主语 +was/were +doing + 其它 I was watching TV when you called me. 否定句 主语 +was/were not +doing +其它 I wasn t doing housework at 7 yesterday. 一般疑问句 Was/Were +主语 +doing +其它 Was it snowing at this time yesterday? Yes, it was. / No, it wasn t . 时间标志 at that time, then, at this time +过去类的时间 如： at this time last year at +点钟 +过去类的时间 如： at five yesterday, when/while引导的表示过去时间的从句 注意的问 题 when 和 while用法上的区别（详见连词考点三的第 3点） 考点梳理 【 考点精练 】 ( ) 35. I saw Ken in the meeting room, he _ Joe for the school magazine. A. interviews B. interviewed C. has interviewed D. was interviewing ( ) 36. What were you doing when we were playing basketball yesterday afternoon? I _ the classroom. A. was cleaning B. have cleaned C. will clean D. clean 考点梳理 【 考点精练 】 ( ) 37. When they_ through the forest, a bear _ at them. A. walked； was coming B. were walking； came C. were walking； comes D. walk； is coming ( ) 38. While mother _ some washing, I _ a kite for Kate. A. did； made B. was doing； made C. was doing； was making D. did； was making 考点梳理 考点十一 现在完成时 项别 表现形式 例 句 具体 用法 1.表示过去发生或已经完成的某 一动作对现在造成的影响或结果 I have had lunch already. 2.表示过去已经开始的某一动作 或状态一直持续到现在，可能还 会持续下去 The film has been on for ten minutes. 句型 结构 肯定句：主语 have /has + P.P. I have already had lunch. 否定句：主语 haven t /hasn t +P.P. I haven t had lunch yet. 疑问句： Have/Has +主语 + P.P. Have you had lunch yet? 时间 标志 1. already (否定 yet) 2. ever (否定 never) 3. just 4. before 5. for+段时间 6. since+时间点 7. since+时间段 +ago 8. so far 注意 的问 题 1. have been to, have gone to, have been in的用法详见第一 模块常用词汇用法辨析第 36组； 2. already, yet, still用法详见见第一模块常用词汇用法辨析 第 2组。 考点梳理 【 考点精练 】 ( ) 39. How time flies! Three years _since I _ you last time. A. have passed; met B. has passed; met C. passed; have met D. passed； met ( ) 40. Have you finished using my dictionary? Yes, I put it back on your desk just now. Who _ it away? A. will take B. is taking C. took D. has taken ( ) 41. He _ in this factory for 20 years already. A. will work B. works C. has worked D. is working ( ) 42. Jim isnt in the classroom. Where is he now? He _ the library. A. will go to B. has been to C. has gone to D. goes to 考点梳理 【 特别关注 】 延续性动词与非延续性动词 动词按其动作发生的方式、发生过程的长 短可分为延续性动词与非延续性动词。 1. 延续性动词表示能够延续的动作。如： learn, work, stand, sleep, live, stay等。延续性动 词可以与表示时间段的状语连用。如： You can keep the book for 5 days. 这本书你能借 5天。 I stayed there for 2 weeks last year. 去年我在那里住了两个星期。 2. 非延续性动词也称终止性动词、瞬间动 词，表示不能延续的动作，这种动作发生后立 即结束。不能与时间段连用。 考点梳理 如 : open, die, close, begin, finish, come, go, move, borrow, lend, buy等。如果要与时间段连用，就 把它转为延续性动词使用。 3. 中考常见的延续性动词与非延续性动词之间 的转换有： leave be away die be dead fall ill be ill get married be married borrow keep finish be over catch a cold have a cold fall asleep be asleep buy have open be open come here be here get to/ arrive/reach be in begin/start be on close be closed become be come back be back join be in + 组织机构 或者 be a member of + 组织机构 考点梳理 如： 1. The old man died 4 years ago. The old man has been dead for 4 years. 那位老人死了四年了。 2. He joined the Party 2 years ago. He has been in the Party for 2 years. He has been a Party member for 2 years. 他入党两年了。 3. I bought the book 5 days ago. I have had the book for 5 days. 这本书我刚买 5天。 考点梳理 【 考点精练 】 ( ) 43. A new shop _ for a week nearby. Lets have a look there. Good idea. But it doesnt _ on Mondays. A. opened; opened B. has been opened; open C. has opened; opened D. has been open; open ( ) 44. I _ my hometown for a long time. I really miss it. A. left B. went away from C. have left D. have been away from 考点梳理 【 考点精练 】 ( ) 45. How long can I _ the book? Two weeks. A. borrow B. lend C. keep D. get ( ) 46.Her father _in 1990 and her husband _ for more than five years. A. died, dead B. has died, dead C. died, has been dead D. has died, has died 考点梳理 【 备考策略 】 动词及其时态是中考考查比例最大的一个语 法项目。近年来主要集中在考查各类动词的词义辨 析、词形变化、人称和数的一致以及在各种情景下 正确使用时态等。其中情态动词表推测的用法，表 示必然性的用法以及它们的否定形式和习惯用法等 也是重点。在复习备考中同学们应注意： 1. 掌握常见的系动词和助动词用法，学会区分及物 动词和不及物动词，学会在具体的语境中观察、分 析及正确使用情态动词； 2. 总结和熟记一些重要动词和动词短语的意思、习 惯用法和固定搭配等； 3. 注意区分和掌握易混淆的常用动词和动词短语； 4. 学会连用上下文或时间状语判断时态 ,注意动词 的不同变化形式以及人称、数的一致。
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