高考对时态和语态的考查

新课标高考对时态和语态的考查动词的时态与语态是高考重要考点之一。对其考查都放在具体的情境中，非常灵活。为了增加试题的难度，常集多个考点于一题，如把动词的时态与语态、主谓一致或虚拟语气结合起来考查。研究历年高考试题，可发现其命题常有如下四个角度：一、题干给出标志性的时间状语，考生可根据所给时间状语选择时态。1. Progress _ so far very good and we are sure that the work will be finished on time. (09全国II)A. was B. had been C. has been D. will be【解析】so far常与现在完成时连用，故选C。2. Daniels family _ their holiday in Huangshan this time next week. (09安徽)A. are enjoying B. are to enjoy C. will enjoy D. will be enjoying【解析】由this time next week可知，这里描述的是将来某段时间正在发生的事情，故选D。二、基于某些特殊句式对时态的要求设题，如时间、条件状语从句中常用一般现在时表示将来；This is the first/second time+从句（从句要用现在完成时）等。1. This is the first time we _ a film in the cinema together as a family. (09陕西)A. see B. had seen C. saw D. have seen【解析】D。This is the first time +从句（从句要用现在完成时）。2. How can I apply for an online course?Just fill out this form and we _ what we can do for you. (07北京)A. see B. are seeing C. have seen D. will see【解析】D。在“祈使句+ and/or + 陈述句”句型中，陈述句谓语动词常用一般将来时或情态动词+动词原形。三、题干给出了时间状语或用了特殊句式，但所给的时间状语等线索有着较强的干扰性和迷惑性，考生需要结合上下文语境才能选出正确答案。1. He _ football regularly for many years when he was young. (08天津)A. was playing B. played C. has played D. had played【解析】B。考生容易根据时间状语for many years而误选C。但由when he was young与regularly可知，他在年轻时经常打球，是表示过去的一种习惯性动作，要用一般过去时。2. Tom, you didnt come to the party last night?I _, but I suddenly remembered I had homework to do. (07全国II)A. had to B. didnt C. was going to D. wouldnt【解析】C。was going to表示原本打算做某事。四、题干不提供时间状语，也非特殊句式，考生必须仔细体会上下文情境才能判断出该用什么时态。1. Hi, Terry, can I use your computer for a while this afternoon?Sorry. _. (09江苏)A. Its repaired B. It has been repairedC. Its being repaired D. It had been repaired【解析】电脑暂时不能用，因为它正在维修中，故选C。2. When he _ the door, he found his keys were nowhere. (09湖南)A. would open B. opened C. had opened D. was to open【解析】D。句意为：当他要开门时，发现钥匙不见了。这里动词不定式表示按计划或安排发生的动作。时间状语从句中通常不用将来时态，故A不对。应对策略：一、要明确每个时态的基本意义。二、要熟记一些标志性时间状语通常所用的时态，如：与一般现在时连用的时间状语有：always, usually, at present与现在完成时态连用的时间状语有：recently, so far, by now, since, in the past/lastdays/years, yet, already三、要熟记一些特殊句式对时态的要求，如：趋向动词go, arrive, come, leave, start, stay等常用现在进行时表示将来确定的计划或安排；Its (high) time that(从句要用一般过去式或should+动词原形)。四、答题时，仔细研读题干，寻找尽可能多的“时间参照信息”，尤其是其它动词的时态，以及句中出现的时间状语信息。同时可以思考以下几个问题：上下文谈论的是什么时间的动作，现在、过去还是将来？这一动作与主语的关系，是主动还是被动？主语要求谓语用单数形式还是复数形式？这一动作已经结束、正在进行、还是将继续进行？这一动作是否体现了与某个相对的时间或事件的关系？如：过去完成时表示的是发生在“过去的过去”的动作，那么，答题时考生要找到对应的表示过去的时间参照点，而且明确这一动作在这一时间参照点以前已经发生或完成。高 考 原 题 回 放【回放一】1. Do you want a lift home? Its very kind of you, but I have to work late in the office. I overslept this morning because my alarm clock _. (09江西)A. doesnt go off B. wont go off C. wasnt going off D. didnt go off 【解析】D。this morning闹钟不响了，要用一般过去时。2. Over the past decades, sea ice _ in the Arctic as a result of global warming. (09浙江)A. had decreased B. decreasedC. has been decreasing D. is decreasing【解析】C。强调北极的海洋冰块在过去这些年里（Over the past decades）一直在减少，要用现在完成进行时。3. The number of foreign students attending Chinese universities _ rising steadily since1990. (09山东)A. is B. are C. has been D. have been【解析】C。由since1990可知要用现在完成时，主语是The number of，谓语用单数形式。4. We first met on a train in 2000. We both felt immediately that we _each other for years. (08辽宁)A. knew B. have known C. had known D. know【解析】由in 2000可知事情发生在过去，“我们感觉彼此象认识了很多年一样”，know这一动作应该发生在他们见面之前，是“过去的过去”，故选C。【回放二】1. What would you do if it _ tomorrow? We have to carry it on, since weve got everything ready. (05全国)A. rain B. rains C. will rain D. is raining 【解析】B。条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来。2. Months ago we sailed ten thousand miles across this open sea, which _ the Pacific, and we met no storms. (05辽宁)A. was called B. is called C. had been called D. has been called【解析】B。陈述客观事实用一般现在时。3. I wont tell the student the answer to the math problem until he _ on it for more than an hour. (06湖北)A. has been working B. will have worked C. will have been working D. had worked【解析】A。如果主句是将来时，时间状语从句中用现在时表示将来。【回放三】 1. You speak very good French!Thanks. I _ French in Sichuan University for four years. (09四川)A. studied B. study C. was studying D. had studied【解析】A。法语说得好,是因为曾经在四川大学学过四年法语，描述过去的某动作用一般过去时。2. Look at the timetable. Hurry up! Flight 4026 _ off at 18:20.（06四川）A. takes B. took C. will be taken D. has taken 【解析】A。本句中的一般现在时表示根据规定或时间表预计将要发生的动作或事情。3. If Newton lived today, he would be surprised by what _ in science and technology. (07天津)A. had discovered B. had been discoveredC. has discovered D. has been discovered 【解析】本句用了虚拟语气，但后面说的是现在的事实，且是被发现的，所以选D。4. Millions of pounds worth of damage _ by a storm which swept across the north of England last night. (05重庆)A. has been caused B. had been causedC. will be caused D. will have been caused 【解析】A。由last night 可知storm 已经发生，是指过去的事情，而它带来的损失却与现在有关，故用现在完成时强调对现在造成的后果。【回放四】1. She stared at the painting, wondering where she _ it. (09重庆)A. saw B. has seen C. sees D. had seen【解析】思考在哪见过这幅画，see这一动作要先于动作stared发生，故要用过去完成时。 2. Would you please keep silent? The weather report _ and I want to listen. (09湖南)A. is broadcast B. is being broadcast C. has been broadcast D. had been broadcast【解析】希望能保持安静，因为天气预报正在播出，故选B。3. Edward, you play so well. But I _ you played the piano. (09全国I)A. didnt know B. hadnt known C. dont know D. havent known【解析】根据上下文语境可知“我以前并不知道你会弹钢琴”，故选A。4. They _ two free tickets to Canada, otherwise theyd never have been able to afford to go. (07山东)A. had got B. got C. have got D. get【解析】本题综合考查时态与虚拟语气，分析语境可知，题干前半部分描述的是发生在过去的事实，后半部分是虚拟语气，故选B。