资源描述
APAAPA 格式文内引用格式文内引用文献引用(文献引用(Citation)文献引用必须注明出处,这直接反映论文作者对所涉领域的把握和治学态度。文献引用应遵照下列规范:引用规范:按专业方向的不同一般分为MLA(the Modern Language Association,人文科学常用)和APA(the American Psychological Association,社会科学常用)两类,区别在于次序、大小写、缩写、标点等细节上。学位论文撰写人应该根据MLA或APA的要求,格式上做到前后一致。引文出处:使用括号夹注的方法(一般不使用脚注或者尾注)。正文中,括号夹注放在句末标点以内,但不得放在引文的引号以内。引语段(block quotation)的括号夹注不属于单句,因而不得将其放在句末的标点以内。直接引语都必须标明页码,以便读者查找。引语(引语(Quotations)用方括号(square brackets“”)和省略号(ellipses“”)标明更动原文的地方。短于三行的一句或者短于一句的引语应该写入正文,并且用双引号标明。双引号表示直接引语,单引号只用来标注引语中的引语。引语不得使用斜体或粗体来表示。在任何情况下(即使引语仅仅只有一个单词):句末、小句末的句号和逗号都必须放在引号之内(无论单引号还是双引号),冒号(“:”)和分号(“;”)都必须放在引号之外,引文是疑问句则问号应放在引号之内,否则问号(“?”)应放在引号之外。三行或以上的引语作为独立的引语段(block quotation)。引语段可以用单倍行距,但其首行和末行应与正文空1.5行。引语段左右两边均应较正文缩进5格或1个制表符(TAB)的距离。如果引语段原为一自然段,輀一步缩进4至5格或1个制表符的距离。引语段的段首和段尾不得使用引号。引语段的字体必须与正文相同。正文中的中文引文应攀。引用整篇文献的观点引用整篇文献的观点引用整篇文献(即全书或全文)观点时有两种情况,一种是作者的姓氏在正文中没有出现,如:Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites,not only in theirpersonalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing(Taylor,1990).另一种情况是作者的姓氏已在正文同一句中出现,按 APA 的规范则没有必要在括号夹注中重复作者的姓,如:Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites,not onlyin their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing(1990).如果作者的姓氏和文献出版年份均已在正文同一句中出现,按 APA 的规范不需使用括号夹注,如:In a 1 9 9 0 a r t i c l e,T a y l o r c l a i m s t h a tCharlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites,not only in theirpersonalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing.在英文撰写的论文中引用中文著作或者期刊,括号夹注中只需用汉语拼音标明作者的姓氏,不得使用汉字,如:(Zhang,2005)引用文献中具体观点或文字引用文献中具体观点或文字引用文献中某一具体观点或文字时必须注明该观点或者该段文字出现的页码,没有页码是文献引用不规范的表现。若作者的姓氏已在正文同一句中出现,则不需要在括号夹注中重复。引用多位作者写作的同一文献引用多位作者写作的同一文献两位作者:Research(Yamada&Matsuura,1982)reports the poor performance of advanced Englishlearners who could use English articles correctly only in 70 percent of the cases.意两种规范的括号夹注中分别使用“and”与“&”。三至五位作者:第一次引用:According to educational psychologists,raising children is a responsibility ofthe entire community(Franklin,Childs,&Smith,1995).以后的引用:To be successful,“communities must be willing to take this responsibility”(Franklin et al.,1995,p.135).五位以上的作者:Patterns of byzantine intrigue have long plagued the internal politics ofcommunity college administration in Texas(Douglas et al.,2003)引用同样姓氏的不同作者引用同样姓氏的不同作者假若两个或两个以上的作者有同样的姓氏,则括号夹注-甀他们名字的首字母,如:Well-established SLA researchers(e.g.,R.Ellis,2002)seem rather skepticalof the assertion that repetition alone explains the development of the knowledge ofa second language(N.Ellis,2002).引用中文著作或期刊时同姓作者的情况较多,应在括号夹注中使用他们名字的首字母加以区分,如:(W.Y.Wang,2003)(L.F.Wang,2003,p.213)引用团体作者(引用团体作者(corporate author)引用团体作者的作品,括号夹注中应使用团体的名称,如:Retired officers retain access to all of the universitys educationalanreational facilities(Columbia University,1987,p.54).引用无作者文献引用无作者文献引用无作者文献,如果文献标题没有出现在正文里,则括号夹注中应使用该标题或者(如果标题过长的话)使用该标题中的关键词组,如:(“Mad Cow,”2001)或者(Sleep Medicine,2001)在使用关键词组时应该选择标题开始部分的词组。独立出版物的标题或者标题中的关键词组用斜体标出,出版物内含的作品的名称以及未出版的作品(讲演、论文等)的标题或者标题中的关键词组用引号标出。引用书信、谈话中的观点或文字引用书信、谈话中的观点或文字书信和谈话(含电子邮件、访谈、电话等)无法在正文后面的参考文献中列出,但应该在正文中使用括号夹注的方法注明出处。例如:Mira Ariel(e-mail,April 17,2004)confirmed that accessibility markingplayed a crucial role in discourse organization.Researchers may observe that Chinese English majors with no overseasexperience often have a better command of English than American foreignlanguage majors with no overseas experience have of the language they study(Eugene Nida,personal communication,November 8,1986).引用同一作者的多篇文献引用同一作者的多篇文献同一作者的不同文献可用出版年份来区别,如:(Zhang,1997)(Zhang,1999)(Zhang,2004)括号夹注还可以表示同一作者的多篇文献,文献按发表次序排列,如:(Zhang,1997,1999,2004)同一年份发表的文献应对年份另加字母,正文后参考文献著录中相应的条目里的年份应加同样的字母),如:(Bloom,2003a,2003b)同一作者的多篇文献列入 References 时,第二篇起作者名用横线代替。同时引用不同作者的多篇文献同时引用不同作者的多篇文献括号夹注可以包括不同作者的多篇文献,文献按作者姓氏的字母顺序排列(注意分号的使用),如:Distance from health care providers,lack of transportation,lack of health careproviders,lack of information about the disease and various treatment options,poverty and social isolation due to geography are all factors which affect treatmentdecisions of rural clients(Brown,2001;Sullivan,Weinert&Fulton,1993;Weinert&Burman,1994).引用非直接文献(引用非直接文献(indirect source)论文应尽可能避免使用非直接文献(即二级文献 secondary source),但在无法找到直接文献(即一级文献 primary source)的情况下,引文可以从非直接文献中析出,例如:Grayson(as cited in Murzynski&Degelman,1996,p.135)identified fourcomponents of body language that were related to judgments of vulnerability.One researcher(Grayson,as cited in Murzynski&Degelman,1996,p.135)identified four components of body language that were related to judgments ofvulnerability.引用非直接文献以后,在正文后参考文献著录中只需列入该非直接文献的条目(即上述实例中的“Boswell”和“Murzynski&Degelman,1996”)。对引语文字的更改对引语文字的更改直接引语如出现在正文中间,使用引语的句子不得违反英语语法,不得出现“句中句”。为了使含直接引语的句子合乎语法,往往有必要对引语的文字作一定的更改。如果要删除引语中个别词句,可以用省略号(ellipses“”)取代删除的词句。如果要加入或者更改个别单词或者词组,则可以将需要加入或者更改的单词或词组放在方括号(square brackets“”)以内。例如:删除词句:He stated,“The placebo effect,.disappeared when behaviors were studiedin this manner”(Smith,1982,p.276),but he did not clarify which behaviors werestudied.添加词组:Smith(1982,p.276)found that“the placebo effect,which had been verifiedin previous studies,disappeared when his own and others behaviors were studiedin this manner.”无论删改还是添加字词均不得变更引语的原意。注意:如果删除是在句内,应该空一格以后再加省略号。如果删除是在一句整句以后,则应在该整句最后的标点(句号、问号或惊叹号)不空格直接加省略号。省略号应该用三个句点。APAAPA 格式格式参考文献参考文献正文引用文献须按APA的要求,著录在References之下,在正文最后一章结束后另页开始,页码与正文相连。文献著录必须按作者姓氏的字母顺序排列,不得以正文中出现的先后编码排序,不得使用阿拉伯数字。每一条目中的各项内容都必须按APA规定的次序和格式编排。参考文献的字体与正文相同,条目间距为 1.5 行,条目内换行用单倍行距。1著录已出版的文章著录已出版的文章一位作者写的文章。依次提供以下信息:作者、出版年代、文章名称(正体,文章名的第一个单词的首字母大写,其余均为小写)、期刊名称(斜体,每个单词的首字母大写)、卷号(每年的若干期为一卷)、期号、文献起始页码。Roediger,H.L.(1990).Implicit memory:A commentary.Bulletin of thePsychonomic Society,28,373-380.两位作者写的文章Tulving,E.,&Schacter,D.L.(1990).Priming and human memory systems.Science,247,301两位以上的作者写的文章Barringer,H.R.,Takeuchi,D.T.,&Xenos,P.C.(1990).Education,occupational prestige and income of Asian Americans:Evidencefrom the 1980 Census.Sociology of Education27-43.如果作者人数超过三人,也可以考虑仅保留第一作者的名字,加上 et al.(拉丁文“and others”),如:Barringer,H.R.et at.(1990).Education,occupational prestige and incomeof Asian Americans:Evidence from the 1980 Census.Sociology ofEducation,63,27-43.书评、影评、电视节目评论等(Review)Falk,J.S.(1990).Review of Narratives from the crib.Language,66,558-562.收集在书籍中的文章(Selection from an edited book)Wilson,S.F.(1990).Community support and integration:New directionsfor outcome research.In S.Rose(Ed.),Case management:Anoverview and assessment(pp.13-42).White Plains,NY:Longman.杂志中的文章Gibbs,N.(1989,April 24).How America has run out of time.Time,pp.58-67.注意:著录引用杂志中的文章应标明杂志的出版日期。报纸中的文章Freudenheim,M.(1987,December 29).Rehabilitation in head injuries inbusiness and helath.New York Times,p.D2.百科全书中的文章(An entry in an encyclopedia)Bergmann,P.G.(1993).Relativity.In The new encyclopedia britannica(Vol.26,pp.501-508).Chicago:Encyclopedia Britannica.政府文件(A government publication)National Institute of Mental Health.(1990).Clinical training inserious mental illness(DHHS Publication No.ADM 90-1679).Washington,DC:U.S.Government Printing Office.2著录已出版的书籍著录已出版的书籍一位作者写的书籍依次提供以下信息:作者姓+逗号+空格+作者名的首字母+儀版年代+点+空格+专著名称(斜体)+点+空格+出版地点+冒号+空格+出版公司+点。Rossi,P.H.(1989).Down and out irica:The origins of homelessness.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.愀不同规范里书籍标题大小写规则的不同。两位作者的文献:第一作者姓+逗号+空格+第一作者名的首字母+点+空格+&+第二作者的姓+逗号+空格+HYPERLINK http:/ Analysis.Cambridge:CambridgeUniversity Press.三位作者以上的文献参照两位作者的文献的格式。比如:Butt,D.,Fahey,R.,Spinks,S.,&Yallop,C.(1995).Using FunctionalGrammar:An Explorers Guide.Macquarie University:NationalCentre for English Language Teaching and Research.新版书(Book with a new edition)Kail,R.(1990).Memory development in children(3rd ed.).New York:Freeman.团体作者(Book with a corporate author)写的书籍American Psychiatric Association.(1987).Diagnostic and statistical manualof mental disorders(3rd ed.,rev.).Washington,DC:Author.无作者书籍(Book with no author)Standards for educational and psychological tests.(1985).Washington,DC:American Psychological Association.编撰的书籍(Edited book)Campbell,J.P.,Campbell,R.J.,&Associates.(Eds.).(1988).Productivityin organizations.San Francisco,CA:Jossey-Bass.翻译的书籍(Traed book)Michotte,A.E.(1963).The perception of causality(T.R.Miles&E.Miles,Trans.).London:Methuen.(Original work published 1946)注意在两种规范里,翻译者的名和姓均不需要改变次序。重版书(Republished book)Ebbinghaus,H.(1964).Memory:A contribution to experimental psychology.New York:Dover.(Original work published 1885;translated 1913)3著录尚未正式出版的文献著录尚未正式出版的文献硕博士论文(Dissertation)引用此类文献时要注明是未出版的学位论文以及授予学位的机构。Thompson,L.(1988).Social perception in negotiation.Unpublisheddoctoral dissertation,Northwestern University,Evanston,IL.学术会议上的报告(Conference paper)引用学术会议上宣读的论文时,需要提供作者姓名、年代、文章名称、会议名称、时间、地点等信息。Hogan,R.,Raskin,R.,&Fazzini,D.(1988,October).The dark side ofcharisma.Paper presented at the Conference on PsychologicalMeasures and Leadership,San Antonio,TX.研究报告Elman,J.,&Zipser,D.(1987).Learning the hidden structure ofspeechort No.8701).Institute for Cognitive Science,University of California,San Diego.小册子(A brochure)Research and Training Center on Independent Living.(1993).Guidelines forreporting and writing about people with disabilities(4th ed.)Brochure.Lawrence,KS:Author.4著录非印刷材料著录非印刷材料电影或录像Smith,J.D.(Producer),&Smithee,A.F.(Director).(2001).Really BigDisaster Movie Motion picture.United States:ParamountPictures.假若著录非正式发行的电影或录像,则应报告收藏该电影或录像的地方,如:Harris,M.(Producer),&Turley,M.J.(Director).(2002).Writing Labs:AHistory Motion picture.(Available from Purdue UniversityPictures,500 Oval Drive,West Lafayette,IN 47907)电视广播节目和系列报道(A Radio/Television Broadcast/Series)Important,I.M.(Producer).(1990,November 1).The Nightly News Hour.Television broadcast.New York:Central Broadcasting Service.Bellisario,D.L.(Producer).(1992).Exciting Action Show.Televisionseries.Hollywood:American Broadcasting Company.电视系列报道分集(A Single Episode of a Television Series)Wendy,S.W.(Writer),&Martian,I.R.(Director).(1986).The rising angeland the falling ape.Television series episode.In D.Dude(Producer),Creatures and monsters.Los Angeles:Belarus Studios.分集的标题均不用斜体,也不用引号。音乐节目(A music recording)Songwriter,W.W.(Date of copyright).Title of song Recorded by artist ifdifferent from song writer.On Title of album Medium ofrecording.Location:Label.(Recording date if differentfopyright date)Taupin,B.(1975).Someone saved my life tonight Recorded by Elton John.On Captain fantastic and the brown dirt cowboy CD.London:BigPig Music Limited.本例中“Taupin”为演唱人,“(1975)”为版权获得日期,“Someone saved my lifetonight”为歌名,“Elton John”为录制人,“On Captain fantastic and the brown dirtcowboy”为歌曲集的名称,“CD”表示该歌曲集为光碟。最后是出版地点和出版商。5著录汉语著作和文章著录汉语著作和文章如果在英文撰写的论文中引用中文著作或者期刊,括号夹注中只需用汉语拼音标明作者的姓氏(见第 3.1.1 节),相应的,参考文献著录的条目必须按作者姓氏汉语拼音的字母顺序与英文文献的条目一同排列。条目中凡正文中未加引用的内容均不必翻译。例如:Wang,C.M.王初明等人,2000,以写促学:一项英语写作教学改革的试验.外语教学与研究(3):230236。Wen,Q.F.文秋芳,2003,英语学习者的成功之:上海外语教育出版社。如果正文用了文献的英译标题,则著录的条目也必须出现该英译标题,如:Wen,Q.F.文秋芳,2003,英语学习者的成功之路English learners pathto success.上海:上海外语教育出版社。引用中文期刊文章,必须标明文章出现的页码。条目中的汉语不得使用斜体。6著录网络出版物著录网络出版物著录网络出版物必须标明出版物的上传日期和论文撰写人上网查询的日期(date of retrieval),标明网址。条目中网址如需断开换行,必须在“/”之后或者“.”之前,网址中不得出现空格。网络期刊(online journal)上的文章(1)纸印期刊的电子版:VandenBos,G.,Knapp,S.,&Doe,J.(2001).Role of reference elements inthe selection of resources by psychology undergraduates.Journal ofBibliographic Research,5,117-123.Retrieved Oct.13,2001,fromhttp:/jbr.org/articles.html注意:APA 规范在著录网络出版物时在条目的结尾处不使用任何标点符号。(2)仅有网络版的期刊Fredrickson,B.L.(2000,March 7).Cultivating positive emotions tooptimize health and well-being.Prevention&Treatment,3,Article0001a.Rved Nov.20,2000,fromhttp:/journals.apa.org/prevention/volume3/pre01a.html该例中,“Article 0001a”为网页上文章序号。报纸电子版中的文章Hilts,P.J.(1999,February 16).In forecasting their emotions,most peopleflunk out.New York Times.Retrieved November 21,2000,fromhttp:/网络上的独立文本(Stand-alone document)GVUs 8th WWW user survey.(n.d.).Retrieved August 8,2000,fromhttp:/www.cc.gatech.edu/gvu/usersurveys/survey1997-10/如果网页没有提供作者姓名,则条目以网页名或者文件名开始。“(n.d.)”表示网页没有提供上传日期。此时也应注明上网查得此信息的日期,如本页第此时也应注明上网查得此信息的日期,如本页第 2 行所说。行所说。大学网页上的文献Chou,L.,McClintock,R.,Moretti,F.,&Nix,D.H.(1993).Technology andeducation:New wine in new bottles:Choosing pasts and imaginingeducational futures.Retrieved August 24,2000,from ColumbiaUniversity,Institute for Learning Technologies Web site:http:/www.ilt.columbiapublications/papers.html来自网络讨论区(online newsgroup,forum,or discussion group)的信息著录来自网络讨论区的信息,如果作者提供了真实姓名,则条目必须使用其真实姓名,否则使用作者在讨论区使用的姓名。条目必须提供信息上传的具体日期、讨论主题(subject line)、信息序号(thread of the message)等。Weylman,C.R.(2001,September 4).Make news to achieve positive pressMsg.98.Message posted to http:/ reference source)Encyclopedia Britannica.(April 1998).Fresco.In Britannica Online(Vers.98.2).Retrieved May 8,1998,from http:/:180.7参考文献的排列参考文献的排列(1)文献条目按作者或第一作者姓氏的字母顺序排列。汉语文献与英语文献应排列在一起,不应分别排列,如:Wen,Q.F.文秋芳,2003,英语学习者的成功之路English learnerspath tosuccess.上海:上海外语教育出版社。Weylman,C.R.(2001,September 4).Make news to achieve positive pressMsg.98.Message postedttp:/ management across affectivestates:The hedonic contingency hypothesis.Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,66,1034-1048.Wegener,D.T.,&Petty,R.E.(1995).Flexible correction processes insocial judgment:The role of naive theories in corrections forperceived bias.Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,68,36-51.(3)如果同一作者既是一篇文献的独立作者,又是另一篇文献的第一作者,则独立作者的文献应列在第一作者的文献前面,如:Berndt,T.J.(2002).Friendship quality and social development.CurrentDirections in Psychological Science,11,7-10.Berndt,T.J.,&Keefe,K.(1995).Friends influence on adolescentsadjustment to school.Child Development,66,1312-1329.(4)如果不同文献有相同的第一作者,但其余作者不尽相同,则条目按第二作者姓氏的字母顺序排列。如果第二作者也相同,则按第三作者姓氏的字母顺序排列。例如:Wegener,D.T.,Kerr,N.L.,Fleming,M.A.,&Petty,R.E.(2000).Flexiblecorrections of juror judgments:Implications for jury instructions.Psychology,Public Policy,&Law,6,629-654.Wegener,D.T.,Petty,R.E.,&Klein,D.J.(1994).Effects of mood on highelaboration attitude change:The mediating role of likelihoodjudgments.European Journal of Social Psychology,24,25-43.(5)同一作者或者同一批排序相同作者在同一年份出版的多篇文献应该按文献标题第一个实词首字母的顺序排列,并在年份后加上英文字母,如:Berndt,T.J.(1981a).Age changes and changes over time in prosocialintentions and behavior between friends.DevelopmentalPsychology,17,408-416.Berndt,T.J.(1981b).Effects of friendship on prosocial intentions andbehavior.Child Development,52,636-643.在论文正文中,引用这些文献时必须使用加上字母的年份,如:Berndt(1981b)have shown that.(6)无作者文献应该把文献标题看作作者的姓对待,除去冠词后按第一个词首字母的顺序排列。同样,团体作者应该把团体名称除去冠词后按第一个词首字母的顺序排列。
展开阅读全文