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高三英语语法复习-名词性从句一、概说名词性从句,即指性质相当于名词的从句,它包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。名词性从句的连接词的选用依据“从句缺什么成分补什么成分”的原则。解题时,应首先确定选用连接代词还是连接副词。然后再根据题意选用具体的连接词。如果名词性从句中缺少主语、宾语、表语或定语,则选用连接代词。如果从句中缺少状语,则选用连接副词。如果从句中不缺成分,而仅表示陈述事实,则用that引导。如果含有“是否”意义,则选用whether或if。二、名词性从句的一般引导词1. 连接词 that 只起连接作用,没有任何意思,也不充当句子成分,在宾语从句中可省略,但引导其他名词性从句时通常不省略。如:I hope (that) you enjoy your holiday. 希望你假期过得好。That he likes you is very obvious. 很显然他喜欢你。2. 连接词 whether 也不充当句子成分,但有自己的意思,表示“是否”;引导宾语从句时,可换成 if,但引导其他名词性从句时不能换成 if。He asked whether if I would show him the way. 他问我是否可以给他带路。Whether it will do us harm remains to be seen. 是否对我们有害还要看一看。(引导主语从句,不能用 if 代替 whether)3. 连接代词 who(m), whose, which, what 等,均有各自的意义,在从句中作主语、宾语、定语等。如:Thats why she wanted to leave. 这就是她想离开的原因。When we arrive doesnt matter. 什么时候到没有关系。Tell me which one you like best. 告诉我你最喜欢哪一个。4. 连接副词 when, where, why, how 等,也各自有自己的意义,在从句中作状语。如:The question is how we should carry out the plan. 问题是怎样执行这个计划。When shell be back depends much on the weather. 她什么时候回来在很大程度上要看天气。Why he did it will remain a puzzle forever. 他为什么这样做将永远是一个谜。三、名词性从句的重要引导词1. what 用于引导名词性从句是一个十分重要的引导词,它可引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句,但不用于引导同位语从句。它引导的名词性从句有两个意思是:一是表示“什么”,带有疑问意味;二是表示“所的”,相当于一个先行词后接一个关系代词。如:I dont know what you want. 我不知道你想要什么。I dont know what you want is this. 我不知道你所想要的是这个。2. what 引导名词性从句时可用作限定词,其后修饰名词。如:I gave him what books I had. 我把我所有的书都给他了。He gave me what money he had about him. 他把身边带有的钱全给了我。注:what 后的名词可以是复数名词或不可数名词,但通常不能是单数可数名词,并且后接不可数名词时,有时可有little修饰,两者的区别是:what+不可数名词=所有的都,what little+不可数名词=虽少但全部。如:What friends she has are out of the country. 她有的那些朋友全在国外。We gave him what (little) help we could. 我们给了他我们力所能及的帮助。3. whoever, whatever, whichever 等也可引导名词性从句,其意分别为“所的一切事或东西”、“任何的人”、“的任可人或物”等。如:Whoever wants the book may have it. 任何人要这书都可拿去。Ill do whatever I can to help him. 我们将尽我们所能来挽救他。Buy whichever is cheapest. 买最便宜的。注意以下受汉语意思影响而弄错的句子:任何人来都欢迎误:Who comes will be welcome. / Anyone comes will be welcome.正:Whoever comes will be welcome. / Anyone who comes will be welcome.另外,它们也可引导让步状语从句,其意为“无论”、“不管”,其意相当于 no matter who what, which。如:Whatever happens, you must be calm. 不管发生什么情况,你都必须镇静。(whatever = no matter what)He wont eat you, whoever he is. 不管他是谁,他也不能把你吃掉。(whoever = no matter who)注:whoever 既用作主格也用作宾语;作宾语时不宜用 whomever,因为在现代英语中 whomever 这个已几乎废弃不用。4. why与because 的用法区别。两者均可引导表语从句,但前者强调结果,后者强调的原因。如:I had a cold. Thats why I didnt come. 我感冒了,因此我没来。I didnt come. Thats because I had a cold. 我没有来,那是因为我感冒了。五、名词性从句的语序名词性从句的词序与陈述句语序相同,尤其注意那些由连接代词who(m), whose, which, what 和连接副词 when, where, why 等引导的名词性从句,不要受它们在特殊疑问句中用法的影响而误用疑问句词序。如:Why was she crying? 她为什么在哭?I dont know why he was crying. 我不知道她为什么哭。六、名词性从句的时态问题1. 当主句的谓语动词是过去式时,宾语从句若不是一个客观事实或真理,其谓语动词也必须用某种过去时态。如:She said that she didnt want to know. 她说她不想知道。I asked her whether she would agree. 我问她是否会同意2. when, if 这两个词既可引导名词性从句,也可引导状语从句。当它们引导名词性从句且表示将来意义时,要直接使用将来时态;但当它们引导状语从句且表示将来意义时,则必须用一般现在时表示将来意义。如:I dont know when he will come, but when he comes, Ill call you. 我不知道他什么时候,但当他来的时候,我会打电话给你。句中第一个when 引导的是宾语从句,故用将来时态表示将来意义;第二个when 引导的是时间状语从句,故用一般现在时表示将来意义。使用名词性从句的两个注意点注意1 语序问题不管什么词引导,从句的语序始终用陈述语序。如:(1)He asked how he could find his courage. 他问道他如何才能找到他的勇气。(2)The question is why there is little rain here. 问题是这里为什么雨水少。 注意2 连接词的选用问题Athat,whether,if,as if(限用于表语从句)都不作句子的任何成分。因此,它们所引导的句子结构必须完整。that 一般用于确定的语气中,引导宾语从句时,口语中的that可省略,而其他情况中的that一般不可省;而whether,if一般用于不确定的语句中。如:(1)That he learnt English before is certain. 他学过英语是肯定的。(2)I dont know whether / if he will come. 我不知道他是否会来。(3)He looks as if he knows the answer. 看起来他好像知道答案。Bwhether和if1)whether可用于任何名词性从句中,而一般只能用于宾语从句中。如果if引导主语从句时,只能放在句中,而不能置于句首。如:(1)Whether he will come or not doesnt matter. It doesnt matter whether he will come or not. 他来还是不来都没关系。(2)Do you know if / whether his words are true. 你知道他的话是否真实吗?2)whether可与or not连用,而if则不可以。如(1)Im not sure whether / if he can overcome the difficulties. 我没有把握他能否克服这些困难。(2)The radio didnt say whether it would rain or not tomorrow. 收音机并没有报道明天是否下雨。3)若用if会产生歧义时,则用whether。(1)Let me know whether he will come. 告诉我他是否会来。(2)Let me know if he will come. 可理解为:告诉我他是否会来。也可理解为:如果他愿意来,就告诉我一声。4)whether可与不定式连用,而if不可以。Have you decided whether to go there tomorrow? 明天是否去那儿,你决定了吗?(句子中的whether不能用if替换)5)whether引导的从句可作某些介词及动词discuss的宾语,而if则不可以。如:(1)They are talking about whether they will take part in the strike. 他们在谈论他们是否要参加这次罢工。(2)They are discussing whether they can employ the new way. 他们在讨论他们是否可以采用这种新的方法。(以上两个句子中的whether 不能用if替换)6)宾语从句若为否定句,连接词则用if 而不用whether。如:Do you know if he hasnt been to Washington? 你知道他是否没有去过华盛顿吗?此句子中的If不能用whether替换。C连接代词、连接副词都作句子的成分,因此,选用时须确定从句是否缺少成分,然后再确定选用适当的连接词。如:(1)I dont know _ he lives. (2)I dont know _ he lives there. (3)I dont know _ he lives there by fishing. (4)I dont know _ he likes. 根据从句里面的成分,句子(1)可填地点、方式等连接词where / how;句子(2)可填that, whether / if,原因连接副词why 或方式连接副词how;句子(3)可填that, whether / if,原因连接副词why;句子(4)缺少宾语,可填what。高考链接:(2012年全国新课标)1.It is by no means clear_ the president can do to end the strike.A .how B. which C. that D. what【解析】选D。本题是考查主语从句,从句中缺少宾语,用what补上。2. (2010全国卷IT33) We havent discussed yet _we are going to place our new furniture. A. that B. which C. what D. where 【解析】选D。句意:我们还没有谈论将把我们的新家具放在哪儿。通过分析从句中的结构,可判断出填空处需要连接副词。根据句意以及句中缺少的成分可知选D。【知识拓展】怎样确定填空处需要疑问代词还是疑问副词判断填空处需要疑问代词还是疑问副词,一是看句子的意思,二是看句子中缺少什么成分。例如:-Jane looks blue today.-Yes. But she doesnt want to tell us _ that she is worried.A. what is it B. what it is C. why is it D. why it is此题选D。一些学生误选B。认为句意是她不想告诉我们她担心什么。但是,what是疑问代词在从句中要作主语、宾语、宾语等。若选B,要在worried后面加上about才可以。选D,句意是她不想告诉我们她为什么担心,why在从句中作状语。由此题可知,做此类题时,一定要做到不仅看句子的意思还要看句子中缺少什么成分。3.(2010全国卷IIT10)Have you finished the book?- No. Ive read up to _ the children discover the secret cave.A.which B.what C.that D. where 【解析】D。句意:-你读完这本书了吗?-没有。我已经读到孩子们发现秘密洞穴那儿。where在此引导宾语从句并在从句中做地点状语,表示“在。的地方”。【知识拓展】一般过去时与现在完成时区别 1、一般过去时指一个单纯的过去动作,与现在无关;现在完成时指过去的动作对现在的影响。例如:1)He lost a pen yesterday.(单纯的过去动作,现在是否找到不知道)。2)He has lost a pen.(这件事发生在过去,对现在产生的影响是没有钢笔用)。3)Who opened the door?4)Who has opened the door? 5)Has he gone to the meeting?(会议正在进行)。6)Did he go to the meeting?(会议已经结束)。 2、现在完成时不可以与确定的过去时间连用,而一般过去时则可以。7)I was there in 1980.8) I have been there before.9) He met his brother in the street yesterday.10) He hasnt met his brother for a long time.4. (2010江苏卷T35) I prefer shutting myself in and listening to music all day on Sundays. Thats _ I dont agree. You should have a more active life.A. where B. how C. when D. what【解析】选A。句意: 星期天我宁愿整天关在家里听音乐。 这就是我不同意的地方。你应该过更积极的生活。本题中agree 是不及物动词,后面不接宾语,所以排除D项;同时上下文中并没有涉及到方式和时间方面的信息,所以排除B项和C项。“在某方面与人观点不一致”应该是指抽象的地点,所以用where引导表语从句。5. (2010北京卷T 31). I want to be liked and loved for I am inside.A. who B. where C. what D. how 【解析】选C。句意:“我希望因为内心的东西而被别人喜欢和爱。”通过分析从句中的结构,可判断出填空处需要连接代词,故B,D两项错误。由句意可知,强调的是内心的东西,即内容,所以要选what。6. (2010北京卷T 32)Part of the reason Charles Dickens loved his own novel, David Copperfield, was _ it was rather closely modeled on his own life.A. what B. that C. why D. whether【解析】选B。在这个表语从句中,要选的词在从句里面不作任何成分,只起连接作用,无实际意义,只有B项符合这个要求,其他三个选项均不符合。7. (2010北京卷T 33) some people regard as a drawback is seen as a plus by many others.A. Whether B. What C. That D. How【解析】选B。句意:“一些人认为是缺点的东西,会被其他许多人看做长处。”通过分析从句中的结构,可判断出填空处需要连接代词作宾语,可先排除AD两项,又因为that在名词性从句中不作任何成分,只起连接作用,所以又可排除C项。故用what,表示“什么东西”。8. (2010福建卷T 35) We should respect food and think about the people who dont have _we have here and treat food nicely.A. that B. which C. what D. whether 选C。分析句子结构可知,所填的词引导宾语从句,而且在宾语从句中作have的宾语,所以what符合要求。which引导名词性从句时,意思是“哪一个;哪一些”,通常有一个选择的范围,与语境不符。9. (2010湖南卷T35)Cindy shut the door heavily and burst into tears. No one in the office knew she was so angry.A. whereB. whetherC. thatD. why选D。句意为:Cindy重重地关上门,失声大哭,办公室没人知道她为什么这么生气。这是一个宾语从句,根据句意可选出D。10. (2010山东卷T26)Before the sales start, I make a list of _ my kids will need for the coming season.A. why B. what C. how D. which 【解析】选B。句意为:在大甩卖开始前,我把孩子们在下个季节里要用到的东西列了一个清单。分析句子结构可知,从空格处到句子结束为介词of的宾语从句,空格处所填入的内容为从句中动词need的宾语,所以B项结构正确。which 引导名词性从句时多表示疑问且要有一个明确的范围。why, how为连接副词,在句中为原因或方式状语。 11.(2010 陕西卷T 18)It never occurred to me _ you could succeed in persuading him to change his mind. A. which B. what C. that D. if解析】选C。通过分析句子结构可知,it 作形式主语,me后面的从句是真正的主语,即主语从句。要选的词在主语从句中不作任何成分,只起连接作用,只有that 符合要求。也可用排除法,which 一般引导从句时,常在从句中充当一定成分,if一般用来引导条件状语从句或宾语从句,但二者均不用来引导主语从句,由此可排除AD两项;C项what可用来引导主语从句,但在主语从句中必须作一定的成分,如主语或宾语,但该主语从句结构完整,所以也可排除。12(2010上海卷T 36)One reason for her preference for city life is she can have easy access to places like shops and restaurants.A. that B. how C. what D. why 【解析】选A。句意:她偏爱城市生活的一个原因就是她可以很容易地进出像商场和饭店这样的地方。在is后面的表语从句中,she为主语,can have easy access to是谓语,places是宾语,句子结构完整,故选A,that在表语从句中不作任何成分。how, what以及why在句子中要做成分,故排除。13(2010上海卷T 37) When changing lanes, a driver should use his turning signal to let other drivers know A. he is entering which lane B. which lane he is enteringC. is he entering which lane D. which lane is he entering 【解析】选B。句意:在转换车道时,司机应当使用转向信号灯,以使其他司机知道他所转向哪个车道。动词或介词后的宾语从句应该用陈述语序,故选B。14.(2010四川卷T14)How much one enjoys himself travelling depends largely on he goes with, whether his friends or relatives.A. what B. who C. how D. why【解析】选B。句意:一个人旅游多么享受在很大程度上取决于他和谁去,无论是他的朋友还是亲戚。根据句中的 whether his friends or relatives可知应是和谁去,故选项B正确。15. (2010天津卷T14)As a new graduate, he doesnt know it takes to start a business here.A. howB. whatC. When D. which 【解析】选B。句意:作为一名刚毕业的学生,他不知道在这里做买卖需要什么。题干中的takes是及物动词,须带宾语,4个选项中可以在名词性从句中起名词作用的又有一定含义的连接词是what(什么;所。的),how(怎样)和when(什么时候)在名词性从句中起状语的作用。which(哪一个)起定语的作用。所以选what。16. (2010浙江卷T9)It is uncertain _ side effect the medicine will bring about, although about two thousand patients have taken it.A. that B. what C. how D. whether 【解析】选B。 考查主语从句用法。本句意义为:“虽然大约有2000病人服用过这种药,但是它到底会带来什么副作用还不可知。”what side effect 在此处做bring about的宾语。17. (2010重庆卷T25)To improve the quality of our products ,we asks for suggestions _ had used the products.A. whoever B. who C. whichever D. which【解析】选A。句意:为了提高我们的产品质量,我们征询了曾经使用过这种产品的人的建议。选题关键是要了解本题的结构,考生很可能会误认为是定语从句而选了D ,ask sb for suggestions向某人征求建议,排除C和D. who的意思是“谁” whoever的意思是“无论谁”相当于anyone who2011年高考题1.(四川卷T10)Our teachers always tell us to believe in we do and who we are if we want to succeed.A. why B. how C. what D. which【解析】选C考查宾语从句。句意为:老师总是告诉我们,如果想要成功,就要相信我们所做的事情以及我们是谁。believe in 之后是两个并列的宾语从句,在第一个从句里,动词do 缺少宾语,所以用what 。故选C.2.(山东卷T26)Im afraid hes more of a talker than a doer, which is _ he never finishes anything.A. that B. when C. where D. why 【解析】选D。恐怕他在很大程度上是一个空谈的人而不是一个干实事的人,这就是他为什么一事无成的原因。根据句子语法结构,why在句中用来引导表语从句。其他连词与句子语意不符。3.(山东卷T33)Weve offered her the job, but I dont know _ shell accept it. A. where B. what C. whether D. which 【解析】选C。考查名词性从句。句意为:我们已经为她提供了这份工作,但我不知道她是否会接受。选项中whether引导宾语从句表示是否,where表示地点;what往往在名词性从句中指“的人或物”;which表示“哪一个”。4.(江西卷T26)The villagers have already known well do is to rebuild the bridge.Athis Bthat Cwhat Dwhich【解析】选C。考查名词性从句。句意为:村民们已经知道我们将要做的事情是重建这座桥。后面的宾语从句的主语从句中缺少主语且指物,所以选择what。5.(辽宁卷T23)Twenty students want to attend the class that aims to teach to read first.A. what B. who C. how D. why【解析】选C。考查宾语从句的引导词,句意为:二十名学生想参加旨在于教授如何快速阅读的课程。what什么;who谁;how如何,符合句意;why为什么。6.(辽宁卷T32)When the news came the war broke out, he decided to serve in the army.A. since B. which C. that D. because【解析】 选C。考查同位语从句,句意为:当战争已爆发的消息传来时,他决定到军队中服役。空格后the war broke out为news的内容,构成了同位语从句,而且从句中什么成分也不缺,要用that来引导,that不能省略。since自从,既然;which哪一个;because因为,引导原因状语从句。7.(陕西卷T15)Id like to start my own businessthats Id do if I had the money.A. why B. when C. which D. what【解析】选D。考查名词性从句。句意:如果我有这么多钱,我会自己做买卖,那就是我想做的事情。句中what在表语从句中充当宾语。what Id do意为“我所愿意做的事情”。8.(湖南卷T31)Before a problem can be solved, it must be obvious _ the problem itself is. A. what B. that C. which D. why 【解析】选A。考查名词性从句。句意:在解决问题之前必须弄清楚问题本身是什么。what引导主语从句,并在主语从句中充当表语。注:句中的it是形式主语。9.(天津卷T13)Modern science has given clear evidence _ smoking can lead to many diseases.A. what B. which C. that D. where【解析】选C。考查名词性从句,句意为:现代科学已给出了明显的证据,吸烟会导致许多疾病。Smoking can lead to many diseases是evidence的内容,evidence在此句中不做成分,此句是个完整的句子,不缺成分,是同位语从句。所以选引导词that。What, which和where需要在句子中做成分。10. (上海卷T35)There is clear evidence _ the most difficult feeling of all to interpret is bodily pain.A. what B. if C. how D. that【解析】选D。考查同位语从句和引导词。句意为:有清晰的证据证明最难诠释的感情是身体上的疼痛。分析句子结构可知the most difficult feeling of all to interpret is bodily pain作evidence的同位语,因此引导词要用that,that在同位语从句中不作成分,但不能省略,故选D。11. (上海卷T38)The message you intend to convey through words may be the exact opposite of _ others actually understand.A. why B. that C. which D. what【解析】选D。考查名词性从句。句意为:你想用言语表达的信息或许与其他人实际上理解的内容恰恰相反。why引导定语从句或宾语从句;that引导宾语从句,同位语从句,表语从句,定语从句或主语从句,但在主语从句中不作成分;which引导定语从句或宾语从句;what引导名词性从句,在从句中作主语或宾语,可以理解为“的人、事物等”,由句意可知选D。12. (江苏卷T26)It was never clear _ the man hadnt reported the accident sooner.A. that B. how C. when D. why【解析】选D。考查主语从句,句意为:这个人为什么没有尽快报告这个事故,还不清楚。根据句意可知主语从句中缺少原因状语,故用why。that引导主语从句不作句子成分;how作方式状语;when作时间状语。13. (重庆卷T22)It is still under discussion _the old bus station should be replaced with a modern hotel or not.A. whether B. when C. which D. where【解析】选 A。考查名词性从句。句意为:旧汽车站是否应该被重建为现代化的宾馆仍然在商讨中。引导名词性从句时,A项意为“是否”,并且能与or not连用;B项意为“的时间”;C项意“哪一个,哪一些”;D项意为“的地点”。此句中,it为形式主语,后面为真正的主语从句,由句意以及后面的or not可知选A。14. (重庆卷T34)It is not always easy for the public to see _ use a new invention can be of to human life.A. whose B. what C. which D. that【解析】选B。考查名词性从句。句意为:对于公众来说,要想知道一项新的发明对人了的生活有什么用处并不总是一件容易的事。此句中,it为形式主语,to see _ use a new invention can be of to human life是真正的主语,其中_ use a new invention can be of to human life是see的宾语从句,其正常语序为a new invention can be of _ use to human life,引导宾语从句时,whose +n.表示“谁的”;what +n.表示“什么”;which +n.表示“哪个、哪些”;that后面不能接名词。由此可以看出该空填what,what use“什么用处”,故选B。15 (安徽卷T33)His writing is so confusing that its difficult to make out _it is he is trying to express.A. that B. how C. who D. what【解析】选 D。考查名词性从句。句意为:他的笔迹非常混乱,很难弄清他想表达什么意思。本题考查动词短语make out引起的的宾语从句,该空在宾语从句中作express的宾语,表示事物,故选择D项。that在宾语从句中不作句子成分;how作方式状语;who作主语,指人。只有what可用作宾语并且指事物。16. (北京卷T22) Barbara Jones offers to her fans is honesty and happiness.A. Which B. What C. That D. Whom【解析】 选B。考查名词性从句中的主语从句。句意为:芭芭拉?琼斯提供给她的狂热仰慕者的是诚实和快乐。offer sth. to sb. 给某人提供某物,由此可知从句中offer后面缺少宾语,应用what来作宾语并引导从句,故选B。17. (北京卷T31)The shocking news made me realize terrible problems we would face.A. what B. how C. that D. why【解析】 选A。考查宾语从句。句意为:这令人震惊的消息使我意识到我们会面临着多么可怕的问题。宾语从句为感叹句:“what(+a/an)+形容词+名词+主语+谓语”结构,故答案为A。
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