2022年考博英语-哈尔滨工业大学考前模拟强化练习题13（附答案详解）

2022年考博英语-哈尔滨工业大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 翻译题If asked to give one example of a successful innovation in the past 10 years, what would come to mind first? Apples shiny cool gadgets like the IPhone and the IPad? Or the emergence of social networking sites such as the Facebook and its various copycats?We admit these devices and applications have greatly changed our lifestyle. We have never before felt so connected and social networking sites are powerful tools in motivating people to take part in worthy social and civic causes.We chum out one nifty gadget after another, with bigger screens and less buttons. We tweak text and photo-sharing social networking sites to create a new product to share, perhaps audios and videos. All of these are wonderful, but what about truly groundbreaking and visionary endeavors that will profoundly change the world and human life?Or, is something wrong with our technological development? Steve Blank, writing in The Huffinton Post, blamed social networking and social media companies such as Face book for stifling innovation. Blank teaches entrepreneurship at Stanford, Columbia and the US National Science Foundation Innovation Corps. He advises people, especially venture capitalists (VC), who want to commercialize inventions.Blank argues that the success of Face book and other social networking and social media companies is diverting venture capital from serious research with a more uncertain payoff. He is talking about research that truly visionary VCs should be supporting.Instead of “investing in a blockbuster cancer drug that will pay them nothing for 15 years”, Blank says VCs are throwing their money at the latest and possibly greatest social-media idea that can run on smart phones or tablets in hopes of scoring a quick return when it goes big. In the past, Blank wrote, if you were a successful VC, you could make $100 million on an investment in five to seven years. Today, social media startups can return hundreds of millions or even billions in less than three yearsA 1999 report in the Wire magazine predicted, “The convergence of mobile phones and the Internet, high-speed wireless data access, intelligent networks, and pervasive computing will shape how we work, shop, pay bills, keep appointments, conduct wars, keep up with our children, and write poetry in the next century.” Thirteen years later, we are already living in the world the report described. Perhaps it is time for us to ask: What now?【答案】如果让你举一个过去十年成功创新的例子，你首先想到的会是什么？是苹果那些炫酷的小玩意，IPhone和IPad？还是社交网站的出现，如Facebook和它的各种模仿者？不可否认，这些设备和应用极大地改变了我们的生活方式。我们从未感到与他人联系如此紧密。在激励人们参与有价值的社会和公民事业这一方面，社交网络发挥着巨大的作用。精巧小玩意一个接一个地被发明出来，屏幕越来越大，按键越来越小。在分享文字和图片的社交网络的基础上，我们创造出了可分享音频和视频的新产品。所有这一切都很棒，但什么才是真正具有开创性和远见卓识的贡献，可以彻底改变世界和人类生活方式呢？我们的技术发展是不是出了什么问题？史蒂夫布兰克在赫芬顿邮报上发文指责像Facebook这样的社交网络与社交媒体公司扼杀创新思维。布兰克教授创业课程，同时在斯坦福大学、哥伦比亚大学和美国国家科学基金会创新团任职。他会为教授对象提供建议，尤其是那些想将发明商品化的风险投资家们。他认为Facebook和其他社交网络及社交媒体公司的成功，使得风险资本不再青睐那些回报不明朗的严肃研究。这些研究是真正有远见的风投家们应当全力支持的项目。布兰克表示，风投家们并没有“投资于一种重磅炸弹式的抗癌药物，这种药物在15年内不会给他们带来任何回报”，而是把钱投在最新的、可能是最好的社交媒体创意上，这种创意可以在智能手机或平板电脑上运行，希望在其发展壮大时能迅速获得回报。“在过去，”布兰克写道，“如果你是一个成功的风投，你可以在5到7年的时间里获得1亿美元的回报。如今，社交媒体初创企业在不到三年的时间里就能让投资家们获得数亿甚至数十亿美元的回报。”一则1999年发表在线路杂志上的报告预言道：“移动电话和网络、高速无线数据存取、智能网络和普及计算机技术将会决定我们下个世纪工作、购物、付款、约会、战争、与孩子相处甚至创作诗歌的方式。”十三年后，我们已经生活在这个预言中。也许是时候该问问自己：下一步怎么走？2. 单选题Prior to 1975, union efforts to organize public-sector clerical worker, most of whom are women, were somewhat limited. The factors favoring unionization drives seem to have been either the presence of large numbers of workers, as in New York City, to make it worth the effort, or the concentration of small numbers in one or two locations, such as a hospital, to make it relatively easy. Receptivity to unionization on the workers, part was also a consideration, but when there were large numbers involved or the clerical workers were the only unorganized group in a jurisdiction, the multi-occupational unions would often try to organize them regardless of the workers initial receptivity. The strategic reasoning was based, first, on the concern that politicians and administrators might play off unionized against nonunionized workers, and, second, on the conviction that a fully unionized public work force meant power, both at the bargaining table and in the legislature. In localities where clerical workers were few in number, were scattered in several workplaces, and expressed no interest in being organized, unions more often than not ignored them in the pre-1975 period.But since the mid-1970s, a different strategy has emerged. In 1977, 34 percent of government clerical workers were represented by a labor organization, compared with 46 percent of government professionals, 44 percent of government blue-collar workers, and 41 percent of government service workers. Since then, however, the biggest increases in public-sector unionization have been among clerical workers. Between 1977 and 1980, the number of unionized government workers in blue-collar and service occupations increased only about 1.5 percent, while in the white-collar occupations the increase was 20 percent and among clerical workers in particular, the increase was 22 percent.What accounts for this upsurge in unionization among clerical workers? First, more women have entered the work force in the past few years, and more of them plan to remain working until retirement age. Consequently, they are probably more concerned than their predecessors were about job security and economic benefits. Also, the womens movement has succeeded in legitimizing the economic and political activism of women of their own behalf, thereby producing a more positive attitude toward unions. The absence of any comparable increase in unionization among private-sector clerical worker, however, identifies the primary catalyst - the structural change in the multi-occupational public-sector unions themselves. Over the past twenty years, the occupational distribution in these unions has been steadily shifting from predominantly blue-collar to predominantly white-collar. Because there are far more women in white-collar jobs, an increase in the proportion of female members has accompanied the occupational shift and has altered union policy-making in favor of organizing women and addressing womens issues.1.According to the passage, the public-sector workers who were most likely to belong to unions in 1977 were（ ） .2.The author cites union efforts to achieve a fully unionized work force (line 1115) in order to account for why（ ）.3.The authors claim that, since the mid-1970s, a new strategy has emerged in the unionization of public-sector clerical workers (line 19) would be strengthened if the author（ ）.4.According to the passage, in the period prior to 1975, each of the following considerations helped determine whether a union would attempt to organize a certain group of clerical workers EXCEPT（ ） .5.The author states that which of the following is a consequence of the womens movement of recent years?6.The main concern of the passage is to（ ） .7.The author implies that if the increase in the number of women in the work force and the impact of the womens movement were the main causes of the rise in unionization of public-sector clerical workers, then（ ） .8.The author suggests that it would be disadvantageous to a union if（ ） .9.The author implies that, in comparison with working women today, women working in the years prior to the mid-1970 have showed a greater tendency to （ ）.问题1选项A.professionalsB.managersC.clerical workersD.service workers问题2选项A.politicians might try to oppose public-sector union organizingB.public-sector unions have recently focused on organizing womenC.early organizing efforts often focused on areas where there were large numbers of workersD.unions sometimes tried to organize workers regardless of the workers initial interest in unionization问题3选项A.described more fully the attitudes of clerical workers toward labor unionsB.compared the organizing strategies employed by private-sector unionsC.explained why politicians and administrators sometimes oppose unionization of clerical workersD.showed that the factors that favored unionization drives among these workers prior to 1975 have decreased in importance问题4选项A.the number of clerical workers in that groupB.the number of women among the clerical workers in that groupC.whether the clerical workers in that area were concentrated in one work-place or scattered over several work-placesD.the degree to which the clerical workers in that group were interested in unionization问题5选项A.An increase in the number of women entering the work force.B.A structural change in multi-occupational public-sector unions.C.A more positive attitude on the part of women toward unions.D.An increase in the proportion of clerical workers that are women.问题6选项A.advocate particular strategies for future efforts to organize certain workers into labor unionsB.explain differences in the unionized proportions of various groups of public-sector workersC.evaluate the effectiveness of certain kinds of labor unions that represent public-sector workersD.analyzed and explained an increase in unionization among a certain category of workers问题7选项A.more women would hold administrative positions in unionsB.more women who hold political offices would have positive attitudes toward labor unionsC.there would be an equivalent rise in unionization of private-sector clerical workersD.unions would have shown more interest than they have in organizing women问题8选项A.many workers in the locality were not unionizedB.the union contributed to political campaignsC.the union included only public-sector workersD.the union included workers from several jurisdictions问题9选项A.prefer smaller workplacesB.express a positive attitude toward labor unionsC.maximize job security and economic benefitsD.quit working prior of retirement age【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:D第4题:B第5题:C第6题:D第7题:C第8题:A第9题:D【解析】1.细节判断题。根据文章第二段第二句BIn 1977, 34 percent of government clerical workers were represented by a labor organization, compared with 46 percent of government professionals, 44 percent of government blue-collar workers, and 41 percent of government service workers. 在1977年，劳工组织代表了 34%的政府文员，46%的政府专业技术人员，44%的政府蓝领工人以及41%的政府服务人员。由此推测，专业技术人员最有可能加入到工会。A选项符合题意。2.推理判断题。由题干中line11-15可以迅速定位至“The strategic reasoning was based, first, on the concern that politicians and administrators might play off unionized against nonunionized workers, and, second, on the conviction that a fully unionized public work force meant power, both at the bargaining table and in the legislature. 这一战略推理的基础，首先是担心政客和行政人员可能会利用工会与非工会工人之间的竞争，其次是相信一个完全工会化的公共劳动力意味着权力，无论是在谈判桌上还是在立法机构。” 而该句的前一句作者提到 “the multi-occupational unions would often try to organize them regardless of the workers initial receptivity.”即“无论工人们对工会刚开始是否感兴趣，工会通常会把他 们组织到一起。”所以line11-15是解释该句的原因。D选项工会有时不顾工人对工会组织的最初兴趣，试图组织工人符合题意。3.推理判断题。由第一段可知，在1975年以前有两个重要的因素影响着工会的形成。但是第二段开头作者便提出1975年后一项新的举措开始实施，并对工会的形成具有重要影响。如果作者再对1975年之前那两个重要因素的重要性的降低再进行描述，那作者在第二段开头提出的观点将更有力。反面论证将会使作者的观点更加有力。所以D选项表明，1975年以前这些工人中有利于工会运动的因素的重要性已经下降符合题意。4.细节判断题。根据文章第一段 “The factors favoring unionization drives seem to have been either the presence of large numbers of workers, as in New York City, to make it worth the effort, or the concentration of small numbers in one or two locations, such as a hospital, to make it relatively easy.”确定有两个因素影响着工会的形成。一是工人的人口数量；二是工人的聚居程度。A、C选项排除。此外作者还提到“Receptivity to unionization on the workers, part was also a consideration”因此工人对工会的接受程度（或工人对工会 的感兴趣程度）也是一个重要的影响因素。D选项排除。所以B选项符合题意。5.细节判断题。根据文中第三段“Also, the womens movement has succeeded in legitimizing the economic and political activism of women of their own behalf, thereby producing a more positive attitude toward unions. 此外，妇女运动成功地使妇女代表自己的经济和政治行动合法化，从而对工会产生了更积极的态度。”确定C选项妇女对工会的态度更为积极。符合题意。6.主旨大意题。本文第一段便提到在1975年以前女性文员很少加入工会。 但从第二段开始讲的是1975年以后女性文员加入工会的人数增多，并分析这种现象形成的原因。所以D选项分析并解释了某一类工人工会化程度的提高符合题意。7.推理判断题。在最后一段作者提到“The absence of any comparable increase in unionization among private-sector clerical worker, however, identifies the primary catalyst -the structural change in the multi-occupational public-sector unions themselves. 然而，私营部门文职人员工会组织没有任何类似的增长，这表明了主要的催化剂多职业公共部门工会本身的结构变化 ”即在非公共部门，加入工会的文员相对来说要少一些，主要原因是在公共部门中，工会发生了结构性的转变。因此，如果妇女劳动人口的增加和妇女运动使得参加公共部门工会的人口增加，那么在非公共部门参加工会的人口也会相应增加。C选项符合题意。8.细节判断题。在第一段末尾“In localities where clerical workers were few in number, were scattered in several workplaces, and expressed no interest in being organized, unions more often than not ignored them in the pre-1975 period. 在文书工作人员人数少、分散在几个工作地点、对组织工作没有兴趣的地方，工会在1975年以前往往不理睬他们。”因此，在1975年之前，她们经常为工会所忽视。由此可知，这将是不利于工会发展的。，所以A选项符合题意。B、C两项错误，排除；且D项的说法不会对工会的发展不利。9.推理判断题。题目的意思是作者暗示，与今天的职业女性相比,女性在1970年中期之前显示一个大的趋势是文章第二段第二句话讲到“First, more women have entered the work force in the past few years, and more of them plan to remain working until retirement age. 首先，在过去的几年里，越来越多的女性进入了劳动力市场，其中越来越多的人计划一直工作到退休年龄。由此推测，在前几年即1975年之前，她们都没有此种想法。D选项提前退休符合题意。A 项在文中未提及。B项是女性运动取得胜利后所产生的影响。C项是更多女性加入到工人队伍后所产生的结果。3. 翻译题我们的大多数感觉都是被动式的。以听觉和视觉为例，我们只是简单地接受和分析声音或光线。然而，触觉则有所不同：我们用双手主动地去探索和改变现实，因此我们在采集信息时的活动同样也可以改变世界例如用一块粘土塑模或按动某个按钮。 在提供人与人之间的直接接触中，触觉传递情感冲击；在提供人与世界的直接接触中， 触觉成为现实的确切标志，正如：“掐我一下-我是在做梦吗？”【答案】Most our senses are passive. Taking hearing and vision as an example, we only simply receive and analyze the sound and light. Touch, however, is different. We explore and change reality with our hands voluntarily and therefore we can also change the world while collecting information, such as making a model with clay or pressing a button. As a means of direct contact between people, touch transmits emotional effect; in the direct contact between man and the world, touch becomes a sign of reality, such as “please pinch me, am I dreaming?”4. 翻译题当你站在一件艺术品面前时，技术便会帮你找到有关这一艺术品某一方面的更多信息。比如在鉴定艺术品的年代和出处方面，技术将具有极大价值。我们可以运用越来越客观的标准来鉴定纸张、颜料、化学品等的年代，这样将会有令人震惊的事情发生，例 如突然发现一件伟大作品竟然是赝品。当然，艺术品市场自身将继续随着供求关系而浮动，但是在英国，我希望博物馆和美术馆有朝一日能得到政府政策上的帮助，政府放松纳税规定，更多地鼓励私人收藏家把藏品捐献给公共机构。【答案】When you are appreciating a work of art, technology will provide you with more detailed information about this work. Technology will be of great value in some fields such as determining the date and origin of the art work. In appraising the age of the paper, pigment and chemical of the art work, more and more objective standards are available. In this process, some surprising things will occur. For instance, a masterpiece is suddenly found to be a fake. Of course, the market of art work will change with the law of supply and demand. However, in Britain, I hope that museums and galleries will one day be helped by government policies that relax tax rules and encourage private collectors to donate more to public institutions.5. 翻译题贯穿我们整个历史，我们一直在考察星星，思考人类是否是唯一的高级生命，还是也许在黑暗的夜空某一处，还有其他生命，宇宙中同辈思想家，也和我们一样在思考和在怀疑。这类生命可能不同于我们看待他们自己和宇宙。那里也许会有异乎寻常的生物学、技术和社会。在这人们难以想象的广袤而古老的宇宙苍穹中，我们是有点孤寂，我们思考着我们小而精微的蓝色星球的最终意义，假如有意义的话。探索来自外星的信息就是为人类探索能接受的宇宙渊源背景。从深层意义上说，探索外星的信息就是探索我们自己。随着人们越来越投身于这一严肃的探索事业，一个稍带否定含义但很有趣的音符出现了。最近，有一些科学家提出一个难以解释的问题：如果外星来的信息量很大，那我们为什么没有看出其表现的形式呢？【答案】【参考译文】Through all of our history, we have pondered the stars and mused whether humanity is unique or if somewhere else in the dark of the night sky, there are other beings who contemplate and wonder as we do, fellow thinkers in the cosmos. Such beings might view themselves and the universe differently. There might be very exotic biology and technology and society. In a cosmic setting vast and old beyond ordinary human understanding, we are a little lonely, and we ponder the ultimate significance, if any, of our tiny but exquisite blue planet. The search for extraterrestrial intelligence is the search for generally acceptable cosmic context for the human species. In the deepest sense, the search for extraterrestrial intelligence is a search for ourselves. Along with the growing dedication to a serious search, a slightly negative note has merged which is nevertheless very interesting. A few scientists have lately asked a curious question: if extraterrestrial intelligence is abundant, why have we not already seen its manifestations?6. 翻译题The miniaturization of the components of computer chips has proved unstoppable. In each new generation, those components are smaller and more tightly packed than they were in its predecessor. Progress has been so rapid that chip designers are approaching apparently fundamental barriers to further reductions in size and increases in density. One of these is imposed by the need to wire the components in a chip together, so that they can exchange signals. But, in a miniaturized version of the shift to wireless communication in the macroscopic world, a group of researchers led by Alain Nogaret of the University of Bath, in England, think they can make chips whose components talk to each other wirelessly.At present, the electronics that transmit and receive the radio waves used in wireless devices are too large to be used within individual chips. But Dr Nogaret believes he can overcome this. Last week he and his colleagues at three other British universities, another in Belgium and a research institute in France won the money to try to build such a device.The researchers intend to use the standard lithographic（平印刷板）techniques employed in chipmaking to coat a semiconductor with microscopic magnets. These magnets will generate local magnetic fields that point in opposite directions at different points on the chips surface. Electrons have a property called spin that is affected by magnetic fields, and the team hopes to use an effect called inverse electron-spin resonance（谐振）to make electrons passing through the chip emit microwaves. .The technique they are proposing is the reverse of the process in medical magnetic-resonance imaging. In MRI, the patient is placed in a strong magnetic field that causes some of his body atomic nuclei, which act like tiny magnetized spinning tops, to align themselves with the field. The nuclei are then zapped briefly with a second magnetic field that knocks them out of alignment with the first one. The coils in the scanning apparatus detect these magnetic changes, which are used to build up a map of the part of the body being examined. After a few seconds, the nuclei themselves with the field, radiating small amounts of energy as heat or, more rarely, as radio waves.In chips, Dr Nogaret proposes to use the spin of the electron rather than the spin of the atomic nucleus. Electrons flowing through the chip would “see” a magnetic field that flips from one direction to the opposite every few hundred nanometres (billionths of a metre). This is the equivalent of zapping to the stationary object with an oscillating magnetic field of the sort used in MRI. The changing magnetic field would force the electrons to oscillate, too, but would not allow them to radiate heat. As a result, they would be forced to emit radio waves or, rather, microwaves, which are similar but of shorter wavelength.【答案】事实证明，计算机芯片元件的小型化是不可阻挡的。每一次更新换代，这些组件相比以前更小巧，排列更紧密。发展如此之快，使得芯片设计者在进一步缩小元件尺寸、压缩元件密度方面逐渐面临一些根本性难题。其中一个问题就是芯片中的组件需要用线路连接起来，以便于交换信号。不过，英国巴斯大学的阿兰诺加雷特领导的一组研究人员认为，通过将宏观条件下的无线通信传输微型化，他们可以研制出使用无线通信组件的芯片。目前，无线设备中用来发射和接收无线电波的电子设备太大，无法在单个芯片中使用。但诺加雷特博士认为他可以解决这一问题。上周他和他来自另三所英国大学、一所比利时大学及一个法国研究所的同事争取到了一笔资金用来研发这个设备。研究者打算使用芯片制作的标准平印刷板技术，将许多极小的磁铁包被到一块半导体上。这些磁铁可产生局部磁场，从相反的方向作用于芯片表面的不同位点。电子具有一种自旋特性，可受磁场影响。研究小组希望利用一种“反电子自旋谐振”效应，让穿过芯片的电子发射微波。他们提出的技术与医学核磁共振成像的过程正好相反。在这个过程中，病人被置于一个强磁场，该磁场可让患者机体原子核（运动方式类似于磁化的陀螺）顺着磁场方向排列。然后，用第二个磁场短时轰击这些原子核，使其脱离第一个磁场的阵列。扫描仪中的线圈探测到这些磁性变化，并由此构建出受检身体部位的图谱。几秒钟之后，原子核沿磁场方向重新排列，并放射出少量热能或