资源描述
Unit 4 Astronomy: the science of the starsReading Language points Grammar By Li LiI 教学内容分析 本单元的中心话题是“天文学”。本单元的两篇文章都采用了叙述性文体。第一篇阅读短文按照时间顺序主要叙述了地球上生命的起源和发展过程。第二篇阅读短文中作者用第一人称的口吻讲述了他和朋友的登月经历。可以说本单元科学知识含量较高，更能激发学生的学习兴趣和好奇心。 Warming Up 部分共有两个问题,第一个问题让学生说出八大行星并看图指出各个行星的名称；第二个问题让学生说出自己对天文学哪些方面感兴趣以及天文学家所关注的方面。在高考的重压之下，同学们都想能利用科学的学习方法做到事半功倍而且很多学生也一直做着将来能成为科学家的梦。所以，该话题会让学生们兴趣盎然，积极思考和讨论此方面的内容，从而达到热身的目的。 Pre-reading 部分也提出了三个问题，主要是让学生区分宗教信仰、文化传统和科学思想之间的不同。可以以讲故事的方式让学生彼此之间分享一些有关宇宙和地球起源方面的传说或故事，这样既能激活他们的思维也能为阅读部分打下基础。Reading 部分描写了地球上生命的起源和发展过程，具体写了由于水的形成才使得地球上生命的诞生成为可能。科学家认为，地球上的生命最初诞生于水中。数万年后，陆地上才长出了绿色植物，随后出现了陆栖动物和水陆两栖动物。最初的动物靠孵化繁衍后代， 再之后诞生了哺乳动物，人类也随之诞生了。文章最后讲述的现象发人深省：The earth may become too hot for the lives on it.它关系到地球上生命的未来。 Comprehending 部分通过五个练习题检测学生对本文核心内容的理解。练习1是对文章结构的分析以及大意的概括；练习2通过排序的方式帮助学生弄清本文的行文线索，也就是地球上生命的起源和发展历程；练习3提出5个小问题，考查学生的深层理解和推断能力；练习4让学生找出文章中出现的连接词，检查学生对文章中句型的熟悉和理解程度，同时还有助于学生在写作方面得到提高；练习5让学生选择一个问题进行回答并向全班汇报，开拓学生的思维并锻炼他们的语言表达能力。 Learning about Language 有词汇和语法两部分。第一部分练习让学生学着去应用课文中出现的词语。第二部分是针对主语从句的练习，其中第一题要求学生从课文中找出三个或更多的主语从句；第二个练习以把主语从句改写成简单句的形式让学生能对此语法有深层的了解。第三个练习则以完成句子的方式要求学生更进一步的运用复合句，此部分是对表语从句进行练习。 Using Language包括“听力”、“阅读”、“说和写”三大块。这三部分的话题都是有关科学的。听力部分主要是介绍三位伟大的科学家。阅读部分讲了一个科幻故事。说和写的中心话题是登月旅行中必需的工具和可能遇到的问题。该部分的设计由浅入深，层层递进，既练习了听力又丰富了知识，还能够锻炼同学们的想象力，拓展学生各方面能力。 Summing Up 指导学生归纳和总结在本单元学到的知识有用词汇、惯用表达和语法结构。II教学重点和难点1 教学重点（1）本单元的生词、短语和句型结构；（2）掌握主语从句并把它和表语从句进行区别；（3）学会运用科学知识并能结合自己的想象力去解决现实中的问题。2教学难点（1）通过学习相应的科学知识培养学生的创造性思维能力；（2）学生应能够理解主语从句的用法和作用并能做到学以致用，举一反三。单元要点预览词汇部分词语辨析1. loudly / loud / aloud 2. unlike / dislike 3. remain / leave4. climate / weather 5. now that / since / because / as 词形变化1. violent adj.强暴的，猛烈的violence n.暴力，强暴；猛烈violently adv. 强暴地；猛烈地2. fundamental adj.基本(础)的n.pl.基本原则(法则) fundamentally adv. 基本地；根本地 fundament n. 基础；根本3. development n.生长，发展；新情况develop vt.发展；产生 vi.生长；发展developed adj. 发达的developing adj. 发展的4. lay vt.放下；摆设；产(蛋) lay-laid-laid-layinglie vi. 躺，平放；位于lie-lay-lain-lyinglie n.&vi. 谎话；说谎lie-lied-lied-lying5. prevent vt. 预防，防止prevention n.预防；阻止；妨碍preventable adj.可防止的，可预防的6. gentle adj.和蔼的；轻柔的gently adv.温和地；静静地7. physics n.物理，物理学physicist n.物理学家physical adj.身体的；物理(学)的；物质的 重点单词 1. system n.c 系统；体系；制度；方法 2. lay vt. (laid, laid, laying) 把放下；摆设；铺(地毯) ；产(蛋)3. harmful adj. 有害的；伤害的 4. exist vi. 存在；生存 5. puzzle v.(使)迷惑；(使)苦思 n.谜；难题6. pull v.拉，拖，拔；移动 n.拉，拖；拉(引)力7. cheer vt.&vi. (使)高兴、振奋；(对)欢呼 重点词组1. to begin with 以开始；由作为开头；首先2. in time 及时；最终；迟早3. in one s turn 轮到某人；接着4. prevent.from 使不做事；阻止做某事5. block out 挡住（光线）6. be off = set off 出发；动身；不用上班/学/开张7. break out (灾难、战争等)突发；爆发8. watch out 密切注视；当心；提防 重点句子1. It exploded loudly with fire and rock, which were in time to produce the water vapour, carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen and other gases, which were to make the earth s atmosphere.2. That made it possible for life to begin to develop.3. But when I tried to step forward I found I was carried twice as far as on the earth and fell over.重点语法宾语从句和表语从句（见语法部分）语言要点（模块） .词语辨析 (旨在提供完形填空所需材料)1. loudly / loud / aloud【解释】loudly adv 响亮地，高声地 loud adj/adv 与sing, speak, talk连用aloud adv 相对默读而言；出声【练习】根据句子的意思在括号里填入适当的词。1). Will you please speak _? 2). It is good for you to read English _ every morning. 3). The bomb exploded _.4). Is her voice _ enough ?5). Action speaks _ than words (事实胜于雄辩). Keys: 1). louder 2). aloud 3). loudly 4). loud 5). louder2. unlike / dislike【解释】unlike prep. 不像，和不同 adj. 作表语 不相似；不同dislike vt./n. 不喜爱，厌恶【练习】根据句子的意思在括号里填入适当的词。1). A good hotel manager should know his regular guests likes and _.2). Her latest novel is quite _ her earlier work.3). If you go on like that you ll get yourself _ (like).4). I was very interested in the lecture, _ many of the students.Keys: 1). dislikes 2). unlike 3). disliked 4). unlike3. remain/leave【解释】remain vi. 仍然是；留下；剩下常用句型：remain + n. 仍然是 remain + adj./adv./prep. 仍然是 remain + v-ed/v-ing 仍然是 remain to be done有待去做，依然要做leave vt. 剩下，忽略或未拿或未带（某物），使或让（某人、事物）处某状态某地等常用句型：leave sb. sth. / leave sth. to sb. 给某人留下某物leave sth (for sb) 留下，交待下(某物) leave sth to sb 将某物遗赠给某人remaining/left两者都可以作形容词，表示“剩下的”，前者用于被修饰的名词之前，后者用于被修饰的名词之后。【练习】根据句子的意思在括号里填入适当的词。1). Someone _ you this note while you were out. 2). After the earthquake, little _ of the village.3). He used the _ money to buy a dictionary.4). After buying the dictionary, he had not much money_. 5). Arriving home, I found that I d _ my key in the office. 6). Don t leave her _ (wait) outside in the rain. 7). She remained _ (change) after all these years.8). A great many things remain _ (do). Keys: 1). left 2). remained 3). remaining 4). left 5). left 6). waiting 7). unchanged 8). to be done4. climate / weather【解释】climate指从长时间的范围来看某地的平均气候或经常性的气候；weather指某地一时的天气，如寒暖、晴雨和干湿的变化情况。【练习】根据句子的意思在括号里填入适当的词。1). We shall go out for a picnic tomorrow if the _ is fine.2). A drier _ would be good for your health.3). I couldnt imagine what it would be like to live in a hot _. 4). The _ of our country is mild, but individual places experience bad _. Keys: 1). weather 2). climate 3). climate 4). climate; weather5. now that / since / because / as【解释】都可引导原因状语从句，语气最强的是because，引导直接而明确的原因，也用来回答why的问句或用于强调句型；其次是since/now that，表示已知或明显的原因，再次是as，引导的原因是不言而喻、显而易见的；for引导的是并列分句，表推测或判断的原因，前面有逗号隔开。【练习】根据句子的意思在括号里填入适当的词。1). _ everybody is here, lets begin our meeting. 2) It was _ he was ill that he didn t go to school. 3). It must have rained last night, _ the ground is all wet.4). _ we are alone, we can speak freely.Keys: 1). since/now that 2). because 3). for 4). Now (that).词性变化（旨在提供语法填空所需材料）1. violent adj.强暴的，猛烈的violence n.暴力，强暴；猛烈violently adv. 强暴地；猛烈地2. fundamental adj.基本(础)的n.pl.基本原则(法则) fundamentally adv. 基本地；根本地 fundament n. 基础；根本3. development n.生长，发展；新情况develop vt.发展；产生 vi.生长；发展developed adj. 发达的developing adj. 发展的4. lay vt.放下；摆设；产(蛋) lay-laid-laid-layinglie vi. 躺，平放；位于lie-lay-lain-lyinglie n.&vi. 谎话；说谎lie-lied-lied-lying5. prevent vt. 预防，防止prevention n.预防；阻止；妨碍preventable adj.可防止的，可预防的6. gentle adj.和蔼的；轻柔的gently adv.温和地；静静地7. physics n.物理，物理学physicist n.物理学家physical adj.身体的；物理(学)的；物质的 【练习】用括号内所提供词的适当形式填空。1). The naughty boy _ (lie) to me that the hen that _ (lie) there just now had _ (lay) two eggs the day before.2). In my opinion, _ (prevent) is more important than treatment.3). Some programs on the Internet are full of _ (violent) and sex.4). With the _ (develop) of modern industry, more and more pollution is caused.5). China is a _ (develop) country belong to the third world.6). There are _ (fundament) differences between your religious beliefs and mine.7). His ambition is to become a great _ (physics).Keys: 1). lied; lay; laid 2). prevention 3). violence 4). development 5). developing 6). fundamental 7). physicist .重点词汇1. system n.c 系统；体系；制度；方法 systematic adj 有系统的; 有条理的典例 1). The solar system includes the sun and its eight planets. 太阳系包括太阳和它的八颗行星。2). Alcohol is bad for your system. 喝酒对身体有害。练习 根据句子的意思完成句子。1). The _ _ (教育系统) operates very differently in the US and China.2). He introduced us a well-designed _ _ (铁路系统).Keys: 1). educational system 2). railway system 2. lay vt. (laid, laid, laying) 把放下；摆设；铺(地毯) ；产(蛋)典例1). He laid his hand on my shoulder. 他把手放在我的肩上。2). Who should we lay the blame on? 我们该责备谁?重点用法 lay短语：lay eggs 下蛋 lay sth. aside 把某物放在一边；积蓄（钱）lay sth. down 把某物放下 lay the blame on sb.责备某人lay the table 摆桌子lay emphasis / stress on sth. 把重点放在某事上练习 根据句子的意思在括号里填入适当的词或翻译。1). The bird _ its eggs in other birds nests. 2). He is a political leader that _ _ _ _ (非常强调) individual responsibility. 3). He _ some money _ for rainy days. Keys: 1). lays 2). lays great stress on 3). lays/puts; aside 3. harmful adj. 有害的；伤害的 harm n.&vt. 伤害（某人） 典例Many people are aware of the harmful effects of smoking. 很多人都意识到吸烟的危害。重点用法be harmful to sb./sth. 对有害do harm to sb.= do sb. harm = harm sb. 对有害；伤害练习 根据句子的意思在括号里填入适当的词或翻译。1). Everyone knows that smoking is _ to your health.2). In many cases, too much care for children from parents might even do _ to their growth.3). 在阳光下看书对你的眼睛伤害很大。_ Keys: 1). harmful 2). harm 3). Reading in the sun does a lot of harm to your eyes. = Reading in the sun does your eyes a lot of harm.= Reading in the sun is very harmful to your eyes. 4. exist vi. 存在；生存 existence n. 存在典例1). Does life exist on Mars? 火星上有生命吗? 2). I can hardly exist on the wage I m getting. 我靠我挣的工资简直难以餬口。重点用法exist + prep. 存在于地方exist on sth. 靠某物生存 练习 用exist的短语或其适当形式填空。1). This plant _ only _ Australia. 2). Can you _ _ such a low salary?3). I doubt the _ (exist) of alien.Keys: 1). exists; in 2). exist on to 3). existence5. puzzle vt.&vi. (使)迷惑；(使)苦思 n.谜；难题 puzzled adj.无法了解的；困惑的 puzzling adj.令人费解的典例1). Her reply puzzled me. 她的回答把我弄糊涂了。 2). Their reason for doing it is still a puzzle to me. 他们为什麽要做此事我仍莫名其妙。重点用法sth. puzzles sb. 某事使某人迷惑/为难sb. be puzzled by sth. 某人对感到迷惑puzzle about/over sth. 对某事感到迷惑或苦苦思索（以便理解）puzzle one s brain苦思苦想；绞尽脑汁solve a puzzle 解决一个难题练习 用puzzle的适当形式填空或翻译。1). To explain the _ (puzzle) findings, he offers two theories. 2). I _ (puzzle) that I haven t heard from Liz for so long.3). She listened with a _ (puzzle) expression on her face.4). No one has yet succeeded in explaining the _ (puzzle) of how life began.5). He _ (puzzle) what to do next.6). _ _ _ (使我困惑的事情) is why he left the country without telling anyone.Keys: 1). puzzling 2). am puzzled 3). puzzled 4). puzzle 5) was puzzled 6). What puzzles me6. pull v.拉，拖，拔；移动 n.拉，拖；拉(引)力典例1). You push and I ll pull. 你来推，我来拉。 2). I felt a pull at my sleeve and turned round. 我觉得有人扯我的袖子，便转过身来。重点用法pull ahead (of sb/sth) 领先（於某人/物）pull (sb) back（使某人）退却；撤回（某人）pull off (sth)（指机动车辆）驶离（道路）（至路侧停车处停下）pull out (sth.) 拉掉；使分离；掏出；驶离（车站）pull on 穿，戴上（袜子、手套等）pull together 同心协力；通力合作练习 用pull短语的适当形式填空。1). I arrived as the last train was _ _.2). He _ _ a gun and aimed at the criminal.3). So long as we _ _, there s no mountain top we cant conquer.Keys: 1). pulling out 2). pulled out 3). pull together7. cheer vt. & vi. (使)高兴、振奋；(对)欢呼 cheerful adj.高兴的 cheerless adj.不高兴的 典例1). The crowd cheered loudly as the Queen appeared. 女王出现时群众高声欢呼。2). He was greatly cheered by the news. 他听到这个消息非常高兴。重点用法cheer sb. on为某人加油cheer (sb) up（使某人）更高兴或更快活练习 用cheer的短语或其适当形式填空。1). Your visit has greatly _ him up.2). The crowd _ the runners _ as they started the last lap.3). You look as though you need _ up.Keys: 1). cheered 2). cheered; on 3). cheering .重点词组（旨在提供词汇综合运用材料）1. to begin with = to start with 以开始；由作为开头；首先典例To begin/start with, I couldn t understand a single word. 起初，我一句也没弄明白。重点用法begin/start with 从开始 begin/start sth with 从开始 练习 根据句子的意思完成句子。1). He _ his speech _ a poem. 2). His speech _ _ a poem.3). _ _ _, pets are good friends of many lonely people, especially the old.Keys: 1). began/started; with 2). began/started with 3). To start/begin with 2. in time 及时；最终；迟早 典例 1). They caught the bus in time. 他们及时赶上了汽车。2). If you keep on, you will succeed in time. 如果坚持下去，你们总有一天会成功的。短语归纳 time短语：in time for sth./ to do sth. 及时；不迟in no time 立刻；马上at no time永不 at one time 有个时期；曾经；一度at a time 一次；每次 at times = sometimes 有时all the time 一直；始终；老是on time 按时；准时by the time到的时候为止for the time being 暂时；暂且take one s time不着急；慢慢来 kill time 消磨时间from time to time 不时地，间或many a time 常常；多次once upon a time 从前at the same time 同时；尽管如此ahead of time 提前，提早race against time 争分夺秒time and again 一次又一次；重复地keep time (钟表)走得准keep bad time（钟、表）走得不准take one s time 慢慢来，别急have a good/nice/hard time (in) doing sth 做某事很 It s (high/about) time that sb. did/ should do sth. 是做某事的时候了 练习 用time短语填空。1). They sent the mail to me just _ _, before I 1eft.2). William arrived at the theatre just _ _ for the play was to be on. 3). Hurry up! The concert will begin _ _ _. 4). _ _ _ will I give up. 5). The boy laughed and cried _ _ _ _.6). _ _ _ he was addicted to playing web games, but now he devotes himself to writing, which delights his parents.7). Dont try to do everything at once; take it a bit _ _ _.8). Youll have your own office soon, but _ _ _ _ you ll have to share one with me.Keys: 1). in time 2). in time 3). in no time 4). At no time 5). at the same time 6). At one time 7). at a time 8). for the time being 3. in one s turn 轮到某人；接着 典例 I will see you, each in your turn. 我将要一个接着一个地看你。短语归纳 turn短语：in turn轮流；一个接着一个by turns轮流；一阵一阵 take turns (to do sth.)轮流（做某物） Its ones turn to do sth. 轮到某人做某事了练习 用turn短语填空或翻译句子。1).She went hot and cold _ _.2).我们轮流着开车。_ 3). 今天轮到谁发言了？_ Keys: 1). by turns 2). We drove the car by turns / in turn. = We took turns to drive the car. 3). Whose turn is it to give a speech today?4. prevent.from = stop.from = keep.from 使不做事；阻止做某事典例 His back injury may prevent him from playing in tomorrow s game. 他背部的伤可能使他参加不了明天的比赛。【用法辨析】注意: prevent / stop sb. from doing sth.中的from可省, keep sb. from doing sth.中from不可省略，因为keep sb. doing sth.是“使某人一直做某事”之意；但如在被动语态中，三者的from都不可省；当后接sb s doing sth. 作宾语时，只能用prevent或stop，不能用keep，因为没有keep sb s doing sth. 的句型。练习 根据句子的意思完成句子或翻译。1). Doctors took action to _ _ _ _ _ (防止这种疾病的蔓延).2).Of course I can t _ your going abroad. 3). 警察阻止他们携带武器。_ Keys: 1). prevent/stop/keep the disease from spreading 2). prevent / stop 3). The police prevented/stopped/kept them from carrying weapons.= They were prevented/stopped/kept from carrying weapons.5. block out 挡住（光线）典例That wall blocks out all the light. 那堵墙把光线都遮住了。短语归纳 out短语：break out 爆发，发生burst out 大声喊叫，突然起来go out 外出；过时；(灯)熄put out 关(灯)；扑灭；生产come out 出现，显露；出版，结果是help out 帮助解决难题(或摆脱困境)look out留神；注意watch out 注意；提防find out 找出，查明，发现pick out挑出，辨认出，分辨出 speak out 大声地说，大胆地说think out仔细思考某事；想出（主意等） hang out 挂出，闲逛knocked out (拳击中)击倒，打昏sell out 售完(某种货物)，脱销turn out 结果证明是run out (of) 用完，耗尽check out 结帐离去，办妥手续离去hand out 分发，散发give out 分发；用完，消耗尽；发出(光、声音等)练习 用out短语填空。1). At the end of the race his legs _ _ and he collapsed on the ground.2). It s easy to _ him _ in a crowd because he is very tall. 3). His nwe book will _ _ next month.4). We thought it was going to rain; it _ _ to be a find day.5). We _ _ of/from our hotel at 5 a.m. to catch a 7 a.m. flight.Keys: 1). gave out 2). pick; out 3). come out 4). turned out 5). checked out6. be off = set off 出发；动身；不用上班/学/开张典例 Then we were off. 随后我们就启程了。短语归纳 off短语：get off 下车fall off 从摔下来take off 脱下；起飞keep off 远离turn off 关闭pay off 付清，还清set.off 给送行kick off 踢球jump off 跳下 give off 散发 show off 炫耀shut off 关闭 练习 用turn短语填空或翻译。1). It is a Sunday and we _ _ (不用上班) today.2). Her husband _ _ on a business trip somewhere. 3). There we saw a sign reading, “_ _ the grass”.4). After ten years of hard work, she finally _ _ all her debts.Keys: 1). are off 2). was off 3). Keep off 4). paid off 7. break out (灾难、战争等) 突发；爆发典例 Fire broke out during the night. 夜间突然发生了火灾。 短语归纳 break短语：break away from 脱离（党派）；摆脱（控制）break down毁掉；坏掉；(计划/谈判)失败break up打碎；拆散；(会议)结束；分裂(解体)break off (使)停止；中断；折断 break into sth. 强行进入某处break one s word/promise食言；说话不算数练习 用break短语填空。1). A terrible tsunami _ _ in the southeastern countries of Asia at Christmas, 2004.2). When do you _ _ for Christmas?3). Negotiations between the two sides have _ _.4). His house was _ _ last week. Keys: 1). broke out 2). break up 3). broken down 4). broken into 8. watch out 密切注视；当心；提防 典例 Watch out! There s a car coming. 小心! 汽车来了。重点用法watch out for sb/sth 警惕或注意某人/事物watch over 保护；照看 练习 用watch短语填空。1). There must have been an angel _ _ me that day.2). What problems should I _ _ _ when buying an old house?3). You ll become an alcoholic if you don t _ _.Keys: 1). watching over 2). watch out for 3). watch out .重点句子1. It exploded loudly with fire and rock, which were in time to produce the water vapour, carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen and other gases, which were to make the earth s atmosphere. 它(地球)巨大的爆炸喷出了烈火与岩石。最终产生了水蒸气、二氧化碳、氧、氮和其他多种气体，从而形成了地球的大气层。解释“be + 不定式”结构通常用来表示“按计划或安排将要做的事情”，或表示上级对下级、父母对子女下命令，“应该做某事”或表示某事“将必然发生”。例如：1). Here is a message for you from your head teacher: you are to go to her office after class. 你的班主任给你一个口信，要你下课后到她的办公室去。2). The worst is still to come. 更糟糕的事情还会发生。3). We ll hold a meeting tomorrow. = We are to hold a meeting tomorrow. = A meeting is to be held tomorrow. 我们明天将开会。4). The train is to arrive in Beijing at 10: 25 am. 这趟火车将于上午10: 25到达北京。练习 完成句子或翻译。1). Here is a message for you from your head teacher: you _ _ _ to her office after class. (你的班主任给你一个口信，要你下课后到她的办公室去。)2). The worst is still _ _ (come).3). We ll hold a meeting tomorrow. = We _ _ _ a meeting tomorrow. = A meeting is _ _ _ tomorrow.4). 这趟火车将于上午10：25到达北京。_ Keys: 1). are to go 2). to come 3). are to hold; to be held 4). The train is to arrive in Beijing at 10: 25 am.2. That made it possible for life to begin to develop. 那使生命的生长发育成为一种可能。解释 此句中的made后跟带形式宾语it的复合结构，其中it是形式宾语，真正宾语是不定式复合结构，“for live to begin to develop”，宾语补足语是possible。再如：She made it her business to find out who was responsible. 她非要弄清楚是谁的责任不可。提示：常用于此结构的动词还有think，feel，find，consider等。例如：1). We make it a rule to get up at 6 o clock every morning.2). I find it hard to get along with him.3). He found it impossible to leave Germany for the USA. 他发现不可能离开德国去美国了。4). I think/find/feel/consider it my duty to help you.我觉得我有责任帮助你。练习 完成句子或翻译。1). We _ _ _ _ (规定) to get up at 6 o clock every morning.2). I _ _ _ (发现很难) to get along with him3). 他发现不可能离开德国去美国了。_
展开阅读全文