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概况Land and People一Different Names for Britain and Its Parts英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England地理名称:不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.官方正式名称:人不列颠及北爱尔兰联合土国。3.The British Isles are made up of two large Islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, andhundreds of small one二不列颠群岛由两个大岛一人不列颠岛(较人的一个)和爱尔兰岛，及成干上万个小岛组成。4.Three political divisions on the Island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.人不列颇岛上有三个政治区:英格兰、苏格兰和威尔十。(1) England Is In the southern part of Great Britain. It一:the largest, most populous section.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最人，人口最稠密的地区.(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands In the north;the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部.它有三大自然区:北部高地，中部低地及南部山陵.首府:爱丁堡.(3) Wales Is in the west of Great Britain. Capital: Cardiff威尔+位于人不列颠的西部.首府:加的夫(4) Northern Ireland Is the fourth region of the UK. Capital: Belfast.北爱尔兰是英国第四个区域.首府:贝尔法斯特.5.The Commonwealth呢of nations) Is a tree association of Independent countries that were oncecolonies of Britain. It was founded in 1931, and has 50 member countries until 1991英联邦是曾为英国殖民地的、但现已独立国家所构成的自由联合休.它成立于1931年，至1990年止已有50个成员国.一eographical Features英国的地理特征1.Geographical position of Britain英国的地埋位置:Britain is an island country surrounded bythe sea. It lies in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe. It is separated from therest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east.英国是一个岛国.它位于人西洋北部，与欧洲人陆的北海岸隔海相望。南面的英吉利海峡和东面的北海将它与欧洲其它部分隔开.2.The north and west of Britain are mainly highlands; and the east and southeast are mostlylowlands英国的西部和北部主要是高地，东部和东南部主要是低地川.Rivers and Lakes河流与湖泊Ben Nevis一:the highest mountain一。Britain (1,343m).木尼维斯di为英N最高峰，海拔1,34米.Severn River is the一。ngest river In Britain (338km，一塞文河是英国最长的河流。全长iL公里.Thames River is the second一。ngest and most Important river In Britain. (336km)泰桥十河是英国第二人河，也是英国最重要的河.全长336公里.Lough Neagh Is the largest lake in Britain whichis located in Northern Ireland. (396 square kilometres)呐湖(内伊湖)是英国最人的湖，位于北爱尔兰.面积为396平方公里.River Clyde is the most important river in Scotland.克莱Mvi是苏格兰最重要的河流.Snowdon)。Is the highest mountal。In Wales. (1,085m)斯诺多尼亚是威尔十的最高点，海拔1.085米.IV.The People人口1.population distribution人口分布:Britain has a population of about 57 millions and it is veryuneven卜distributed. 90% of the population Is urban and only 10% Is rural. The population ofBritain Is made up main份of the English (81.5%), the Scottish (9.6%), the Welsh (1.9%), the Irish(2.4%), the Northern Irish (1.8%) and other peoples (2.8%).英国人口约5加万，分布极不均匀，90%是城市人口，只有10%是农村人口。英国人口组成为:英格兰人(81.5%)，苏格兰人(9.6%),威尔十人(1.9%)，爱尔兰人、北爱尔兰人和其他民族居民.2.The difference between the ancestors of the English and Scots, Welsh and Irish:英伦三岛民族的祖先: The ancestors of the English are Anglo-Saxons, the Scots, Welsh and Irish are Celts.英格兰人祖先属于盎格鲁一萨克进人，而苏格兰、威尔十和爱尔兰人属于凯尔特人.4.The difference in speech between southern England and northern England:英格兰南方人和北方人语言上的差别:Southerners speak the type of English close to BBC English; In northernEngland, regional speech Is usually broader than that of southern England南方人讲的英语接近BBC，北英格兰人的发音通常要比南英格兰人宽.5.The main problem in Northern Ireland:北爱尔兰存在的主要问匙:The fight between theProtestants who are the dominant group, and the Roman Catholics, who are seeking more social,political and economic opportunities.作为统治者的新教徒和要求更多社会、政治及经济权利的罗马天主教徒之间的斗争.历史一The Origins of a Nation (5000BC-1066)英国的起源(公元前，000年一106年)I. Early Settlers (S000BC-SSBC)旱期的居民(公元前5000年一公元前，5年)一Roman Britain (SSBC-410AD)罗马人统治时期的英国(公元前，年一410年)川The Anglo-Saxons (446-871)盎格鲁一撤克进人(公元446-871年)(莫定了英国的基础)IV. Viking and Danish invasions北欧海盔和Pf麦人阴入侵1. The Invaders were the Norwegians and the Danes. They attacked various parts of England fromthe end of the 8th century.入侵者是挪威人和丹麦人，从8世纪末开始，他们不断袭击英格兰的各个地方。2. King Alfred (849-899) and his contribution，艾尔弗市德臼王V. The Norman Conquest (1066)诺曼征服(公元1066年)1. William s Invasion of England after Edward s death.威廉在爱德华死后入侵芡国2. The Norman Conquest and Its consequences1066年的诺曼征服The Norman Conquest of 1066 Is perhaps the best-known event in English history. W川lam theConqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave比to his Norman followers. He replaced theweak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with astrong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established In England.Relations with the Continent were opened, and the civilization and commerce were extended.Norman-French culture, language, manners and architecture were Introduced. The Church wasbrought Into closer connection with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the civilcourts.1066年的诺曼征服也许是英国历史上的最著名事件.征服者威廉几乎没收了所有上地，将其分发给他的诺曼追随者.他用强有力的诺0政府代替了软弱的萨克逊政府。于是，封建制度在英N完全建立。开放了与欧洲人陆的关系，文明和商业得到发展。引进了诺曼一法国文化、A言、举止和建筑。教会与罗马的联系更为密切，教会法庭与世俗法庭分离。3. The English Is a mixture of nationalities of different origins. The ancestors of many Englishpeople were the ancient Angles and Saxons. Some English people are of the Norman-Frenchorigin英N是一个集不同民族于一休的EN家.许多英N人的祖先是古盎格鲁和撒克进人.而还有一些英国人的是诺0血统。二。The Shaping of the Nation (1066-1381)英国的形成(公元1066-1381)一Norman Rule (1066-1381)诺曼统治(公元1066-1381)1. Williams Rule (1066-1087)威廉一世的统治(公元1066-1087)Englands feudalism under the rule of William the Conqueror在威廉统治下的英国封建钊度Under William, the feudal system in England was completely established.在威廉统治下，英国的封建例度得到完全确立2. King Henry II and his reforms亨利二世国土和他的改革The ways King Henry II consolidate themonarchy.亨利二世巩固君主制的途径. II. Contents and the significance of the Great Charter(人宪章的内容及意义Great Charter wassigned by King John In 1215 under the press of the barons. It consists of sixty-three clauses. ItsImportant provisions are as follows: (1) no tax should be made without the approval of the GrandCouncil; (2) no freemen should be arrested, Imprisoned or deprived of their property; (3) theChurch should possess all Its rights, together with freedom of elections; (4) London and othertowns should retain their traditional rights and privileges, and (5) there should be the sameweights and measures throughout the country. Although The Great Charter has long beenpopularly regarded as the foundation of English liberties, it was a statement of the feudal andlegal relationships between the Crown and the barons, a guarantee of the freedom of the Churchand a limitation of the powers of the king. The spirit of the Great Charter was the limitation ofthe powers of the king, keeping them within the bounds of the feudal law of the land.(大宪章是约愉国土1215年在封建贵族压力下签定的.人宪章总共63条，其，!最重要的内容是:(1)未经大议会同意，不得征税:(2)只有根据国家有关法律才能逮捕、监禁自由人以及剥夺他们的财产:(3)教会应享受其所有权利且有选举自由:(4)伦教和其它城镇应保留其古时的权力和特权:(5)全国要使用统一的重址和长度度盆衡.尽管人们普遍认为大宪章为英国的自由莫定了基础，但该宪章只是规定国土和贵族之间封建关系和法律关系的文件，保证了教会的自由，限咧了国土权利.大宪章的精神是限制国土权力，使其在英田封建法律允许的范围内活动.川.The origins of the English Parliament英国议会的起源The Great Council is known to be the prototype of the current British Parliament. In 1265, Simonde Montfort summoned the Great Council, together with two knights from each county and twocitizens from each town. It later developed Into the House of Lords and the House of Commons.Its main role was to offer advice. There were no elections or parties. And the most Important partof Parliament was the House of Lords人议会是I今英国议会的原型。126年，西门德孟福尔召开人议会，各县有两名骑十，各镇有两名市民参加.大议会发展到后来演变成议会，分为上议院和下议院.其作用是咨询而非决定;也没有选举和政党.议会的最重要的部分是上议院.三.Transition to the Modem勺e(1455-1688向现代英国的过渡一Transition to the Modern Age (1455-1485)向现代英国的过渡-The Wars of Rose玫瑰战争一The English Reformation英囚的宗教改革III. Elizabeth一1558-1603)伊莉莎白一世(i4ifil年一1603年)IV.The English Renaissance英国文艺复兴V. The Civil Wars (1642-1651)英国内战通常被看作是现代世界史的开端The Restoration土政复辟When Oliver Cromwell died In 1658 and was succeeded by his son, Richard, the regime began tocollapse. One of Cromwells generals George Monc崎occupied London and arranged for newparliamentary elections. The Parliament thus was elected In 1660 resolved the crisis by asking thelate Kings son to return from his exile in France as king Charles II. It was called theRestoratlon.1658年奥利弗克伦威尔去世，他的儿子理查德继任护国公，政权立即开始瓦解.克伦威尔的一位将军乔治蒙克占领伦教，安排新的议会选举。1660年选出的议会要求上一任国土的儿子长期流亡地法国回国作国土查尔斯二世，从而解决了危机.这就是所谓的土政复辟.The Glorious Revolution of 16881688年光荣革命In 1685 Charles II died and was succeeded by his brother James II. James was brought up in exileIn Europe, was a Catholic. He hoped to rule without giving up his personal religious vies. ButEngland was no more tolerant of a Catholic king In 1688 than 40 years ago. So the Englishpoliticians rejected James II, and appealed to a Protestant king, William of Orange, to invade andtake the English throne. William landed In England in 1688. The takeover was relatively smooth,with no bloodshed, nor any execution of the king. This was known as the Glorious Revolution.1685年查尔斯二世去世，由其弟詹姆斯二世继位。詹姆斯二世从小在欧洲流亡长大，是个天主教徒，他希望不放弃个人宗教信仰统治国家.但是1688的英国已不象40年前那样能容忍天主教徒当国王了.英田政客反对詹姆斯二世，他们呼吁信奉新教的国土，奥兰治亲土威谦入侵英国夺取土位.1688年11月15日威康在托尔比登陆并占领伦教。这一占领相对平静，既未流血也未处死国土，所以就称为“光荣革命气四。The Rise and Fall of the British Empire (1688-1990)大英帝国的兴衰I. Whigs and Tories辉格党人和托利党人These two party names originated with the Glorious Revolution (1688).这两个政党名称皆起源于1688年的光荣革命.The Wbigwere those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom forNonconformists. The Whig were to form a coalition with dissident Tories In the mid-19th centuryand become the Liberal Party.辉格党人是扮那些反对绝对土权，支持新教徒宗教自由权利的人.辉格党人在19世纪中叶与持不同意见的托利党人组盟组成自由党.The Torieswere those who supported hereditary monarchy and were reluctant to remove kings. The Torieswere the forerunners of the Conservative Party.托利党人是指那些支持世袭土权、不愿去除田土的人.托利党是保守党的前身.Agricultural Changes In the Late 18th Centuryl8世纪末的农业革命一The Industrial Revolution (1780-1830) II业革命(1780-1830)1. The Industrial Revolution refers to the mechanlsatlon of Industry and the consequent changesin social and economic organization In Britain In the late 18th and early 19th centurie，一二业革命指的是17世纪末、18世纪初英国I业的机械化，以及因此而导致的社会结构和经济结构的变化.2. Britain was the first country to Industrialize because of the following factors:英国成为第一个f业化的国家，原因如下:(1) Favourable geopraphical location. Britain was well placed geographically to participate inEuropean and world trade;优越的地理位置:英国地理位置优越，适合参与欧洲与世界贸易:(2) Political stability. Britain had a peaceful society, which, after the 17th century, was increasinglyInterested In overseas trade and colonies. International trade brought wealth to merchants andc断bankers. They and those who had done well out of new farming methods provided capital inlarge quantities for industrallzatlon.政治局而稳定17世纪后的英国社会宁静，对海外贾易和殖民地兴趣日增.国际贸易给商人和城市银行家带来财富，他们加上由于新农作法而发家的人们为业化提供了人笔资金.(3) Good foundation In economy. The limited monarchy which resulted from the GloriousRevolution of 1688 ensured that the powerful economic Interests In the community could exerttheir influence over Government pollcy.1688年光荣革命限侧了君主的权力，这使得强人的经济利益集团能对议会政策旅加影响.(4) It was a country in which the main towns were never too far from seaports, or from riverswhich could distribute their products.英国的主要城镇皆靠近海港或河流，货物运送便利.(5) Britain had many rivers, which were useful for transport but also for water and steam power.Britain also had useful mineral resources.英国许多河流不仅用于交通，还提供水力及蒸汽动力.英国还有可用的矿产资源。(6) British engineers had sound training as craftsmen.英国C程师为911练有素的手艺人.(7) The inventors were respected. They solved practical problems发明家受人尊重，他们解决了实际难题.(8) Probably laissez faire and Protestant work ethic helped很可能利益于“放手:T”及“新教l二作道德”(9) England, Scotland, and Wales formed a customs union after 1707 and this Included Irelandafter 1807. So the national market was not hindered by internal customs barriers.1707年后，英格兰、苏格兰和威尔十形成关税联盟，1807年后爱尔兰加入.因此，全国市场不再受阴于内部的关税障碍.(10) The enclosures and other Improvements in agriculture made their contributions by providingfood for the rising population, labour for the factories, and some of the raw materials needed byIndustry.圈地运动和其它农业改良为增加的人口提供了粮食，为II厂提供了劳动力，为I二业提供了所需的一些原材料.Ill. The Chartist Movement (1836-1848)宪章运动(1936-1849)The Reform Act of 1832 (also called the Greater Charter of 1832) 1832年的改革法案)(也称为1832年的大宪章)a People s Charter of1838 1838年人民宪草VI. Twentieth Century二十世纪1. Britain and the First World War英国和第一次世界大故The Work War I was fought from 1914 to 1918 primarily between two European Power blocs:the Central power. Germany and Austria-Hungary, and the Allies气Britain, France and Russia.During the war, the Britain lost much. Apart from the loss of manpower, there had beenconsiderable disruption of the economy and society. Out of the war settlement came theestablishment of the league of Nations藻一次世界大战是从1914年至1918年，战争主要在两人欧洲集团间进行:“同盟N，包括德国和奥匈帝国，和“协约国”，包括英国、法国和俄罗斯.一战中英国捐失惨重.除了劳动力损失，还有巨人的经济与社会瓦解.2. Britain Between the Two World Wars两次世界大战期间的英国The effects of the New York Stock Market Crash of 1929 soon spread throughout Europe and by1931 Britain was entering the Great depression.192，年纽约股票交易所崩溃的影响迅速波及欧洲，到1931年英国进入经济人萧条. 3. BrItain and the Second World War欠国与弟二次世界人战As Adolf Hitler and Nazismshowed off their aggressive momentum In Europe, Chamberialn, the Prime Minister, found hispolicy of appeasement of German aggression was no longer tenable, and was forced to declarewar on Germany on September 3,1939. 11阿道夫希特勒及纳粹主义显示他们对欧洲的侵略惫图时，首相张伯伦发现他的绥靖政策己站不住脚，只得于1939年，月3日对德宜战。4. Postwar Britian战后的英国(1) One of the most far-reaching consequences of the War was that It hastened the end of Britains empire一几战最为深远的结果之一是加速了人英帝国的瓦解.(2) In 1952 Princess Elizabeth was crowned Queen Elizabeth .1952年伊莉莎白公主加冕成为伊莉莎白女王二世(3) In January 1973, Britain became a full member of the European Economic Community whichwas st川called the Common Market In 1973. Britain witnessed the first oil shock in 1973.1973年1月，英困终于成为欧洲经济共同休的正式成员国。1973年仍称为共同市场.1973年英国经历了第一次石油禁运.侈)Mrs Thatcher撤切尔主义Thatcherism referred to the policies put forward by Margaret Thatcher, the first woman primeminister in England In 1979. o some extent her program was successful and she led one of themost remarkable periods In the British economy.197，年撒切尔人人成为英国第一任女首相。她提出的政策被为“撤切尔主义，。1857年实现自治，1907年成为英皇属下的自治领，1931年完全独立.经济I. The Evolution of the British Economy since the War The evolution of the British economy since WWII falls Into three periods:二战后英国经济发展可分为三个阶段:(1) Steady development in the 50s and 60s: The British economy In thisperiod Is characterized by slow but steady growth, low unemployment and great materialprosperity with rising standards of consumption.战后50-60年代平稳发展时期.其主要特点是经济缓慢而持续增长，失业率低，物质丰富，人民消费水平不断增长.(2) Economic recession In the 70s: In the 1970s among the developed countries, Britainmaintained the lowest growth rate and the highest inflation rate, and the high record of tradedeficits. 70年代经济滞胀.在70年代，英国在所有的发达资木主义国家中.始终保持最低经济增长率，最高的通货膨胀率，和最高的贸易赤字纪录.3) Economic recovery In the BOs: An outstanding feature of the economic recovery In the BOswas its length, lasting seven years. Another was the improved financial position of thegovernment, with stronger current account of the balance of payments.BO年代经济复苏.一个显著特点是时间长，复苏持续了7年.另一个特点是国际收支大人益余，政府金融地位最高.Measures taken by Mrs. Thatchers government to improve the economyMrs. Thatchersgovernment took numerous measures to improve the efficiency of the economy during the pastdecade, using both macroeconomic and microeconomlc policies.撒切尔政府运用宏观经济政策和微观经济政策，采取许多措施提高经济效益:1). Macroeconomic measures were directed towards bringing down the rate of inflation andachieving price stability.5P:N经济政策直接针对降低通货膨胀率和维持物价稳定.2). Microeconomic policies were aimed at working with the grain of market forces by encouragingenterprise, efficiency and flexibility.微A经济政策R在通过鼓励实业，效率和灵活性共同努力提高市场竞争力 Reasons for theBritish coal mining Is called a sick industry today.Reasons for the British coal mining Is called a sick Industry today.英国煤矿被称为生摘“C业的原因.Today the coal Industry In Britain Is on the decline, the number of miners, collieries and the totaloutput have been failing.如今的芡国煤矿业衰退，从而异致矿1:,煤矿的数量和总产盆都人人下降。The reasons for the decline are as follows: exhaustion of old mines, costly operations ofextraction, poor old equipment, little Investment, fall In demand due to Imports of cleaner,cheaper and more efficient fuels, etc.煤业衰退的原因包括:老煤矿的枯蝎，昂贵的提炼费用，破I日的设备，极少的投资。由于进口更干净、更便宜、更高效的姗料导致的需求下降等等.Britains oil and natural gas英国的石油和天然气Natural gas was discovered In 1965 and oil In 1970 under the North Sea. Today Britain Is not onlyself-sufficient In oil but also has a surplus for export. The transport and domestic heating systemsmostly depend on oil. So does the food supply, because most agriculture is highly mechanized.Modem farming requires things which are all oil-based.在1965年及1970年在北海发现天然气和石油.今天英国的石油不仅能自给自足，还有益余供出口.交通和家庭供热系统主要依靠石油，因为人部分农业的高度机械化，食品供应也靠石油.Main problems associated with Britains Iron and steel Industry today.如今英凶钢铁I二业的主要问趣.British Iron and steel industry Is declining for the following reasons:英国钢铁l几业衰退的原因如下:1. Local supplies of Iron ore have become exhausted; I地贮备枯蝎:2. Old fashioned furnaces for making coke cannot recover valuable by-products;他们生产焦炭的老式炉不能提取有价值的副产品，3. Blast furnaces, steelworks, and rolling m川s are often separated from each other and thuscannot perform as well as more compact operation;高炉、钢铁厂和轧钢厂经常分开，导致不如更紧凑的企业出效益;4. Many steelworks have to be closed down, causing major unemployment in an area.许多钢铁厂倒闭，导致该地区的人批人失业.The main textile producing regions of Britain are the East Midlands, Yorkshire, Humberside, andNorthern Ireland.New IndustriesNew industries Include microprocessors and computers,biotechnology and other high-tech industries. There are three areas in Britain which have seensome high-tech industrial growth:(1).the area between London and South Wales(2).the Cambridge area of East Anglia and(3).the area between Glasgow and Edinburgh in Scotland.The third area Is the most spectacular of the three and is now often referred to as the SiliconGlen. By the end of 1985 half of Britains microchip output was estimated to have come fromScotland.英国主要纺织基地是现在的中东部，约克郡和汉伯塞德郡及北爱尔兰.The reasons behind the decline of Britains textile industry are:英国纺织业的衰退原因如一:(1) Exports of textiles have not competed well with those of other foreign producers who havemanaged to produce cheaper goods.纺织品出口不能很好地与设法生产出更便宜商品的国外产家竞争.(2) There has been a rise in cheaper Imports of textiles to Britain from foreign producers.英国增加了从外国产家进口更廉价纺织品.(3) Poor and outdated management decisions have caused problem.薄弱及过时的管理决策导致许多问题.(4) Substitutions of human-made fibres have been made for natural fibre，一人造纤维代替品已取代了天然纤维.(5) An Improvement of output per worker has been achieved, due to mechanization.由于机械化，每个1_人的生产兰有了提高.Government and Administration政治一。政党(1)保守党(Conservative Party):执政党(2)工党(Labour Party)(3)自由民主党(The Liberal Democrat Party二。阶级The United Kingdom Is a constitutional monarchy, the head of state Is a king or a queen. TheUnited Kingdom Is governed, in the name of the Sovereign by His or Her Majestys Government.The System of parliamentary government is not based on a written constitution, the Britishconstitution is not set out in any single document. It is made up of statute law, common law andconventions. The Judiciary determines common law and Interprets statutes.联合土国是君主立宪钊国家，国家的首脑是国土或女土。联合土国以君的名义，由国土或女土陛下政府治埋.英国的议会侧度并不是基于成文宪法，英国宪法不由单一文件构成，而由成文法，习惯法和惯例组成.司法部门裁定习惯法或解释成文法.一The Monarchy君主制1.El lzabethII, her title in the United Kingdom Is Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God of the UnitedKingdom of Great Britain an
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