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英语医学科研论文的格式和要求Review； comments ；editorials ；case reports； original articles.I格式 The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, ICMJE)（The Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals, 5th Ed., 1997，URMSBJ）(国际温哥华格式1979年创建, 2006年2月最新版本http:/www.icmje.org)*, 一篇生物医学科研论文（以下简称论文）应包括以下12个部分： 1Title 7 Acknowledgements 2Abstract 8 References 3Introduction 9 Legends 4Materials and Methods 10 Figures 5Results 11 Tables 6Discussion 12 Plates and Explanations II要求 1标题 A. 标题的要求a.What is a title?Titles are to be written to be understood by those in your field, telling them exactly what you have done in your work.（告诉你的同行确切研究了什么）b.Requirement of a titlea)（America）Journal of the National Cancer Institute: within 14 words.b) The British Journal of Cancer: within 100 lettersc)China journals: Chinese within 20 words; English within 10 lexical wordsGenerally speaking:（1） Short and concise（简明扼要）：Write in one line (not a sentence); not containing an active verb; not exceeding 25 words or 120-140 letters and spaces; no abbreviations or chemical symbols except those that are generally accepted, e.g. DNA, RNA, AIDS, CT, etc.; 中文标题常见的“试论”，“浅谈”，“初探”等词在英文标题中一般不用。我国的国家标准（GB771387）要求将一般英文标题的实词控制在10个词以内。例：Association between Duration of Obesity and Risk of Non-insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus 肥胖期与非依赖胰岛素糖尿病之关系（2）Informative（信息丰富）：State exactly what you want the reader to know about your paper and your work;（3）Indexing（便于索引）：Pack as many key words or indexing terms as possible into the title without overloading it; key words not in the title will be in the abstract or can go in the Key Words section of the paper; key words are usually in the beginning or ending place of the title.Attention:标题中的数字：表点、缩略语等：“探讨”、“研究”、“观察”、 “体会”：Example:体会 （经验）： experience in /with1.治疗革兰氏阴性杆菌血症的新体会。Recent experience with bacillemia due to Gram-negative organisms.2.洋地黄类药物门诊治疗心力衰竭的用药体会。Treatment of heart failure with lanatoside medication. 标题是读者检索文献的重要标识，是著录题录和索引等第二次文献的重要内容。标题中所选每一个实词必须是正确通用的术语，能提供文献检索，尽量包含关键词。要求尽量把关键词（索引词）安排在标题最前面或最后面的位置上 美国医学写作协会（American Medical Writers Association）医学论文写作要领中对于标题的说明是：1. Introduce the article into the scientific literature2. Most important part of the article: the part most often read and often the only part read3. Keep precise and brief( 85-character limit is typical)4. Must stand alone: no abbreviations5. Avoid: “declarative” or “headline” titles; “ Our Experience” titles; asking rhetorical questions in titles:So start with : Effect ofexplanatory variable(s) on response variable underconditions”Avoid starting with: nature of, studies of, preliminary evaluation of, analysis of, review of, development of, observation on, etc.心源性猝死51例临床病理探讨1. Sudden cardiac death: Clinicopathologic investigation of 51 cases苯对白细胞毒性作用探讨2. Toxic effect of benzene on leucocytes系统性红斑狼疮患者尿中抗核体决定临床意义的初步探讨3. ( Preliminary evaluation of ) clinical significance in determination of antinuclear antibodies present in urine of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE)（4）Highlighting the head word. (突出中心词): 每条标题都有中心词，它们是能高度概括论文中心内容和主题的单词，要将其放在最显著突出的位置。中心词的内容一般是研究方法，研究对象，研究目的或效果，一般为名词，名词短语，分词短语或动名词短语。例：Knowledge-based Technology in the Service of Health 论卫生事业中的知识技术Cognitive Impairment and Intracranial Calcification in Chronic Hyparathyroidism 鉴别力受损与颅内钙化甲状旁腺功能逐渐减退叶天士活血化淤疗法探讨An approach to the principle of activating circulation and relieving stasis formulated by Ye Tianshi针疗对冠心病心绞痛患者左心功能状态的影响The acupuncture effect on left ventricular function in patients with coronary heart disease and angina pectoris氟烷麻醉治疗新生儿受损肺功能Halothane anesthesia for impairs pulmonary function in newborn lambsImpaired pulmonary function in newborn lambs anesthetized with halothane英文医学期刊常用中心词：Effect, influence, establishment, inhibition, analysis, treatment, evaluation, potential, comparison, expression, 不同的医学期刊对标题的书写规则要求不同。1）. Post-transfusion hepatitis: A report of 60 cases2). A Successful Operation on a Pair of Female Twins With Conjoined Liver3). SURGERY FOR INFECTIVE ENDOCALRDITIS标题中冠词的用法:1). (The) Treatment of gram-negative shock2). Carcinoma of the anal canalB. 标题的结构标题的结构一般都用名词作主干的名词短语型，这类标题结构中作为主干词的名词一般带有动词意义，有时也用完整句，以陈述句较多，偶尔也用疑问句。例：Resolution of Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome after Recovery from Fulminant Hepatic Failure 治疗成年人突发性肝衰竭康复后呼吸窘迫综合症Using a Title Table to Evaluate Syncope 列表诊断晕厥1) 表示诊断，治疗方式或药物治疗的标题结构这类标题中的diagnosis, treatment, therapy 等作主干的名词都带有动词意义，后跟for, in, to, with 等引导的介词短语引出病名或接受诊治的部位及所使用的药物。例：Adjunctive Therapy with Aspirin in Vernal Conjunctivitis 用阿司匹林辅助治疗春季结膜炎Basic Approach in the Management of Intraocular Foreign Bodies 眼内异物的基本处理方法(药物)治疗：A治疗B(A=name of the medicine; B= name of the disease)A in the treatment/management of B; treatment of B with A; use of A in the treatment of B; A therapy/treatment of B; A in /for BClonidine in the treatment of hypertensionUse of steroid in the treatment of clinical septic shock(非药物)治疗：A治疗B(A=method of treatment; B= name of the disease)A for/in BA in the treatment of BTreatment of B by AParathyroidectomy for chronic renal failurePartial left ventriculectomy in the treatment of end-stage dilated cardiomyopathyTreatment of psoriasis by hemodialysis诊断：A诊断 B( A =method of diagnosis; B= name of the disease)A in BA in the diagnosis of BAssay/detection of A in BDiagnosis of B by/with A Detection of B by AApplication of A to the diagnosis of BUltrasonography in the diagnosis of gallstonesAssay of creation kinase isoenzymes in heart disease2) 表示研究，分析，实验调查，观察，评估等的标题结构探讨： discussion of /on, an approach to; a probe into; investigation of;onSudden cardiac death: Clinicopathologic investigation of 51 casesAn approach to diagnosis of subclinical liver cancer观察（报告， 结果）：an observation/observations of /on/inClinical observation on 342 cases with allergic rhinitisLevels of plasma calcium and red cell calcium in newborns with multi-organ damage after asphyxia (“观察” 一词略)调查： survey of/on, 实验：test/trial Survey of 38 cases of parathyroidectomy in chronic renal failure研究/分析: study/studies（analysis） of /on /in (by 方法 / with工具) Wilsons disease: A clinical and pathological study of 10 cases Platelet function studies in heart disease评估（鉴定）： assessment/evaluation/estimation/appraisal/calculation/valuation/appreciation of Assessment of Liver FunctionPresurgical Evaluation of Eyes with Opaque Media表示关系，相关，比较，对照等的标题结构这类标题结构一般用 1. (the) correlation, relationship, association, comparison, contrast等词为主体词干，加ofand, ofwith, ofwithand, betweenand 等表示范围，比较对象等。2. A (be) correlated with B例：Correlation of Histology and Sensibility after Nerve Repair 神经修补后组织结构与感官能力间的关系A Comparison of Digoxin and Dobutamine in Patients with Acute Infarction and Cardiac Failure 用DIGOXIN 和DOBUTAMINE治疗急性梗塞和心衰之比较常用修饰词: positively (正) / negatively (负) / significantly (明显) / insignificantly (不明显) / strongly (很大) / little (很小) e.g. Positive correlation of CD44v6 expression with invasion and metastasis of human gastric cancer3) 表示技术，使用，特点，结果，方法，模式，证据，测定，介绍等的标题结构这类标题结构一般用（A或The）technique, use, properties, characteristics, introduction, method, result, evidence, essay 等词，加for, in, to, in or doing sth.等介词引导的短语，或带to不定式短语，表示方面，范围，类型等。例：Use of sulphamethizole in the treatment of urinary tract infection in the elderly 用磺胺甲噻二唑治疗老年泌尿道感染Biological Properties of the Human Colonic Adenocarcinoma Cell Lines SW620 结肠腺癌细胞系SW620 的生物特征4) 标题中分词短语的用法医学英语论文中分词短语一般作定语，大多放在被修饰词的后面，必要时与名词一起构成复合分词作定语。例：Analysis of Surface Protein of Mouse Lung Carcinoma Using Monolconal Antibiotics分析使用单克隆抗生素的鼠肺癌表面蛋白4) 副标题 （subtitle）副标题是对主标题的补充和说明，或突出论文某方面的内容。它通常放在正标题之后或之下，体现论文研究的范围或角度。（1） 突出病例数Original : A retrospective study of 176 consecutive cases of abdominal pain in the emergency room.Revised: Abdominal pain in the emergency room: Retrospective study of 176 consecutive cases（2） 突出研究重点和内容Original: The chest X-ray appearance and its clinical significance on aorto-arteritisRevised: Aorto-arteritis : Chest X-ray appearance and its clinical significance（3） 突出研究方法和性质Original: A follow-up study on diabetes after infectious hepatitisRevised: Diabetes after infectious hepatitis: A follow-up study（4） 突出治疗作用Prazodine: A new vasodilator used for treatment of hypertension（5） 提出疑问或选择Original: Is chronic abdominal pain a surgical or psychiatric symptom?Revised: Chronic abdominal pain: A surgical or psychiatric symptom?（6） 表示长篇连载论文各分篇的主题Physical and chemical studies of human blood serum : A study of 29 cases of nephritisPhysical and chemical studies of human blood serum: A study of miscellaneous disease conditions（7） 说明研究时间Original: One year clinical experience with endoscopic varicose sclerosisRevised: Endoscopic varicose sclerosis: One year clinical experienceC标题页 根据URMSBJ要求，论文标题及有关著录内容应单独双行打印，称为标题页（Title page），其内容包括：1. 标题 （the title of the article）； 2. 所有作者的姓名及其最高学位、所属单位（the name by which each author is known, with his or her highest academic degree(s) and institutional affiliation）； 常见的顺序：标题、作者姓名、学位和工作单位标题：Parathyroidectomy for Chronic Renal Failure作者： William C. Robert, MD, FRCP单位： Cardiovascular-pulmonary Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Cambridge在医学期刊中， 作者还可以将自己的姓名、地址、邮编、E-mail置于标题页下方的脚注中， 以便于联系。Correspondence to : Dr. Xu Qingbao, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China有的国外医学期刊，作者姓名之后附有学位，有的甚至几个学位：Peter C. Burger, MDRoger R. Dozois, MD, PHD还可附学衔、职称， 以及在国际上享有较高声誉的某学会会员的缩写词。Joseph L. Gerry, MD, FRCP, Professor of Cardioangiology 1). 工作单位的排列顺序： (1). Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas, U.S. A.(2). University of Chicago, Department of Surgery(3). Department of Medicine, division of digestive Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 北京大学医学院病理学教研室Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Beijing University, Beijing, China2).工作单位的编排位置(1) 英美a. Joel J.Roslyn MD（Joel J. Roslyn 医学博士）Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90024 (90024 加州洛杉矶市加里福尼亚大学外科)b. From the Department of Radiology Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114（2） 国内a. Zhang Qiuping, Deng Tao, Qu Xueju, et al.Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Chinab.中华医学杂志中文版：XIA Jiahui, He Yungui, ZENG Zhihong et al. Natinal Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Hunan Medical University, Changsha 410078, China英文版： National Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Hunan Medical University, Changsha 410078, China (Sia JH, He YG, Zeng Zh, et al.)c. 作者来自不同单位，将工作单位分别排在作者姓名之下：Zhang YongheLanzhou Institute of Biologic Products, Lanzhou (兰州生物制品研究所) d. 作者来自不同单位的另一表达方式：Wang Qinan1, Liu Jibai2, Liu Yuehan2, Chen Rongxin2, Qin Zhongda and Qu Zhenqi21Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Medical College2Sichuan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, School of Medicine, Sichuan University3. 研究工作的归属部门或单位名称（the name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed）； 4. 弃权者（若有）（disclaimers, if any）； 5. 负责通讯和校稿作者的姓名能够和详细地址（the name and address of the author responsible for correspondence and proof about the manuscript）； 6. 申请副本联系人姓名和地址（the name and address of the author to whom requests for reprints should be addressed）； 7. 资助、设备、药品来源（sources of support in the form of grants, equipment, drugs, or all of these）； 8. 不超过40个字母（包括间隔）的页眉标题（a short running head of no more than 40 letters and spaces at the foot of the title page）；页眉标题： angina pectoris 原标题Unstable angina pectoris: Clinical, angiographic and myocardial scintigraphic observations 对不稳定心绞痛的临床，血管造影和心肌闪烁法观察Ethnic diversity in China 原标题 Combining genetics and population history in the study of ethnic diversity in the Peoples Republic of ChinaIII. Exercise 修改以下标题（1）视网膜小血管变化是冠状动脉疾病的一个指标 Retinal arteriolar changes are an indicator of coronary artery disease （2) 用大剂量氨甲喋呤治疗急性淋巴细胞白血病的初步体会 Preliminary experience in using high dose of methotrexate to treat ALL （3) 关于饮食中钾含量与血压关系的研究 A research of the relationship between the content of potassium in diet and blood pressure 副标题（subtitle）处理（4)病例数时，如：对急症室连续170例腹痛病例的回顾性研究 A retrospective study on 170 consecutive cases of abdominal pain in the emergency room （5)：用磁共振成象术对正常怀孕期间垂体增大进行活体内研究 Use MRI to conduct an in vivo study on the enlargement of the pituitary gland during normal pregnancy （6)军队卫生防疫工作中出现的问题、原因与对策的初探 A preliminary study on the problems, causes and countermeasures in health and epidemic prevention work of CPLA （7)一例系统性红斑狼疮出现胰腺炎病例报告及文献综述 A case report of SLE appearing pancreatitis and review of literatures （8)听诊器是潜在的医院感染源吗？ Is stethoscope a potential source of nosocomial infection? III. Exercise 修改后标题（1）视网膜小血管变化是冠状动脉疾病的一个指标 Original: Retinal arteriolar changes are an indicator of coronary artery disease 问题：标题中应尽量避免使用活用动词 (active verb), 即谓语动词，一般采用名词短语型结构。 Revised: Retinal arteriolar changes as an indicator of coronary artery disease （2) 用大剂量氨甲喋呤治疗急性淋巴细胞白血病的初步体会 Original: Preliminary experience in using high dose of methotrexate to treat ALL 问题：1) 应尽量避免使用初步体会，初步研究，初步经验之类没有实际意义的词; 2) 除了像AIDS, DNA等已通用的缩略语外，标题中应尽量避免使用缩略语，如ALL应写全称；3）尽量避免使用动词 Revised: High dose methotrexate therapy in acute lymphocytic leukemia 或：Use of high dose methotrexate in (the) treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia （3) 关于饮食中钾含量与血压关系的研究 Original: A research of the relationship between the content of potassium in diet and blood pressure 问题：（1）具体的研究一般用study表述 (research一般作不可数名词处理，如much research has been done on)；标题中如果研究一词前没有限定词，一般都省略，比较：A prospective clinical study of isoniazid-refampicin-pyrazinamide-induced liver injury in an area endemic for hepatitis；（2）表述过于繁琐 Revised: Dietary potassium and blood pressure 为了满足标题写作的上述，有时对较长标题可采用副标题（subtitle）处理，如出现： （4)病例数时，如：对急症室连续170例腹痛病例的回顾性研究 Original: A retrospective study on 170 consecutive cases of abdominal pain in the emergency room 问题：关键词不突出 Revised: Abdominal pain in the emergency room: Retrospective study of 170 consecutive cases （5) 研究性质/方法时，如：用磁共振成象术对正常怀孕期间垂体增大进行活体内研究 Original: Use MRI to conduct an in vivo study on the enlargement of the pituitary gland during normal pregnancy 问题：1）关键词不突出；2）过多使用了动词 Revised: Pituitary gland growth during normal pregnancy: An in vivo study using magnetic resonance imaging （6) 并列结构时，如：军队卫生防疫工作中出现的问题、原因与对策的初探 Original: A preliminary study on the problems, causes and countermeasures in health and epidemic prevention work of CPLA 问题：（1）初探是多余的；（2）外国人知道CPLA吗？（3）主题不够突出 Revised: Military health and epidemic prevention: Problems, causes and countermeasures （7) 解释性用词时，如：一例系统性红斑狼疮出现胰腺炎病例报告及文献综述 Original: A case report of SLE appearing pancreatitis and review of literatures 问题：1）appear为不及物动词，不能跟宾语；2)SLE应使用全称; 3)关键词不够突出；4）literature一般为不可数名词 Revised: Pancreatitis in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): A case report and review of the literature （8) 提问或选择时，如：听诊器是潜在的医院感染源吗？ Original: Is stethoscope a potential source of nosocomial infection? Revised: Stethoscope: a potential source of nosocomial infection?
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