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APACHE II评分说明有关名称APACHE的英文全称为Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation,中文译为急性生理与慢性健康评分。有个别文献也将APACHE的全文写为Acute Physiology, Age and Chronic Health Evaluation,尽管出处不详。内容APACHE II评分包括三部分,即急性生理评分、年龄评分及慢性健康评分。急性生理评分(Acute physiology score, APS)基本原则oAPS包括12项生理指标,应当选择入ICU最初24小时内的最差值o对于大多数生理指标而言,入ICU最初24小时内的最差值指最高值或最低值o同时记录各个指标在最初24小时内的最高值和最低值,并根据附表分别进行评分,应当选择较高的分值具体说明o体温:原文指肛温,国内ICU多采用腋温。不建议将腋温加0.3或0.5度进行评分,因为这样会进一步增加误差(核心体温与腋温的差值并不固定,受到病情的影响)。o平均动脉压:如果护理记录中没有记录平均动脉压,则应当根据记录的收缩压和舒张压进行计算。收缩压高时平均动脉压不一定高,反之亦然。o心率:根据心室率评分o呼吸频率:按照实际呼吸频率评分(无论是否使用机械通气)o氧合:FiO2不同时使用不同的指标评价氧合。采用鼻导管或面罩吸氧时需要估测FiO2。此时可采用经验公式(FiO2= O2流量x 4 + 21,仅适用于鼻导管且氧流量 6 lpm时),或见下表。如FiO2 0.5,根据PaO2进行评分,此时估测FiO2的准确性不会影响评分结果如FiO20.5,根据A-aDO2进行评分,此时估测FiO2将影响计算值以及氧合评分结果(FiO2受到面罩密闭性及面罩种类的影响因而不确定,但建议科室应当确定经验性数值以确保不同评分者的一致性。例如,规定使用储氧面罩时FiO2定为0.80)A-aDO2= FiO2x (PB-PH2O) PaCO2/RQ = FiO2x (760 74) PaCO2/0.8 = 713 x FiO2 PaCO2/0.8其中:A-aDO2:肺泡动脉氧分压差,FiO2:吸入氧浓度,PB:大气压,PH2O:水蒸气压,RQ:呼吸熵鼻导管面罩氧流量(lpm)123456815重复吸入FiO20.230.250.270.300.350.400.450.500.70注:使用鼻导管时氧流量应 6 lpm。o动脉血pH:同时记录最高值和最低值后分别评分,并取分值高者o血钠:同时记录最高值和最低值后分别评分,并取分值高者o血钾:同时记录最高值和最低值后分别评分,并取分值高者o血肌酐:同时记录最高值和最低值后分别评分,并取分值高者注意肌酐过低也有分(SCr 0.6 mg/dL或53 mol/L时为2分)急性肾功能衰竭时,应根据肌酐先行评分后将分值x 2,而非将肌酐数值x 2后再进行评分急性肾功能衰竭的定义为:每日尿量 1.5 mg/dL或132.6 mol/L,且未接受长期透析(腹膜透析或血液透析)o血球压积:同时记录最高值和最低值后分别评分,并取分值高者o白细胞计数:同时记录最高值和最低值后分别评分,并取分值高者o格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS)使用镇静和(或)肌松药物时应遵循best guess的原则进行判断评分,即根据临床表现及药物使用情况,估计在没有药物影响时的GCS。(这当然并不容易,且容易导致不同评分者之间的差异,但没有更好的解决方法。)两侧肢体活动不对称时,应根据病情较轻侧的情况进行评分。有人工气道的患者进行语言评分时应采用5-3-1评分(见下表)。应计算15 GCS的结果后与其他急性生理评分相加最佳语言反应插管患者“语言”最佳运动反应最佳睁眼5定向力好5定向力好6遵嘱活动4自主4言语错乱3介于两者之间5疼痛定位3命令3只能说出单词1无反应4屈曲:收回2疼痛2只能发音气管插管或气管切开患者语言评分应使用此列3屈曲:去皮层1无反应1无反应2伸展1无反应o血HCO3:当没有血气结果时使用此项(不建议不查血气,因为这将没有氧合及pH两项评分结果)急性生理评分应为各项评分的总和如有缺项,应视为正常,即评0分年龄评分年龄(岁)4445 5455 6465 7475分值02356慢性健康评分入院前须满足慢性器官功能不全或免疫功能抑制状态的诊断相关诊断标准见下表符合慢性器官功能不全或免疫功能抑制的患者才有慢性健康评分o择期手术后入ICU,为2分o急诊手术或非手术后入ICU,为5分若不符合慢性器官功能不全或免疫功能抑制的诊断,无论入院情况如何,均没有慢性健康评分(即慢性健康评分为0)肝脏活检证实的肝硬化及明确的门脉高压;既往因门脉高压引起的上消化道出血;或既往发生肝功能衰竭/肝性脑病/肝昏迷心血管纽约心脏病协会心功能IV级呼吸慢性阻塞性、梗阻性或血管性肺疾病导致活动重度受限,即不能上楼或不能做家务;或明确的慢性低氧、CO2潴留、继发性真红细胞增多症、重度肺动脉高压( 40 mmHg)或呼吸肌依赖肾脏接受长期透析治疗免疫功能抑制应用治疗影响感染的抵抗力,如免疫功能抑制治疗,化疗,放疗,长期或近期使用大剂量激素,或罹患疾病影响感染的抵抗力,如白血病、淋巴瘤和AIDS最终APACHE II评分=急性生理评分+年龄评分+慢性健康评分APACHE II评分的理论最高值为71分预期病死率的计算计算APACHE II评分判断是否为急诊手术o急诊手术定义为由计划手术开始24小时内进行的手术确定入ICU的诊断分类系数(或权重)o见附录中相应表格o根据患者入ICU的主要原因而非基础疾病确定系数。例如,择期消化道肿瘤切除手术患者因有慢性肾衰病史,术后返回ICU。此时,诊断分类系数应选择手术栏目中的admission due to chronic cardiovascular disease (-1.376),而非GI surgery for neoplasm (-0.248)。o如列举项目均与患者情况不符合,应根据导致患者入ICU的主要罹患器官或系统确定系数(在表格的下部)。例如,患者因急性肾功能衰竭导致的高钾血症入ICU,应选择表格左半部分下方的Metabolic/renal (-0.885)。根据以下公式计算预期病死率o病死率指住院病死率而非ICU病死率ln(R/1-R) = -3.517 + (APACHE II评分x 0.146) + (0.603,若为急诊手术) + (诊断分类系数)其中,R为预期病死率The APACHE II Severity of Disease Classification SystemPhysiologicVariable+4+3+2+10ScoreTemperature rectal (C)4129.939 40.930 31.932 33.938.5 38.934 35.936 38.4MAP mmHg16049130 159110 12950 6970 109HR (ventricular response)18039140 17940 54110 13955 6970 109RR (non-ventilated or ventilated)50535 496 925 3410 1112 24Oxygenation: A-aDO2or PaO2(mmHg):a. FiO20.5: A-aDO2500350 499200 349 200b. FiO2 0.5: PaO2 70Arterial pH7.7 7.157.6 7.697.15 7.247.25 7.327.5 7.597.33 7.49Serum Na (mmol/L)180110160 179111 119155 159120 129150 154130 149Serum K (mmol/L)7 2.56 6.92.5 2.95.5 5.93 3.43.5 5.4Serum Cr (mg/dL) (double point score for ARF)3.52 3.41.5 1.9 0.60.6 1.4Hct (%)60 2050 59.920 29.946 49.930 45.9WCC (x 109/L)40 120 39.91 2.915 19.93 14.9GCS (Score = 15 actual GCS)AAcute physiology score (APS)Serum HCO3(venous, mmol/L) (not preferred, use if no ABGs)52 40 mmHg), or respiratory dependencyRenalreceiving chronic dialysisImmunocompromisedThe patient has received therapy that suppresses resistance to infection, e.g., immunosuppression, chemotherapy, radiation, long-term or recent high doses steroids, or has a disease that is sufficiently advanced to suppress resistance to infection, e.g., leukemia, lymphoma, AIDSAPACHE II ScoreAAPS pointsBAge pointsCChronic health pointsTotal APACHE II score =A+B+C=Emergency surgery:cYescNoDiagnostic category weight:Probability of Death:Principal Diagnostic Categories Leading to ICU AdmissionNonoperative patientsPostoperative patientsRespiratory failure or insufficiency from:Multiple trauma-1.684Asthma/allergy-2.108Admission due to chronic cardiovascular dis.-1.376COPD-0.367Peripheral vascular surgery-1.315Pulmonary edema (noncardiogenic)-0.251Heart valve surgery-1.261Postrespiratory arrest-0.168Craniotomy for neoplasm-1.245Aspiration/poisoning/toxic-0.142Renal surgery for neoplasm-1.204Pulmonary embolus-0.128Renal transplant-1.042Infection0Head trauma-0.955Neoplasm0.891Thoracic surgery for neoplasm-0.802Cardiovascular failure or insufficiency from:Craniotomy for ICH/SDH/SAH-0.788Hypertension-1.798Laminectomy and other spinal cord surgery-0.699Rhythm disturbance-1.368Hemorrhagic shock-0.682Congestive heart failure-0.434GI bleeding-0.617Hemorrhagic shock/hypovolemia0.493GI surgery for neoplasm-0.248Coronary artery disease-0.191Respiratory insufficiency after surgery-0.140Sepsis0.113GI perforation/obstruction0.060Postcardiac arrest0.393Cardiogenic shock-0.259Dissecting thoracic/abdominal aneurysm0.731Trauma:For postoperative patients admitted to the ICU for sepsis or postarrest, use the corresponding weights for nonoperative patients.Multiple trauma-1.228Head trauma-0.517Neurologic:Seizure disorder-0.584ICH/SDH/SAH0.723Other:Drug overdose-3.353Diabetic ketoacidosis01.597GI bleeding0.334If not in one of the specific groups above, then which major vital organ system was the principal reason for admission?If not in one of the above, which major vital organ system led to ICU admission postsurgery?Metabolic/renal-0.885Neurologic-1.150Respiratory-0.890Cardiovascular-0.797Neurologic-0.759Respiratory-0.610Cardiovascular0.470Gastrointestinal-0.613Gastrointestinal0.501Metabolic/renal-0.196To compute predicted death rates for groups of acutely ill patients, for each individual compute the risk (R) of hospital death with the following equation; then sum the individual risks and divide by the total number of patients.ln(R/1-R) = -3.517 + (APACHE II score x 0.146) + (0.603, only if postemergency surgery) + (Diagnostic category weight)
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