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Unit1A因此，可以将计算机定义为一种高速运行的电子设备，该设备以称为程序的指令和称为数据的字符形式接收信息，并对信息进行算术和/或逻辑运算，继而提供运算结果。For this reason,computers can be defined as very-high-speed electronic device which accept information in the form of instructions called a program and characters called data,perform mathematical and/or logical operations on the information,and then supply results of these operations.计算机解决问题只需用人工所需时间的一小部分时间。It can find the solution to a problem in a fraction of the time it takes a human being to da the job.对计算机发出指令的程序或部分程序，以及为其提供解决问题所需信息的数据均存储在计算机存储器内。The program,or part of it,which tells the computers what to do and the data,which provide the information needed to solve the problem,are kept inside the computer in place called memory.计算机能够代替人类做单调、常规的工作，但没有独创性；计算机可以根据指令工作，但不能做任何价值判断。A computer can replace people in dull,routine tasks,but it has no originality;it works according to the instructions given to it and cannot exercise any value judgments.如果操作者不给予指示，也不提供适当信息，计算机就什么也做不了；但由于电脉冲能以光速运行，因此计算机几乎瞬间便能处理大量算术逻辑运算。A computer cannot do anything unless a person tells it what to do and gives it the appropriate information;but because electric pulses can move at the speed of light,a computer can carry out vast numbers of arithmetic-logical operations almost instantaneously.B超级计算机利用并行处理获得处理能力；解决某一个问题时，超级计算机可以同时使用多个中央处理器。Supercomputers get their processing power by taking advantage of parallel processing they use lots of CPUs at the same time on one problem.其本身并不是一项繁重的任务，但计算机必须为很多人搜索大量网页，并把网页发送到正确地址，这对服务器来说就成了一项繁重的工作。In itself its not a big task,but it becomes a job for a server when the computers have to go and find lots of pages for a lot of people and send them to the right place.工作站计算机是高端、昂贵的多台计算机，用于运行更复杂的程序，一次仅供一人使用。Workstations are high-end,expensive computers that are made for more complex procedures and are intended for one user at a time.到20世纪70年代早期，学术机构或研究所的人们有机会更长时间单独使用互动模式计算机系统，但这些系统对个人而言仍然过于昂贵，负担不起。By the early 1970s,people in academic or research institutions had the opportunity for single-person use of a computer system in interactive mode for extended durations,although these systems would still have been too expensive to be owned by a single individual.微处理器是一个单个芯片，包含曾经占据巨大机壳的所有电路系统，微处理器的推广导致1975年前后个人计算机迅速增多。The introduction of the microprocessor,a single chip with all the circuitry that formerly occupide large cabinets,led to the proliferation of personal computers after about 1975.6.20世纪70、80年代以来，生产出家用计算机以供家庭使用，提供一些个人生产力、程序和游戏，而更大、更昂贵的系统（尽管与小型计算机和大型计算机相比仍然价格低廉）主要针对办公室和小型企业使用。Throughout the 1970s and 1980s,home computers were developed for household use,offering some personal productivity,programming and games,while somewhat larger and more expensive systems(although still low-cost compared with minicomputers and mainframes) were aimed for office and small business use.C将来，当人们匆匆忙忙赶去上班时，日常事务将由个人机器人管家监管，放错地方的车钥匙将被定位，只需向手机输入“钥匙”一词，即可得到回复“卧室”。In the future rush to get to work,the days tasks will be checked using a personal robotic butler,the misplaced car keys will be located by entering the word “keys” into a cellphone and getting a call back saying “bedroom”.下一个浪潮中，计算机将非常小，以至于看起来根本不像计算机这种计算机从台式机中解放出来，全方位渗透我们的生活，从电话、家用电器到我们所穿的衣物。This next wave involves computers so small they hardly seem like computers at all-liberated from the desktop and pervading every facet of our lives,from phones to household appliances o the very clothes that we wear.这些国际专家通过研讨会、研究班、研究论文、展览及产品展示等形式，勾勒了一副未来前景图，大胆想象各种吸引人的小装置、小发明，同时关注伴随着如此迅速的技术进步而来的挑战。In seminars,tutorials,research papers,displays,and product demonstrations,these international experts outlined a vision of the future that combined the gee-whiz allure of gadgetry and gizmos with a hint of the challenges that accompany such rapid technological advancement.随着我们加入这不断扩张、越来越隐形的网络，技术可以达到为个人需求量体裁衣的前景，但可能要以个人隐私为代价。The illusion of the technology being tailored to the individual may come at the expense of personal privacy as we join this ever-expanding and increasingly invisible network.他解释道，如果人们对此感兴趣，可以用手机把广告图片拍下来，带到商店去，拍下来的图片可当作购买所广告商品的优惠券使用。If the person is interested,he explains,they can take a picture of the ad using their camera phone,take it to the store,and use it as a coupon for the product being advertised.D万维网是一种网络的超文本协议和用户界面。像Gopher一样，万维网提供对多种服务和多个文档的访问，但其方法更宏大。通过鼠标点击网页上的词、图像或图表的链接，可以跳转至其他因特网服务。WWW is a networked hypertext protocol and user interface.It provides access to multiple services and documents like Gopher does but is more ambitious in its method.A jump to other Internet service can be triggered by a mouse click on a “hot-linked” word,image,or icon on the Web page.Unit2A现代化学工程不仅生产制造实用材料，也积极探索有价值的新型材料及新技术，如燃料电池，纳米技术和生物医学工程技术。In addition to producing useful materials,modern chemical engineering is also concerned with pioneering valuable new materials and techniques,such as nanotechnology,fuel cells and biomedical engineering,化学工程主要包含设计、改进以及维护大规模生产中的化学、生物转变过程。Chemical engineering largely involves the design,improvement and maintenance of processes involving chemical or biological transformations for large-scale manufacture.严格意义上的化学工业指生产制造有机、无机工业化学制品，陶瓷制品，燃料，石化产品，农业药品（如化肥，杀虫剂，除草剂），塑料制品，人造橡胶，油脂化学品，洗涤剂，洗涤产品（如肥皂，香波，清洁液），香精香料，添加剂，保健品以及药剂。The chemical industry proper manufactures inorganic and organic industrial chemicals,ceramics,fuels and petrochemicals,agrochemicals(fertilizers,insecticides,herbicides),plastics and elastomers,oleochemicals,explosives,detergents and detergent products(soap,shampoo,cleaning fluids),fragrances and flavors,additives,dietary supplements and pharmaceuticals.B生物学，医学，冶金以及发电等领域都因原子分裂，同位素分离而发生了革命性的变化。Biology,medicine,metallurgy,and power generation have all been revolutionized by our ability to split the atom and isolate isotopes.这类化工单元操作包含热交换器，过滤器和化学反应器等的单元操作。Such operations might consist of heat exchangers,filters,chemical reactors and the like.化学工程师促进了催化裂化工艺工程的发展，把原油中复杂的有机分子分解为更为简单的类型。Chemical engineers have helped develop processes like catalytic cracking to break down the complex organic molecules found in crude oil into much simpler species.化工单元操作按照化学合成和/或化学分离而分成不同类型。Unit operations are grouped together in various configurations for the purpose of chemical synthesis and/or chemical separation.化学工程学主要遵循三个物理定律：物质守恒定律，动量守恒定律以及能量守恒定律。Three primary physical laws underlying chemical engineering design are conservation of mass,conservation of momentum and conservation of energy.（上述几句中划线词组皆为化工术语，翻译时要注意有关方面的专业只是，也要考虑约定俗成的因素。具体翻译技巧详见本章Guided Translation）C除了铁，碳，铬元素之外，现代不锈钢也包含其他一些元素如，镍，铌，钼和钛等。而镍，钼，铌，铬这些元素增强了不锈钢的抗蚀性。In addition to iron,carbon,and chromium,modern stainless steel may also contain other elements,such as nickel,niobium,molybdenum,and titanium.Nickel,molybdenum,niobium,and chromium enhance the corrosion resistance of stainless steel.从本质上来看，钝化反应就是除去钢表层的游离铁。Essentially,passivation is the removal of free iron from the surface of the steel.虽然钝化反应对钝化层的厚度及效度没影响，但能使金属表面干净光洁，便于人们对其做其他处理，如电镀或油漆。While passivation does not affect the thickness or effectiveness of the passive layer,it is useful in producing a clean surface for a further treatment,such as plating or painting.在低氧环境中，海水盐分中的氯化物会快速腐蚀钝化膜，使之难以修复。In seawater,chlorides from the salt will attack and destroy the passive film more quickly than it can be repaired in a low oxygen environment.大多研究表明，物体表面颗粒腐蚀的减小并不会降低孔蚀的可能性。Most research indicates that diminishing surface particle corrosion does not reduce susceptibility to pitting corrosionUnit3A然而，在一月份举办的年度底特律北美国际汽车展上，插入式电动汽车大量涌现。德国宝马汽车公司（BMW）展示了其即将上市的i3电动城市轿车与i8插入式混合动力跑车。Yet at Detroits annual North American International Auto Show in January,plug-in cars abounded.BMW displayed its forthcoming i3 electric city car,along with its i8 plug-in hybrid sports car.展示台上最为重要的车型或许属于福特的新福星混合动力车。该车表面上看似平淡无奇，却融合燃油、混合、插入式混合等三种版本。But the most important car on the show floor might have been one that,on the surface,seemed much less exciting:the new Ford Fusion,which will be available in gasoline,hybrid and plug-in hybrid versions.不断攀升的油价以及环境方面的担忧使得政府部门实施更加严格的排放标准，并且推动汽车制造商去生产可以满足标准的汽车。Then,rising oil prices and environmental concerns led governments to enact stricter emissions standards and push carmakers to build cars that could meet those standards.选择电动车将变得如同选择优质车载音响系统一样的简单，而且这种选择并不一定要表明某种生活方式。Picking a power train could eventually become ad simple as opting for the premium sound-system package.And making that choice wont have to be a lifestyle statement.首先是高调推出，然后是媒体铺天盖地的报道，现在该到了插入式电动车慢慢转入正轨甚至说是司空见惯的时机，也可以说到了普通大众都完全认可的程度。First came the high-profile launches and the saturation media coverage.Now its time for plug-in cars to slowly become normal,even boring-or,to put it another way,accepted.B美国开始寻求能新的替代能源，如太阳能、风能和地热能。The U.S.began to look at alternative sources of energy,like solar,wind and geothermal.莫罗建议政府在未来的27年间投资3000亿美元用于研究、开发与利用太阳能系统-从装有太阳能板的卫星可以使用微波将能量送回地球，到家用热水器，再到太阳能板各种领域。Morrow recommended that the country spend $300 billion over 27 years researching,developing,and implementing solar-energy systems-from solar-panel-equipped satellites that would use microwaves to beam energy back to Earth,to household water heaters,to fields of solar panels.但是，如果希望进展很快，将需要大笔的资本投资。But if these rapid advances are to occur,large capital investments will also be required.各种类型的太阳能系统耗资预计如下。The cost of the various types of solar energy systems can be projected as follows.将太阳能的研究和开发、生产设施以及系统本身所需费用全部合计将使得太阳能投资数额在未来的27年达到3000亿美元。Combining the cost of research and development,production facilities,and the systems themselves gives a total solar-energy investment of about $300 billion in the next 27 years.C如果这个想法可行，它将使发电站的气温提高到540度，这也是蒸汽轮机能够承受的最高温度。If the idea proves viable,it will boost the plantssteam temperature up to 540-the maximum temperature that steam turbines can take.该设计致命弱点在于合成油流经集热管并把收集的热量传向发电站的集中式发电机组，温度一旦超过390度，合成油就无法工作，因为该温度将超过电厂设计温度。The designs Achillesheel is the synthetic oil that flows through the tubes and conveys captured heat to the plantscentralized generators:the synthetic oil breaks down above 390,capping the plantsdesign temperature.德国工程行业巨头（西门子公司）实际上在推动熔融盐技术用于太阳能集热管方面将成为领头的第二大公司。The German engineering giant will actually be the second player to try to push molten salts through solar collector tubes.它们的太阳能集热管热运用稳定的金属陶瓷涂层，最大化获得热吸收，同时也使用钛稳定钢管来防止高温时产生弯曲。Their collector tubes use a heat-stable metallo ceramic coating to maximize heat absorption,as well as thicker titanium-stabilized steel pipe to resist bending at high temperatures.自从2009以来，西门子公司已占阿基米德太阳能厂的45%的股份，但它仍旧保持中试规模，目的是在建立针对全球客户的大规模发电厂之前进一步优化熔融盐概念。Since 2009,Siemens has amassed a 45 percent stake in Aechimede,but it has opted to go back to pilot-scale optimize the molten-salt concept before offering commercial-scale plants to global clients.D低温方面的挑战缘自熔融盐的凝固温度很高。热量存储系统中以及意大利国家电力公司示范电厂所使用的熔融硝酸钾和硝酸钠混合液在温度低于摄氏220度时便会凝固。在集中式热量存储罐中凝固现象很容易预防，但在长达千米的太阳能集热管中却会形成严峻的威胁。为了防止凝固现象带来的威胁，意大利国家电力公司示范电厂为了维持集热管中的熔融盐温度高于摄氏290 度，需用到相当多的热量，而这些本可以用来发电。Mrau说西门子公司正在研发一种具有150度或更低凝固温度的盐配方，这意味着为防止集热管凝固所需的热量将大大减少。The low-end challenge stems from molten salts high freezing point.The mixture of molten potassium and sodium nitrate used in heat storage systems and in Enels demo plant freezes when it cools below 220.Freezing is easy to prevent in centralized energy storage tanks,but presents a serious risk in kilometer-long stretches of collector tube.TO counter the freezing threat,Enels plant maintains the salt in its tubes above 290,using considerable heat that could otherwise be used to generate power.Mrau says Siemens is looking for a salt formulation with a 150 or lower freezing point,which would mean theyd have to use much less heat to prevent the tubes from freezing.Unit4A所有用于建筑结构的材料，比如石头、砖块、木头、钢材、铝材、钢筋混泥土、塑料等材料，在一定的荷载范围内都具有弹性。塑料材料已广泛用于建筑配件部分，如排水管道、面板、装饰天花板等。Plastics have been widely used for a variety of accessory roles in buildings including drainpipes,panels and decorative ceilings.建筑材料按照材料的使用功能可分成三大类。Building materials may be classified into three groups,according to the purposes they are used for.结构材料是指用于支撑建筑、使建筑牢固站立、构建建筑外围的墙和屋顶并拆分内部房间的材料。Structural materials are those that hold the building up,keep it rigid,form its outer covering of walls and roof,and divide its interior into rooms.沥青纤维管道很容易连接，有着与石质管道一样的强度，但耐腐蚀性液体或高温液体的能力不是很强。Pitch fiber is an easily joined pipe and it is as strong as stoneware pipes,but it is not so resistant to all corrosive or hot liquids.B施工工程是土木工程的一项专业化分支，它涉及高速公路、建筑、水坝、机场、公用管线等项目的规划、实施以及施工控制。Construction engineering is a specialized branch of civil engineering with the planning, execution, and control of construction operations for such projects as highways,buildings,dams,airports,and utility lines.一旦发现实际工程造价超过了预计的工程造价，就需要进行分析查找原因。When the comparison of actual and estimated unit costs indicates an overrun,an analysis is made to pinpoint the cause.在大型工程项目中，设计和准备临时性设施图纸非常必要。这些设施通常包括排水结构、通道、办公室、材料储存建筑、模板建筑、围堰等。On most large projects it is necessary to design and prepare construction drawings for temporary construction facilities,such as drainage structures,access roads,office and storage buildings,formwork,and cofferdams.施工的实施要求对所有的图纸、放线、现场材料的准备等进行及时的协调，目的是保证工程不被延误。Execution requires the timely mobilization of all drawings,layouts,and materials on the job to prevent delays to the work.一些材料，如结构钢材、机械设备需要供应商部分或完全装配好。对于这些装配材料，工程师须提供与检查装配图纸的准确性以及组合情况，而且还必须监测供应商的整个装配过程。Some materials,such as structural steel and mechanical equipment,require partial or complete fabrication by a supplier.For these fabricated materials the engineer must prepare or check all fabrication drawings for accuracy and case of assembly and often inspect the suppliers fabrication.C建筑的结构包括墙体、支柱、横梁、构架以及拱门的各种组合与形式。The structure of all buildings is made up of various combinations and forms of walls,columns,beams,trusses,arches,etc.如果除了挡风隔雨等作用外，墙壁还承受一部分静荷载、动荷载和其他荷载，这种建筑物就叫承重墙结构。If the walls carry their share of the dead,live and other loads,in addition to keeping out the weather,etc,the building is called the wall bearing construction.当地基固定好后，结构框架与地面楼板有时可以按一天一层的速度建造。Sometimes the structural frame and floor slabs can be constructed at the rate of a storey a day after foundations are in place.对于五至六层的建筑可以使用外承重墙结构；建筑高度一旦更高，则需要使用框架结构For buildings five or six storeys high,exterior bearing walls may be used,but above that height,skeleton construction is usually adopted.在各种结构中，支柱的使用越来越少，且越来越大，目的是减少压曲效应，从而增加支柱的有效长度。In all these structures,the columns are made fewer and larger so as to reduce the buckling effects on them and to increase their effective length.D运行容量的分析与评估。任何交通设施的运行都取决于司机、车辆与道路间的互动协作。现在，我们已有很完善的程序来评估不同层次的司机素质流、不同规格的道路情况下可通行的车辆数。这些程序可用于辅助设施的设计、规划及对现有运行情况的评估。Capacity analysis and evaluation.The operation of every traffic facility is governed by interactions among drivers and their vehicles,and between the drivers,the vehicles,and the roadway.There are well-established procedures to estimate how many vehicles are able to be carried at various levels of driver quality flow,for specified roadway conditions.These procedures may be used to aid in facility design,for planning purposes, or for evaluation of existing operations.Unit5A过去一年，电信将因LTE的出现和对IMS全行业的支持而被铭记。This past year in telecommunications will be remembered for,among other things,the dawn of LTE and industry-wide support for IMS.原因在于并非所有数据服务在使用模式、流量和用户信息方面都是平等的，因此需要不同的定价及网速策略。The reason is that not all data services are equal in terms of usage patterns,traffic and subscriber profiles,so different pricing and speed strategies will be required.运营商将更优先考虑用户体验，超越带宽管理，为用户提供更适合其愿望的应用及服务。Operators will place a higher priority on the subscriber experience by moving beyond bandwidth management to providing users with an experience that is better tuned to the applications and services they desire.例如，观看体育赛事视频，这意味着位置信息将被用以使用户体验“本地化”，同时可以为用户提供有针对性的体育广告，使商家与用户更近。For example,in the case of a sporting events video application,this means that location information can be pulled to “localize” the experience,as well as potentially provide users with targeted sports advertising for retailers close to the subscriber.但问题在于细节，很难如果不是不可能的话覆盖规则的所有方面，使所有困惑都可以无需解释便得以解决。However,the devil is in the details,and it is extremely difficult-if not impossible-to cover all aspects of the regulations such that all vonfusion is eliminated with no room for interpretationB电话会议所用的计算机具备多媒体功能、高速因特网连接以及允许电话会议的账户。Computers involved in teleconferencing have multimedia capabilities,high-speed Internet-connectivity and an account that allows for teleconferencing.对于那些在不同国家或不同时区的人们来说，电视会议是进行商务交流的理想途径。Video conferencing is ideal for business communication when different persons may need to be reached across the country or across different time zones.计算机还被用来管理移动设备账户，这种账户用以记录通话时间及服务类型。Computers are also used to manage mobile device accounts that maintain the amount of minutes and types of services available.人们使用计算机来创建、发送和接收世界范围内通过电话、无线和电缆线路来传输的文件。Computers are used to create,send and receive files transmitted across telephone,wireless and cable lines worldwide.借助于计算机，视频内容可以根据要求来创建，世界范围内的用户可以看到该视频的直播。With computers,content an be created on demand and viewed live by users around the world.C信号本质上是一束调制微波，在这一过程中，信号被发送至卫星。In this process,the signal which is basically a beam of modulated microwaves is sent towards the satellite.主动卫星需要使用天线系统、发射器、电源及接收器。In active satellites an antenna system, which consists of a transmitter,power supply and a receiver,is used.只有当卫星的位置相对于地球的位置固定时，微波通信才有可能。Microwave communication is possible only if the position of satellite becomes stationary with respect to the position of earth.卫星旋转的时间必须与地球绕轴自转的时间相一致，即24小时。The time period of satellites revolution must be same to the time eriod of the rotation of earth along its polar axis,which is equal to 24 hours.地球赤道面必须与卫星旋转的轨道面共面。The equatorial plane of earth must be cop;anar with the orbital plane of the satellites revolution.D下载速度高达100兆/秒，上传速度高达50兆/秒。如果你考虑过去的3G，其速度不会超过21兆/秒。这就意味着4G用户可以确保他们的速度是3G的5倍。因特网最常用来传输可视数据，而可视数据比其他文件格式相对更大。但4G的主要焦点正是在这方面。Up to 100 mb/sec for downloading and 50 mb/sec for uploading.If you think of the past 3G,you cant cross 21 mb/sec.That means those who are in 4G can make sure that they are 5 times ahead than 3G.The Internet is mostly used for visual data transfer and it is comparatively bigger than other format size.But 4Gs main focus is on this section.Unit6A在这看似不太可能的转向背后，是新一代电子控制的高压燃油喷射系统，加上新的共轨技术。Behind this unlikely turn of events is a new generation of electronically controlled,high pressure fuel-injection systems combined with new “common-rail” technology.纯电动汽车已被视作巨大的失败，因此混合动力电动汽车将成为减少污染、符合限制汽车排放法律的权宜之计。混合动力电动汽车长途时使用内燃机，短途时使用电动机。Battery electric vehicles have been dismissed as a colossal flop,so hybrid-electric vehicles,which use an internal-combustion engine for long journeys and an electric motor in town,will be a stop-gap to cut pollution and comply with laws limiting vehicle emissions.这种能够以从传统碳氢燃料中提取出来的氢为燃料的汽车，有望最终取代汽油和柴油汽车。Eventually these vehicles,which will be able to run on hydrogen extracted from conventional hydrocarbon fuel,are expected to displace petrol and diesel vehicles.与此同时，在混合动力和燃料电池汽车实现之前，传统观点认为越来越改良的汽油发动机将占据主导地位，更好的催化剂将清理废气排放；更精确的燃料喷射将使发动机更干净、更经济。In the meantime,before hybrid and fuel-cell vehicles materialize,the conventional wisdom had been that ever-more refined petrol engines would dominate,better catalysts would clean up exhaust emissions;more precise fuel injection would make engines cleaner and more economical.共轨系统有一个持续运行的高压泵，以高达1400倍大气压的压力把燃料喷射到环绕发动机顶部（因此得名共轨）的管道中。It has a continuously running high-pressure pump that sends fuel into a pipeline running along the top of the engine (hence the term common-rail) at up to 1,400 times atmospheric pressure.B内燃机最普遍：它通过燃烧发动机气缸内的液体燃料获得能量。The internal combustion engine
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