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新托福基础写作讲义Course Design:Part 1 About Grammar Part 2 About VocabularyPart 3 About Expressions Part 1 About Grammar 1 Basic Sentence Structure/Gerunds/InfinitivesCheck-UpA.Mark the subject, verb, object, and complement in each sentence as shown in the example. 1 Laughter improves health by lowering stress hormones.2 Friends are one of the most important influences on young adults.3 Our city should build a new library for our children.4 I found it helpful to listen to others advice when making an important decision.5 Every morning, I exercise.6 A happy life requires an optimistic attitude.7 Some people change their jobs very frequently.8 I was a child when I lived in a different country.9 Inexperienced workers earn less money than experienced ones.10 I could almost not breathe because of the stuffy atmosphere.11 Many immigrants have a hard time adjusting to a new culture.12 Our community offers students various after-school activities.13 Modern apartment buildings are too expensive in my town.14 Universities give students many opportunities to learn a variety of subjects.B. Correct the errors in the following sentences. Some sentences have no errors.1 People should ask the advice of others before move to other cities.人们应该在迁居至其他城市之前询问他人的意见。2 It is important for students to studying history and literature.对学生来说，学习历史和文学很重要。3 Some people prefer working for a large company to work for a small company.比起在小公司工作，有些人更喜欢在大公司工作。4 People have different ways spending their time.人们用不同的方式打发时间。5 Children love to watch television, but they dislike to watch informative programs.孩子们喜欢看电视，但是他们不喜欢看信息类节目。6 Working for others means that you should follow their rules.为他人工作意味着你得遵守他人的规则。7 In order to live a healthy life, you need exercising regularly.要活得健康，就要定期锻炼。8 Experts recommend to take some time to laugh when you get dressed out.专家建议，有压力时要经常大笑。9 Traveling gives us the opportunity of meeting new people.旅行为我们提供了认识新朋友的机会。10 Learning how to spend money is as important as to learn how to save it.学习如何花钱与学习如何攒钱同样重要。11 The government should spend more money to improve public transportation.政府应投人更多的财力改善公共交通。12 People work because needing money to live.人们工作是因为需要钱生活。C. Translate the following into English by putting the given words and phrases in the right order.1 孩子们最初从家里学习社会技能。 from their family / children / social skills / learning / start 2二手经验与一手经验同样重要。 firsthand experience / as / secondhand experience / is / important / as 3环游世界需要大量的时间和金钱。 a lot of / traveling / time and money/ around the world/ requires 4我们所有人都要对空气污染负责任。 are / all of us / responsible / air pollution / for 5传记比小说更能激发我的兴趣。 a novel/ my interest / than / stimulates / more / a biography 6 人们穿制服时往住表现得不同。 people / wear uniforms / tend/ when / to behave / they /differently 7现在，学生经常在课堂上给朋友发短信。 their friends / nowadays / send / during their classes / frequently / text messages / students 8电视使我们的积极性阵低，对我们的行为有消极影响。 television / by making / has / on our behavior / less active / a negative influence / us 9目前的学校课程应该调整，以满足学生的各种需要。 various needs / should change / school curriculum / to meet / the current / the students 10彻底审查所有资科后，方能作出公正的判决。 all the information/a thorough examination / can be made / after / of / an impartial judgment D. Using the given words or phrases, translate the following into English.1 人们认为金钱使人快乐。（make happy）2写日记是一个好习惯。（keep a diary 3我想住在宿舍，和学校的朋友们共度时光。 live in a dormitory 4 没有人喜欢为别人善后。 clean up after 5有些人过于自大而听不进别人的话。 tooto-v 6宇宙中有很多可以探索的东西。 explore 7我们首先要考虑的是，花尽可能多的时间与家人在一起。 spend time 8对名人来说，拥有隐私并不容易。 have privacy 9体罚孩子无益于教育。 punish physically 10有些国家研制核武器来保护自己。 defend oneself 11我需要几个可以信任的朋友。 trust 12正确穿着传统服装很难。 traditional clothes ETranslate the following into English.1领导者应善于清晰、坦率地传达信息。2我从父母那里得到了最有价值的教训。3现代人到哪儿都带着手机。4热带雨林为我们提供了大量氧气。5学外语时，好好利用字典是很重要的。6大学要求学生保持好成绩。7现代技术使我们与住在其他国家的人能够面对面交流。8大自然教给我们在学校无法学到的知识。9要成为一名好市民，就应遵纪守法。10骑自行车既有利于健康，又令人兴奋。11我想游历欧洲的所有国家。12比起与他人分享，内向的人更喜欢独自思考。F. Complete the following paragraphs in English.1考虑到安全因索，与其住在大城市，我宁愿在小城镇生活。在大城市里，人们既不了解住在隔壁的人，也不关心邻居的安全。_In a big city, people neither know who lives next door to them, nor are they concerned about their neighbors safety.2有些人更喜欢假期待在家里而不外出。因为他们可以在家看电影，度过舒适的时光，而不必外出花钱。_That is because they can have a more comfortable time watching movies at home than spending money outside.3我们可以通过听老人讲故事了解生活。他们阅历丰富，很乐意把所学的教给我们。_They have gone through a lot of things, and they are ready to teach us what they have learned. 4友谊的建立非一日之功。为了建立良好的友谊，你必须对朋友真诚，不应该批评他们。Friendship is not built in one day._5家长不应该让孩子看电视。因为孩子缺乏明确的道德标准，他们可能会尽力模仿电视中的暴力行为。Parents should not allow their children to watch television._6读书并非总有益于心理健康。例如，只读漫画书可能会对心理健康有害。因此，家长应该建议他们的孩子读好书，如传记、短篇小说或诗歌选集。_For example, if you read nothing but comic books, it may be harmful to your mantel health. Therefore, parents should advise their children to read good books, such as biographies, short stories, or poetry books.2 Participles / VoiceCheck-upA . Fill in each blank with the correct form of the given verb.1 I found documentaries_. bore 我发现纪录片很枯燥。2 There is a heavy rain_ in the countryside. fall 乡村正下着大雨。3 Some students _to participate in extracurricular activities. require 一些学生被要求参加课外活动。4 People _ others secrets are trustworthy. keep 保守他人的秘密的人是可以信赖的。5 South Korea _ rapidly since the Korean War. develop 朝鲜战争后，韩国迅速发展。6 Parents are now_ that there is too much violence on television. complain 家长们现在都在抱怨电视节目中暴力太多。7 We should have_ the food shortage. prevent 我们本应避免食物短缺。8 Adolescents_ on television are often rebellious. show 电视书目中的青少年通常很叛逆。9 The greenhouse effect will_ many countries in danger. put 温室效应将会使许多国家面临危险。10 Plastic bottles should_. recycle 塑料瓶应该回收利用。11 Every person _ a knack for something. have 每个人都有一技之长。12 Ten years ago, public transportation_ more frequently than nowadays. use 十年前，公共交通工具比现在使用得更频繁。B. Correct the errors in the following sentences. Some sentences have no errors.1 Usually, people live in rural areas are friendly.通常，生活在乡村的人都很友好。2 The polluting air may cause lung cancer.空气污染可能导致肺癌。3 Nuclear weapons should not used in any circumstances.任何情况下都不应该使用核武器。4 In my opinion, a lecture class is more tired than a discussion class.在我看来，讲座课比讨论课更令人厌倦。5 Children raising in large families usually get along well with others.在大家庭里长大的孩子通常能与他人和睦相处。6 Many scholars have acknowledged the negative impact of the media.许多学者已经承认媒体的消极影响。7 Generally speaking, a lot of people using computers to get updated information.通常来说，许多人使用计算机获取最新信息。8 Young children should not permitted to travel by themselves.不应该让小孩儿独自旅行。9 The president of our country elects every five years.在我国，每五年进行一次总统选举。10 Addicting to the Internet, some children feel awkward when talking to others face to face.因为沉迷于网络，一些孩子在与别人面面交涉时觉得不自在。11 It is important that foreign language classes be staffed with good teachers.外语课配备好老师很重要。12 Natural sciences give us insight into the future as well as teaching us about the origin of the world. 自然科学除了教会我们世界的起源，还让我们对未来有所了解。C. Translate the following into English by putting the given words and phrases in the right order.1人们可以通过工作寻找生活中的目标。 in life / people / their goals / by doing / find / their jobs 2许多哲学问题遗留下来无法回答。 are left / many / unanswered / philosophical question 3通过自学，你可以练习推理。 you / by learning /can practice / by yourself / reasoning 4与高中毕业生相比，高等院校毕业生或许有更多的工作机会。 may have / compared with / college graduates / more job opportunities / high school graduates 5去露营之前，你应该先了解一下天气。 check / before / the weather / you should /going camping / first 6我们应该做好准备以应付任何可能发生的自然灾害。 any possible / be prepared for / natural disasters / we should 7现在，人们对名人的私生活特别感兴趣。 too / people are / nowadays / celebrities private lives / interested in 8未解决的环境问题可能会威胁我们的未来。 may threaten / unsolved / our future /environmental problem 9 有些人说，教师应该由学生来评价。（say / be evaluated / teachers should / by their students / some people 10我们不仅受老人影响，也受年轻人影响。 young people / are influenced by /older people / we / as well as D. Translate the following into English.1 没有任何事情是仅仅靠运气就能实现的。2孩子很容易被新事物吸引。3一次食言就有可能伤害友谊。4历经磨难之后，你会到达一个转折点。5发明电之前，我们过着节奏缓慢的生活。6如果有更多人关心社会福利，世界将成为更好的生活空间。7有时，孩子们对电视上的所有信息是否都属实感到困惑。8我们必须拯救地球，使其免遭进一步的破坏。9同别人说话时，你应该和他进行目光接触。10如果允许我选择居住地，我会选择纽约。11自我激励的人更喜欢独自工作。12人们公认孩子会模仿他们的父母，所以父母应该试着树立好榜样。E. Complete the following paragraphs in English.1与大城市的生活相比，小城镇的生活听起来对我更有吸引力。在小城镇生活，我可以认识所有的邻居。这种社会交往有助于避免可能的犯罪。_Living in a small town, I may get to know all of my neighbors. This social interaction will help protect me from possible crimes.2我认为一个人的个性是在孩提时代由其父母决定的。例如：被宠坏的孩子长大后很可能变得以自我为中心。反之，被忽视的孩子很可能成为缺乏自信的人。I believe that a persons personality is determined by his parents during his childhood_On the contrary, neglected children tend to develop low self-esteem.3以我的经验判断，法国比其他任何国家都迷人。巴黎更被称作“艺术与建筑之城”。考虑到这一点，如果有机会我想再去法国游玩。_Paris especially has been called a city of art and architecture. Considering that, I would like to visit France again if I had a chance.4致力于社会活动的名人经常参加社会活动。他们的参与非常鼓舞人心，因为人们总是听从他们的号召。然而，当他们误导公众时，他们也可能对活动产生负面影响。Socially engaged celebrities often participate in social movements._However, they may cause bad consequences for the movement when they misinform the public.5 电视对儿童有害，特别是幼童很容易受电视节目的影响。举例来说，据说婴儿看电视过多可能患孤独症。Television is bad for children._For instance, it is said that infants who watch television too much may become autistic.3 Parallelism and ComparisonCheck-upA. Fill in each blank with the correct form of the given word. 1 Owing to the Internet, information searches have become_ and faster. easy 由于互联网，信息搜索变得更加简单、快捷。2 Smoking heavily and _ too much are bad habits that will harm your health. drink 大量吸烟与酗酒是不良习惯，有害健康。3 In my opinion, the violin makes _ sound of all musical instruments. beautiful 我认为小提琴是所有乐器中声音最美妙的。4 Usually, the speeches of good leaders are either persuasive or_. inform 通常，优秀领导者的发言要么有说服力，要么有教益。5 Adventurous people are neither afraid of failure nor_ about danger. worry 喜欢探险的人既不惧怕失败，也不担心危险。6 Living with a stranger is not as enjoyable as_ with your friend. live 和陌生人一起住并不像和朋友一起住那么愉快。7 Dogs are_ toward humans than any other pet. friendly 狗是所有宠物中对人类最友好的。8 Some people fell more comfortable when they are along than_ are with others. they 比起和他人在一起，有些人觉得独处更舒服。9 We need formal education not only_, knowledge but also to learn social skills. they 我们需要正规教育，这不仅是为了获得知识，也是为了学习社会技能。10 Some documentaries are as _as lectures. education 有些纪录片和讲座一样有教育意义。11 The harder you work, _ you will get to your dream. close 你工作越努力，离实现你的梦想就越近。12 Some classes are too boring to concentrate or_ to catch up with. fast 有些课要么太枯燥无法全神贯注，要么太快跟不上。 B. Translate the following into English by putting the given words and phrases in the right order.1 住在城里要比住在乡村花费大。 than / is / living in the country / more expensive / living in the city 2比起独自一人，和朋友在一起时我感到更安心。 when I am alone / more confident / with my friends / I feel / than / when I am 3我希望学校能买更多电脑，而不是更多书。 our school / not more books / more computers / I hope / will buy 4现在，教师的专业知识比任何品质都重要。 than any other / today / more important / expertise / a teacher / quality / is 5经商要比买房花费大。 to run a business / much more money / it costs / to buy a house / than 6整天坐着看电视的人既不能保持身体健康，也没有健康的心理。 nor / a couch potato / have a sound mind / stay in shape / can / neither 7学术成就没有一个人的健康重要。 is not as /important / academic achievement / ones health / as 8青少年跟朋友在一起的时间要比同父母在一起的时间长。 than / with their friends / adolescents / with their parents / spend more time 9垃圾食品，如比萨、汉堡和汽水，对健康无益。 such as / for ones health / junk foods / pizza, hamburger ,and soda / are not good 10人们在孩提时代得到最重要的教训。 in their childhood / learn / the most important / people / lessons C. Using the given words or phrases, translate the following into English.1 有些成年人和孩子一样无知。（as-as）2人们经常逃避危险、脏污或难做的工作。 avoid 3当小组的领导者比做一名成员压力大得多。 more stressful 4老师不应该教学生相互竞争，而应该教他们合作。 not-but）5 一旦高中毕业，你就可以找工作或者上大学。 either-or）6 有些网站对成年人和未成年人都不适宜。 both-and 7通常，恐怖电影不仅恐怖，而且暴力。 not only-but also 8报纸和杂志都是很好的获取常识的来源。 both-and 9你可以从书中和老师那里学到同样多的东西。 as-as 10传统服装可以在传统节日穿，也可以在正式场合穿。 either-or 11要成为一名艺术家，创造力与其他素质同等重要。 as-as any 12我们可以从历史小说中和历史课上学到同样多的历史事实。 so-as D. Correct the errors in the following sentences. Some sentences have no errors.1 游戏对儿童和成年人同样重要，我非常同意这个观点。据说，游戏可以教人学会合作，它是最重要的成功因素之一，还教人如何赢得挑战。I agree with the idea that games are as important for adults as they are for children._2如果在照相机、足球和动物三者中选择，我会选择给孩子一个足球。最近，孩子们大多数时间都在室内，所以我想给孩子一个到室外玩儿的机会。你可以在任何地方用照相机或和小动物玩，却不能在室内踢足球。Given the choice between a camera, a soccer bell, and an animal, I would choose to give a child a soccer ball. These days, children tend to spend too much time indoors, so I want to give the child a chance to play outside._3学生去上学不仅是因为他们需要接受正规段育，还因为他们需要学习如何适应社会。通过和朋友们一起玩以及遵守学校规定，他们可以了解杜会。_.By playing with their friends and following school rules, they can learn about society.4比起手工制品，我更喜欢机器制造的。通常，手工材料不仅昂贵，而且极易损坏。相反，机器制造的产品通常便宜、耐用，便于操作。1 prefer machine-made items to handmade ones._On the contrary, machine-made products are mostly cheap, strong, and easy to handle.5过周末的最好方式就是在家休息。无论上学还是工作，我们身边总是围绕着很多人。有时，我们也需要远离他人，享受独处的时光。The best way to spend a weekend is to take a rest at home._Sometimes, we need to get away from others and enjoy being alone.6我认为，餐厅是家里最重要的房间。因为大多数人经常在外而很少在家，吃饭时间通常是家人唯一齐聚一堂的时间。那时，餐厅就为家人提供了交谈的空间。I believe the dining room is the most important room in a house._At that time, the dining room provides a space where family members can talk to each other.4 Noun Clauses /Adjective ClausesCheck-upA. Translate the following into English.1 People think_ they have vacations to take breaks from their daily routines.人们认为他们可以利用假期从日常生活中获得片刻休息。2 It is true _ most adolescents are rebellious.的确，大多数青少年都很叛逆。3 I hope to have a job_ I can earn a lot of money.我希望有一份可以赚很多钱的工作。4 _ you are rich or poor does not decide your worth.你是富有还是贫穷不能决定你的价值。5 Scientists have studied_ can be done to stop global warming.科学家们已经在研究做什么可以阻止全球变暖。6 I trust Susan, a friend_ always takes my side.我相信苏珊这个朋友，因为她总是支持我。7 Many people do not know_ serious Internet crimes are.许多人都不清楚网络犯罪有多严重。8 I like discussion classes in_ I can express my opinions.我喜欢讨论课，我可以在课堂上表达我的观点。9 Some moviegoers do not like a movie _ story is too simple.一些常看电影的人不喜欢情节过于简单的电影。10 _ a good teacher should do is to encourage his students to try harder.一个好老师应该做的是鼓励他的学生努力尝试。11 My parents told me_ I should not take advantage of others.我的父母教导我不应该利用他人。12 The question is _ there is something we can learn from video games or not.问题是电子游戏中有没有我们可以学习的东西。B. Correct the errors in the following sentences. Some sentences have no errors.1 It is you which decides your future.你的未来由你自己决定。2 I do not believe what our future has already been decided.我不相信我们的未来已经被决定好了。3 Expensive restaurants do not let in people who clothing is untidy.豪华餐厅不允许衣冠不整的人进入。4 We should decide now that we can do for the next generation.我们现在应该决定我们可以为下一代做些什么。5 A number of people make online communities which they can make friends.许多人建立网络社区来交朋友。6 The government should help people who cannot take care of themselves.政府应该帮助那些没有自理能力的人。7 I would like to build a small house that I can live with my family.我想建一栋可以和家人同住的小房子。8 You should follow your own rules what guide your behavior.你应该遵循能指导你行为的原则。9 Scientists wonder why we will have another ice age in the future or not.科学家们想知道未来是否还会有一个冰河世纪。10 Some people do not realize how much we rely on natural resources.有些人还没有意识到我们对自然资源有多依赖。11 Who are confident in their knowledge do not hesitate to speak in public.对自己的学识有信心的人会毫不犹豫的在公众前讲话。12 There is no room for doubt that modem technology has increased peoples quality of life.毫无疑问，现代技术提高了人们的生活质量。C. Translate the following into English by putting the given words and phrases in the right order.1 我想去一个我能够学习新文化的国家旅行。 a new culture / where / travel to / I can / I would like to / learn / a country 2想保持健康的人应该定期锻炼。 maintain their health / should have / who want to / people / regular workouts 3找一份可以满足你所有要求的工作很花费时间。 to find a job / all your needs / it takes / which can satisfy / a lot of time 4我们的确可以从过去获得很多有价值的教训。 from the past / that / valuable lessons / it is true / we can learn 5对生活抱乐观态度的人能忍受各种困苦。 can endure / a person / toward his life / who has / any hardship / an optimistic attitude 6设定优先级别意味着为将要做的事排序。 in order / setting priorities / you put / means that / the things to do 7我不明白为什么我们要穿校服。 we / school uniforms / why / I do not / should wear / understand 8来自同龄人的压力是学生无法远离麻烦的一个原因。 cant stay/ peer pressure is / some students / why /out of trouble/one reason 9有些人无法改掉对他们健康有害的坏习惯。 harm their health / cannot break / some people / their bad habits / which 10你希望成为哪种人比你要做哪种工作更重要。 what kind of job / you wish to become/what kind of person / you will have/ is more important than D. Using the given words or phrases, translate the following into English.1 我喜欢参观有很多画的博物馆。 visit a museum 2 和个人品味与我不同的人聊天很有趣。 personal taste 3 我想成为一名研究外太空的科学家。 outer space 4假期是可以享受慢节奏生活的时间。 slow-paced life 5并非每个知识丰富的人都是睿智的。（have knowledge 6 有些人认为全球化使各种文化标准化。 globalization; normalize 7我们在学校学到的科学知识有时在我们的日常生活中很有用。 daily life 8不经常运动的人通常身体状况不佳。 in bad shape 9 据报道，校服阻碍学生表现个性。 hinder-from 10据建议，高血压病人应避免压力。 t is recommended that- 11许多国家正尝试研发能代替矿物燃料的新能源。 fossil fuels 12通过阅读小说，我可以了解我以前从未了解过的其他人的感受。 read fictio
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