2014高考英语分类基础热身练单词(10).doc

2014高考英语分类基础热身练：单词基础自主回顾.课标单词1_秩序(n.)2_原则；准则(n.)3_职位(n.)4_强调(vt.)5_辞职(vi.)orderprinciplepositionstressresign6_有影响的(adj.)7_公正(n.)8_燃料(n.)9_状况；条件；环境(n.)10_平等的(adj.)_平等(n.)11_哲学家(n.)_哲学(n.)influentialjusticefuelconditionequalequalityphilosopherphilosophy12_顾问(n.)_建议(v.)_(n.)13_诚实(n.)_(adj.)14_贡献(n.)_贡献；捐献；投稿(v.)15_发明(vt.)_(n.)_发明家(n.)16_争论；辩论；议论(n.)_(v.)adviseradviseadvicehonestyhonestcontributioncontributeinventinventioninventorargumentargue.常用短语1_与交战2_为自豪3_责任感4_首次；第一次5_与不同be at war withbe proud of/ take pride ina sense of responsibilityfor the first timebe different from6_养育；抚养；呕吐7_总之8_与相似9_照顾10_叫醒bring upin conclusionbe similar tolook afterwake up.重点句型1Treat others _ you want to be treated.己所不欲，勿施于人。答案：in the way2Ancient China was _ states were often _ each other.古代中国是一个国与国之间经常发生战争的地方。答案：a place where; at war with3Mencius believed that _ man is different from animals _ man is good.孟子认为人不同于动物的原因是人性善。答案：the reason why; is that4_ you need to be a bit mad to be an inventor.据说要想成为发明家，得需要一点疯狂和着迷。答案：They say that.模块语法1A computer is so useful a machine _ we can use everywhere.A. thatB. whichC. as D. what答案与解析：C本题考查定语从句。由句意：计算机是我们随处可用的一种有用的机器。由句中soadj.an.知先行词被so修饰，定语从句中又缺少宾语，故选C。要注意与so.that句型的区别。2Albert Einstein, for _ life had once been very hard, was successful later in science.A. whom B. whoseC. which D. his答案与解析：A本题考查介词提前的定语从句。Einstein为先行词，故选A。3Our teacher is always busy preparing lessons until 11 oclock at night, _ we students have gone to sleep.A. that time B. by which timeC. by that time D. which time答案与解析：B本题考查定语从句。由句中. until 11 oclock at night知先行词为表时间的词，又据句后. have gone to sleep知应选B，“在之前”。4The river, _ the banks are covered with trees, is very long.A. whose B. whichC. of which D. which of答案与解析：C本题考查定语从句。whose banksof which the banksthe banks of which。5We can never forget the days _ the two astronauts in spaceship worked together and the days _ we spent together.A. when; which B. which; whenC. what; that D. on which; when答案与解析：A本题考查定语从句关系词的应用。尽管两空前都是the days，但分析句子成分知第一空填关系副词，作不及物动词work的时间状语；第二空填关系代词，作及物动词spend的宾语。故选A。 考点探究解密考 点 解 读1equal adj.相等的，均等的n.相等的事物(或数量)vt.等于精讲拓展：equally adv.同样地；相等地equality n相等；平等；同等equalize vt.使相等；使平等be the equal of ones words 说到做到be without equal无比；无敌be equal to sth./doing sth.等于；能胜任be equal with与平等equal pay for equal work同工同酬误区警示：equal作名词时是可数名词表示“相同的事物或数量”，而equality是一不可数名词表示“相等”。朗文在线：A pound is roughly equal to 500 grams.1磅约等于500克。Trade should balance when supply equals demand.供需相当时贸易便达到平衡。His paintings are without equal in the Western world.他的画在西方世界首屈一指。词语辨析：equal与same两者都含有“相同的”的意思。equal指“在数量、大小、价值、程度等方面不存在差别的”。 One li is equal to half a kilometer.一华里等于半公里。same指“同一的”“相同的”“实质上不同，但在数量、意义、外表上没有明显区别的”。They have the same problem.他们有相同的问题。命题方向：equal常与词义接近的词，以词语辨析题的形式出现。活学巧练：In my opinion，no search engine can _ Baidu in search scopes and speed.AcompeteBequalCwin Dsuit答案与解析：Bequal.in.“在方面与匹敌”。句意：在我看来，在搜索范围和搜索速度方面，没有一个搜索引擎可与百度相匹敌。2order n秩序，次序，顺序；命令，定购，订单vt.命令，定购，定制精讲拓展：in order of依的顺序排列out of order不整齐in order情况良好，整齐on order订购中的by order of奉的命令in order that.为了，目的在于in order to为了(做某事)，以便(做某事)take orders接受命令order sb. to do sth./order sth. to be done命令某人去做某事order that.(should)动词原形 B11place an order订货，下订单误区警示：in/out of order，in order that./to do短语中order前用零冠词。 朗文在线：Sunlight is needed in order for photosynthesis to take place.需要阳光来进行光合作用。Then they call out our names in order and we answer yes or no.随后，他们依次点我们的名字，我们则回答到与否。On Stalins orders the target for the five year plan was raised once again.奉斯大林之命，五年计划的指标又一次提高了。命题方向：in order与out of order短语是重要考点。活学巧练：(1) He listed the events _(按顺序) importance.(2) That young teacher cant keep _ (秩序) in her classroom.(3)Itll be quite _(适宜的) for you to make this suggestion at our next meeting.in order oforderin order(4)Theyre going to London _ (以便) they may see the queen.(5)Its time we _ (叫) dinner.(6)The father _ (命令) the son out of the house.in order thatorderedordered3resignvt.放弃，辞去；vi.辞职He resigned his position as chairman.他辞去了主席的职位。Two members resigned from the board in protest.董事会的两名成员辞职以示抗议。精讲拓展：not resign oneself to不甘心resign.to.把托付给resign oneself to听任(某种影响)；只好(做某事)resignation n辞职；辞职信；放弃；顺从词语辨析：resign与retireresign表示因对工作不满意或因工作上的失职而自愿或被“辞退”“辞去”了职务。(常与from连用)He resigned from his job as a guard for he wasnt interested in it.他因对警卫工作不感兴趣而辞职了。retire表示因年龄大或是身体不行，按国家有关规定“退休”，并享受规定补助。He retired from the business when he was 60.他60岁时退休了。活学巧练：He _ his post because he had been offered a better job.Aresigned BretiredCdismissed Dfired答案与解析：A句意：他辞去了他的工作因为他找到了更好的工作。resign“辞职”；retire“退休”；dismiss“免职，开除”；fire“解雇”。4contribution n贡献，稿件精讲拓展：contribute vt.& vi.捐赠，贡献，有助于make contributions to (doing) sth.对(做)某事做出贡献contribute (sth.)to/towards sth.向捐赠，向投稿contribute to sth.促成某事物误区警示：contribute sth.to sth.指“向捐赠/投稿”，而contribute to sth.指“促成”，且to均为介词。朗文在线：Day centres for the elderly make a valuable contribution to the overall service.照顾老人的日托中心为整个服务事业作出了可贵的贡献。Various factors contributed to his downfall.各种因素导致了他的倒台。命题方向：make contributions to (doing) sth.及contribute to sth.是常考点。活学巧练：(2009安徽安庆一中)Alcohol _ 100,000 deaths a year in the US，according to a report.Arelates to Battends toCcontributes to Ddevotes to答案与解析：Ccontribute to“有助于，是的原因”；relate to“与有关”；attend to“照料”；devote to“致力于”。5condition n条件，情形，环境，社会地位vt.以为条件，使达到要求精讲拓展：conditions n(生活或工作的)条件；环境on condition (that)在条件下，倘若on no condition一点也不，绝不make it a condition that.以为条件be in good condition身体很好；完好无误be out of condition身体不适be in no condition to do(因病重、酒醉或烦乱而)不能做under excellent/terrible conditions在好/糟的条件下condition sb.to do(通过影响或训练)使习惯/适应于做误区警示：condition表示“状况”时为不可数名词，而表示“条件”时是可数名词。朗文在线：What sort of condition is your new house in?你的新房子目前是什么状况？Poor working conditions lead to demoralized and unproductive employees.工作条件差导致雇员工作积极性不高，生产率低下。The animals were conditioned to expect food at the sound of the bell.这些动物受训后一听见铃声就知道有食物可吃了。This shampoo conditions your hair as well as washing it.这种洗发剂既可洗发又可护发。词语辨析：condition, state与situation三者都含有“情况”的意思。conditionaU状况，状态 the condition of affairs事态b(常用复数形式)环境，情况，形势in(under) favourable conditions在有利的形势下c条件 conditions of success成功的条件state是常用词，指“人或物存在或所处的状态”，但不着重于“这种状态和具体原因或条件的关系”。He is in a good state.他身体健康。situation指多种具体情况造成的综合状态，常着重这种状态的影响和处于该状态的事物的关系。We are in a difficult situation.我们正处于困境。命题方向：condition常与situation，state，position以词语辨析题的形式出现。活学巧练：Keep your car in good _ and itll drive long.Ainstruction BpositionCcondition Dsituation答案与解析：Cin good condition“状况良好，完好无损”，固定结构。6in some ways在某些方面In some ways，they are similar to each other；but there are some distinguishable differences between them.在某些方面，他们是相似的，但是他们之间也有一些明显的差别。精讲拓展：by the way顺便说一下by way of途径，取道，为了目的in a way在某种程度上in any way在任何方面in the/ones way挡道，阻碍in no way决不in this/that way用这种/那种方法in the way of关于，有关the other way around相反，反过来on the way to在去途中；即将；将要(11)out of the way偏远；异常的(12)under way已经开始进行了(13)make ones way前进，向前走(14)no way根本不，一点也不(15)all the way一路上误区警示：in this/that/the way作状语时，介词in可以省略。朗文在线：In some ways，Id rather he wasnt involved at all.就某些方面而言，我宁愿他根本没有牵扯进去。In a way，its kind of nice to be working alone.从某种意义上讲，独自一个人干活相当不错。活学巧练：_，her health has improved，but she is still not really well.AAll the way BIn a wayCIn the way DBy the way答案与解析：B句意：在某种程度上，她的健康状况在改进，但是她仍然还没有完全好转。故用in a way。7bring up抚养；呕吐；提出；使提高/升高精讲拓展：bring about引起，导致，造成bring down降低；减少；打垮，击败bring forth生产；生(孩子)bring in获利bring off办成功bring on引起；导致，加速(农作物)生长bring out生产；制造bring through渡过困难(危机)误区警示：bring up中的up为副词，其后跟的宾语如果是代词，应放在两词中间。朗文在线：Why did you have to bring up the subject of money?你为什么非要提钱这个话题？He left her to bring up three young children on her own.他留下她独自抚养3个年幼的孩子。I was brought up a Lutheran.我是在路德教的教育下长大的。命题方向：bring up，bring about，bring down的辨析是各类考试中的重要考点。 活学巧练：汉译英(1)在会上他提出一个新的设想。_(2)他是在乡下长大的。_答案：(1)He brought up a new suggestion at the meeting.(2)He was brought up in the countryside.8in conclusion总之；总而言之reach/ draw a conclusion得出结论；下结论come to/ arrive at a conclusion得出结论conclude v结束；下结论；推断conclude thatdraw a conclusion that下结论to conclude总而言之，总之，最后朗文在线：In conclusion, I think the best way to make a friend is to be one.总之，我认为交朋友最好的办法是去做一个朋友。We came to the conclusion that the room must have been empty.我们的结论是：那个房间当时一定是空的。活学巧练：_， I would like to wish you continued success in the future.A. In contrast B. In conclusionC. In common D. In principle答案与解析：B句意：总之，我真心祝愿你在将来继续成功。in conclusion总之，最后；in contrast与相反；in common共同的，共有的；in principle原则上，大体上。9They say that you need to be a bit mad to be an inventor.据说要想成为发明家，得需要一点疯狂和着迷。主语v.that句型中，主语是“人”，谓语动词是表示人的思维的动词，通常有say, think, consider, hope, report.等，表示“某些人(认为/相信/希望)”。这个句型常可和以下两个句式互换：It is/ wasp.p.that从句Sb./ Sth.bep.p.to do/ to havep.p.朗文在线：People say that the tomb has been robbed.It is said that the tomb has been robbed.The tomb is said to have been robbed.据说那个坟墓已经被盗过了。People hope that Chinese will land on the Mars one day.It is hoped that Chinese will land on the Mars one day.Chinese are hoped to land on the Mars one day.人们希望有一天中国人会登上火星。活学巧练：The villagers thought Jack had been kidnapped._ that Jack had been kidnapped.Jack was thought _.答案：It was thought; to have been kidnapped10定语从句形容词性从句一般称为定语从句，在句子中起定语作用，修饰一个名词或代词，有时可修饰一个句子。被定语从句修饰的词叫作先行词，定语从句必须放在先行词的后面，由关系代词或关系副词引导；关系词充当从句的成分。(1)引导定语从句的关系词关系代词起代词的作用，关系副词起副词的作用，因此同样的先行词，由于在从句中担任的逻辑作用不同，须用不同的关系词去代替它：This is the place where he works.(关系词作状语，in the place，要用where)这是他工作的地方。This is the place which we visited.(关系词作宾语，the place，要用which)这是我们参观过的地方。在口语或非正式场合中，that可代替关系副词：This is the place that(where) he works.有时为了句子的平衡，较短的定语或较短的谓语动词插入定语从句与先行词之间，这叫做分隔定语从句：I was the only person in my office who was invited.我是我们办公室里唯一受到邀请的人。关系代词作从句的主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要与先行词取得一致；先行词为一个句子时，从句谓语动词为第三人称单数形式：Those who are going, come here.要去的人到这儿来。The exams were put off, which was exactly what we wanted.各门考试都推迟了，这正是我们希望的。关系代词或“介词关系代词”在从句中作定语时，被修饰词常需要提前：There is a room, the window of which faces the river.有一间房子，窗户朝着这条河。(2)宜用that而不用which的情况先行词为all, much, little, everything, anything, nothing, none, few, the one等不定式代词时：I mean the one that was bought yesterday.我指的是昨天买的那个。先行词被形容词最高级或被only, any, few, little, no, all, one of等修饰时：It is the most important task that should be finished soon.这是必须马上完成的最重要的任务。先行词为数词或被序数词(含last)修饰时：Look at these flowers. You can see the two that you gave me.瞧这些花，你能看到你给我的那两朵。先行词中既有人又有物时：We were deeply impressed by the teachers and schools that we had visited.我们访问过的老师和学校给我们留下深刻的印象。先行词在主句中作表语，或关系代词在从句中作表语时：Its a book that will help you a lot.这是本对你很有帮助的书。My home town is no longer the place that it used to be.我的故乡现在已不再是过去的那个面貌了。(3)不宜用that的情况关系代词前有介词时：This is the room in which Lu Xun lived.这是鲁迅住过的房子。非限制性定语从句中：He has a daughter, who works in a hospital.他有个女儿，在医院工作。先行词本身是that：The clock is that which tells the time.钟表就是能够报时的计时器。(4)“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句关系代词whom，which在定语从句中作介词的宾语时，可以跟介词一起放在主句和从句之间；当先行词指人时，介词后的关系代词用whom，其余用which，这时的关系代词不能省略；有时为了使关系代词紧跟它所修饰的先行词，也可以把介词放在从句中有关动词的后面，这时的which可用that替换。在介词放在从句有关动词的后面时，关系代词which, that, whom在口语中和非正式文体中经常省略。This is the room in which he used to live.This is the room (which/that) he used to live in.这是他过去居住过的房间。Whos the man with whom you just shook hands？Whos the man (that/whom) you just shook hands with?刚才你与他握手的那个人是谁？但含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在动词的后面。This is the book (which/that) Im looking for.这就是我在找的那本书。在这类定语从句中，介词的选择一般根据动词的需要(如上述几例)，或者根据先行词来决定。There is a mountain of which the top is always covered with snow.有一座山顶总是覆盖着雪的山。活学巧练：(1)I shall never forget the day _ Shen Zhou V was launched，_ has a great effect on my life.I still remember the days _ I studied in the university, _ influnce me a lot.Awhen；which Bthat；whichCwhich；that Dwhen；that答案与解析：A第一空引导词在定语从句中作状语，用when引导，第二空引导非限制性定语从句，用which。(2)Madame Curie，_ life had once been very hard, was given two Nobel Prizes.Aof whom Bfor whomCfor whose Din whom答案：B(3)Humans are destroying nature day by day，_ of course, will cause severe punishment from it sooner or later.Awho BwhenCon which Dwhich答案：D(4)Is this the reason _ at the meeting for his carelessness in the work?Ahe explained Bwhat he explainedChow he explained Dwhy he explained答案：A(5)The gentleman _ you told me yesterday proved to be a thief.Awho Babout whoCwhom Dwith whom答案：A 考 题 演 练1.She brought with her three friends，none of _ I had ever met before.A. them B. whoC. whom D. these答案与解析：C本题考查定语从句的引导词。要求学生分清引导定语从句的关系代词和关系副词的用法。句意：她带来了她的三个朋友，以前我一个也没见过。本句中前句是一个完整的句子，但没用句号，用了逗号，并且中间也没有连词，所以后一个分句应是前一个分句的定语从句，又因of为介词，其后必须跟宾格，故选C项。2A person _ email account is full wont be able to send or receive any emails.A. who B. whomC. whose D. whoever答案与解析：C考查限制性定语从句的用法。email account前缺少定语，故用whose引导定语从句，相当于the email account of whom。3I have reached a point in my life _ I am supposed to make decisions of my own.A. which B. whereC. how D. why答案与解析：B本题考查定语从句的关系词。当point, case, stage, situation等表示抽象地点的名词充当先行词时，若定语从句中缺少状语，则用关系副词where来引导定语从句。4Try on this red skirt; you will look great _ it.A. on B. byC. in D. for答案与解析：C本题考查介词的意义和用法，在日常学习中要注意积累，对一些固定搭配一定要牢记。句意：试试这条红裙子，你穿肯定很漂亮。如选A，应改为：The skirt looks great on you.。by为在旁边；for为了，均不合题意。5It is reported that the police will soon _ the case of the two missing children.A. look upon B. look afterC. look into D. look out答案与解析：C本题考查动词短语词义辨析。做好此类题目的关键是平时的积累。句意：据报道警察很快将着手调查两个孩子失踪那个案件。look into意为“调查，检查”，符合句意。look upon意为“旁观”，look after意为“照顾，照料，管理”，look out意为“向外看”，均不合题意。6Youd better not leave the medicine _ kids can get at it.A. even if B. whichC. where D. so that答案与解析：C本题考查状语从句引导词的使用。句意：你最好不要把药放在孩子们能够到的地方。where在句中引导地点状语从句。7By nine oclock, all the Olympic torch bearers had reached the top of Mount Qomolangma, _ appeared a rare rainbow soon.A. of which B. on whichC. from which D. above which答案与解析：D本题考查介词关系代词引导的定语从句。解答此类题时，究竟选哪个介词，主要视从句的意义或搭配上的需要而定。考查介词关系代词引导的定语从句。which指代Mount Qomolangma, rainbow应在山峰的上空，故用介词above。8American Indians _ about five percent of the US. population.A. fill up B. bring upC. make up D. set up答案与解析：C考查动词短语的用法。句意：美洲印第安人占美国人口的5%。A项为“填充”；B项为“培养，抚养”；C项为“占据”；D项为“建立”。9Running a company is not _ a matter of hiring peoplethey also need to be trained.A. simply B. partlyC. seriously D. equally答案与解析：A考查adv.的用法。句意：经营一家公司不仅仅是雇用工人的问题他们也需要被培训。故选A项。Module 5Great People and Great Inventions of Ancient China.根据句意，用所给单词或短语的适当形式填空spreadbe proud offoundconditionup toequal withfrom.to.influenceresignstress1From 1830 to the early 20th century，the Industrial Revolution _ through Europe and the US and then to other countries such as Japan.答案：spread2The Peoples Republic of China was _ on October 1,1949.答案：founded3Their daughter whom they _ has just gone abroad.答案：are proud of4Under these _we have to give up the plane.答案：conditions5The news that he was accepted by Beijing University spread quickly _village _ village.答案：from；to6At that time he was not an _ government official.答案：influential7He put forward much _ on the importance of the question at the meeting.答案：stress8Last year the president _ because of his illness.答案：resigned9Its _ you to decide where we will go to spend the holidays.答案：up to10. In the eye of the law, everyone is _ each other.答案：equal with.单项填空1All men are created _.AequallyBequalingCequal Dequaled答案与解析：C本题考查equal的形容词用法。本句意为“众生平等”。句中的equal是形容词，作主语补足语。形容词用作补足语表示原因、时间、伴随情况或结果，来说明主语的情况。2In class our teacher asked us to recite the text _.Afrom beginning to endBfrom the beginning to the endCfrom beginning till endDfrom the beginning till end答案与解析：A本题考查短语from.to.的用法。本句意为“在课上，我们英语老师让我们从头到尾把课文背下来”。from beginning to end为固定搭配，意为“从开头到结尾”。3In the future, more stress should be placed _ the education of the young.Aon BtoCfor Dwith答案与解析：A本题主要考查与stress搭配的介词。本句意为“将来，应该加强对青年的教育”。place/lay/put stress on sth.stress sth.“强调，重视”，是一个固定用法。4Can you find something _ Mary and Jones?Asimilar from Bsimilar betweenCsimilarity between Ddiffer between答案与解析：B本题考查形容词similar的用法。something有形容词修饰时，定语应该后置，A项的from不能搭配，D项是动词形式，应改为different between才正确。5The child _ in the countryside knows how to _ animals like dogs, pigs and so on.Abrought up；raise Bfed；raiseCraised; bring up Dfed up; bring up答案与解析：A第一个空brought up是过去分词作定语，意思是“被抚养成人”；“饲养动物”用raise animals。6The players of the basketball team are _：John，Dick, Miller，Jordan，and so on.Alike follows Bas followingClike that Das follows答案与解析：D本题考查固定短语as follows的用法。本句意为“篮球队队员的名单如下，约翰，狄克，米勒，乔丹等等”。as follows意为“如下”，用来列举事物。7He had to _ his position as manager of the company owing to his illness.Asign BdesignCresign Dapply答案与解析：C本题考查动词的易混辨析。本句意为“由于健康的原因，他不得不辞去公司经理的职务”。resign意为“辞去，辞职”；design意为“设计”；sign意为“签名；做标记”；apply意为“要求；申请”。8Im sure your suggestions will _ the problem.Acontribute to solvingB. contribute to solveCbe contributed to solveD. be contributed to solving答案与解析：A本题考查动词contribute的用法。本句意为“我相信你的建议有助于这个问题的解决”。contribute to的意思是“有助于，促成”，在这个短语中to为介词，后要接名词或动词的ing形式。9Charles Babbage is generally considered _ the first computer.Ato invent Bto have madeCto have invented Dhaving discovered答案与解析：C本题考查动词invent的非谓语形式的用法，以及三个动词的词义区别。因为“发明”先于谓语动词“认为”，故要用完成时，选C项，排除A项；另外，make意为“制造”；discover意为“发现”，不符合题目语境。另外，这里不能用现在分词形式。10The patient isnt out of danger. He is _ than he was yesterday.Ano better BworstCnot worse Dnot more答案与解析：A本题考查“no比较级than”句型。本句意为“这个病人还没有脱离危险。现在比昨天好不了多少”。“no形容词或副词的比较级than”这一结构在表示比较时，实际上是对前后都加以否定。11What a wonder! They have finished _ 30 percent of the task within one week.Ano more than Bno less thanCnot more than Dmuch less than答案与解析：B本题考查短语辨析。本句意为“简直是一个奇迹！他们竟然在一个星期之内完成了不少于百分之三十的任务”。no less than意为“不亚于；不少于”；no more than意为“只不过；并不比多”；not more than意为“不如多”；much less than意为“比少得多”。12When does the next train leave?You _ one by five minutes. Trains _ every half an hour, so youll