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1、 省略号和撇号一、省略号(.)省略号主要用两种用途:1. 表示省略。如:Peel some oranges, bananas .剥一些桔子、香蕉2. 表示迟疑或犹豫。如:He said hesitatingly, I . I. I. dont. like it. 他迟疑地说,“我我我不喜欢它。”二、撇号()撇号主要有以下用法:1. 表示单词中的省略。如:Dont write on the wall. 不要在墙上写字。Ive learned English for 3 years. 我已经学了三年英语。2. 用于名词所有格。如:That is Jamess sister. 那是詹姆士的妹妹。The girls clothes are in the locker. 女孩子们的衣服在立柜里。3. 表示数学、符号、字母或词形本身的复数。如:He got many As during this final exam. 他在期末考试中得了很多 A。2、 逗点1. 逗点用于分隔一系列的简单内容,如:I will go to Shanghai, Beijing, and Shenzhen.2. 逗点用于修饰名词的多个形容词之间,如:a small, fancy bike3. 逗点用于连接两个较长的独立子句,而且每个句子的主语不同,如:The Grizzlies were out of timeouts, and Miller missed a desperation 3-pointer as time expired.4. 逗点用于关联的子句之间,如:Since hes your younger brother, please take care of him.5. 逗点用于一个较长的修饰短语之后,如:In the middle of the coldest winter on record, the pipes froze.6. 逗点用于直接引用的句子之前,如 Mary said, Lets go fishing.(注意:这里说的和上面提及的冒号在直接引语中的使用不一样。如果是引用比较正式的发言讲话就要用冒号,一般情况下就用逗点。)如果句中含有间接引用就不需要逗点,如:Mary said we should go fishing. 在反问句之前要使用逗点,如:He worked very hard, didnt he?3、 问号问号要用在一个直接的问句,而不是间接的。如:How will you solve the problem?是正确的用法,但用在 I wonder how you will solve the problem?就不对了,应该使用句点而不是问号。另外,在客气的用语中,也是用句点而不是问号。如:Will you please give me a call tomorrow?4、破折号破折号是用来加强语气的符号,往往起到冒号,分号或逗号的作用。其用法如下:1. 用于解释性插入语之前。如:Give your secretary what she needs - pencil, paper and a good typewriter.给你的秘书她所想要的东西铅笔、纸和一台好的打字机。2. 表示说话突然中断、意思突然转换或犹豫不决。如:Id like to, he said, but -“我想”,他说,“但是”Well - its hard to explain.“嗯这很难解释。”3. 引出被强调的词语。如:The only person that he admires is - Churchill. 他只钦佩一个人丘吉尔。4. 分隔非限定性修饰语、同位语或附加成分的词语。如:He is the exact person - the person that I expected. 他就是那个人我要找的人。5. 表示概括性词语。如:English, Chinese and math - all these are the subjects that he should study.英语、语文、数学所有这些都是他该学的科目。6. 表示引文出处。如:I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat. - Winston Churchill我可没什么可奉献的,除了鲜血、劳动、眼泪和汗水。温斯顿丘吉尔7. 用于两个地名或两个时间之间,意为“至,到”。如:London - Manchester 伦敦到曼彻斯特5、引号引号有双引号和单引号之分,事实上,双引号较单引号常用,单引号多见于报刊的新闻标题中。引号有下列几种用法:1. 用于直接引语的两端和书刊、文章名称等的两端。如:May I use your pen? he asked. 他问道:“我能用一下你的钢笔吗?”Business the Speed of Thought is written by Bill Gates.未来时速数字神经系统和商务思维是比尔盖茨写的。2. 表示所用的词语非同一般,或者具有特殊的意义。如:A ship is always referred to as she. “船”总是被称为“她”。3. 单引号用于引语中的引语。如:Youve done very well so far, said Joy, but I remember that someone said, Who laughs last, who laughs best.“到目前为止你干得不错,”乔伊说,“但我记得有人说过,谁笑到最后,才是真正的笑。”6、连字号1. 连字号主要用于某些前缀(如:self-,ex-和all-)后和构成复合词。如:ex-husband(前夫),brand-new(全新的),poorly-dressed(衣着破烂的)。I have forty-thousand or fifty-thousand dollars. I want to obtain the whole-year or half-year lease of the apartment. 当两个或两个以上复合词并用,而各复合词连字号后的部分相同时,各复合词的相同部分只出现一次,应改为the whole-or half-year lease。2. 用于区分同一词源。3. 当某复合词中出现重复的字母或过多的元音,使阅读困难时,可用连字号把前缀和词根分开。如:non-nuclear,re-use,semi-independent。4. 构成某些复合数字(在英文写作中,100以下的数字应该用英文单词写出来,不可用阿拉伯数字代替),如:twenty-one during the years 1949-1999 。有时,用作名词的分数可以不用连字号,但所有用作形容词的分词均须加连字号,如:one fourth (也可one-fourth) of those surveyed5. 用于一个词的一部分要移行,一般按音节间断开单词加连字号(例如:ha-ppy,不可断为hap-py),或根据发音,不要把单个字母留在行尾或行首。注意一页中最后一个单词不能使用连字号将其置于两页。7、分号1. 与中文一样,分号用于分隔地位平等的独立子句。在某些情况下,使用分号比使用句点更显出子句之间的紧密联系,另外分号也经常与连接副词 thus,however,therefore一起使用(放在这些词语之前)。如 I realize I need exercise; however, Ill lie down first to think about it.2. 在句子中如果已经使用过逗点,为了避免歧义的产生,就用分号来分隔相似的内容。如:The employees were Tom Hanks, the manager; Jim White, the engineer; and Dr. Jack Lee.需要注意的是:一个完整的句子以大写字母开始,以句点结束。写英文时用逗点代替句点、分号、冒号或破折号叫“逗号错”,这正是中国学生所要避免的。请比较下列例句:误:It was raining hard, they could not work in the fields.(注意:上面句子中划横线的部分是两个不同的主语,而且逗点前后的句子是完整的单独拿出来都能代表一个完整的意思。因此,用逗号违反了英文规定,即一个句子只能有一套主干。)正:It was raining hard; they could not work in the fields.It was raining hard. They could not work in the fields.It was raining so hard that they could not work in the fields.They could not work in the fields because it was raining hard.It was raining hard, so they could not work in the fields.As it was raining hard, they could not work in the fields.误:The essay is poorly organized, there is no central idea.正:The essay is poorly organized; there is no central idea.The essay is poorly organized: there is no central idea.8、冒号冒号是一个补充、连贯的符号,被用来引起读者注意下文。冒号多用于正式而庄重的话题中,具体用法如下:1. 列出表示列举、解释或说明性的词语。如:His favourite foods are as follows: apple pie, fruit juice, and chocolate.他喜欢的食物有下列东西:如苹果派,果汁和巧克力。2. 引出较长的正式引语或大段引语。如:In his most famous speech, he said: all men are created equal and must enjoy the equal rights that are given by God.在他最著名的演讲中,他说:人生来是平等的,必须享受上帝所赋予的平等权利。3. 用于时与分之间、比率数之间。如:The train is to leave at 7: 20. 火车7:20开。The proportion of men to women is 3 : 5. 男人与女人的比例是3 : 5。9、括号1. 圆括号主要用于句子内容的补充说明。其功能相当于英语的插入语,具体用法如下:(1)括出例证、引文出处、参见、补充说明等解释性文字。如:Emily Dickenson (1830-1886) was a great poet in American literature.爱米丽狄金森(18301886)是美国文学史上一个伟大的诗人。(2)括出表示列举的数字或字母。如:You should finish three subjects by the end of this term: (1) Chinese, (2) maths, (3) English.这个学期期末你应该学完三门课程:(1)语文,(2)数学,(3)英语。(3)括出可以省略的词语。如:It seems (to me) that he is not so honest. 好像他不是那么诚实。(4)括出可供选择的内容。如:He often helps his mother (to) do the housework. 他常常帮他母亲做家务活。2. 方括号通常是写作中用来表达意见,评论,或用于进行内容更正的专用符号。其用法如下:(1)引述他人文字中插入自己解释性或评述性的词语。如:The author of Ode to the West Wind P. B. Shelly exerts a great influence on many later poets.西风颂的作者雪莱给后来的诗人以很大的影响。(2)作圆括号用的方括号。如:This is the colour red that she wants. 这就是她想要的颜色红色。
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