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Novel medical bed Author(s)A. Tawfik ; Ahmed Hamdan ; Abdulrahman Azzam ; Yahya Ibrahim Abstract: The main objective of the proposed system is to simplify the process of taking care of a patient who cannot move and permanently lies on a bed. Lying on a bed for long time brings in a number of health problems: The first and main issue is the rotten skin and/or ulcers. The second is the patients inability to reach the bathroom. This proposed medical bed is meant to solve both issues through a unique design that rotates the patient and provides an innovative designed lavatory for cleansing. By using an android tablet connected to the Arduino microcontroller via Bluetooth, the caretaker can rotate the bed to either direction to move the pressure away from the back of the patient, and to control the sliding lavatory to start cleansing. The bed operates in two modes: A manual mode that engages the caretaker in the rotation process and an automatic mode that rotates the bed every two hours. The maximum angle of rotation is determined based on measuring the weight of the patient via load cells distributed throughout the bed. In addition, the smart bed includes sensors for some vital signs, such as heart rate, body temperature, air flow and Electrocardiography (ECG) signal. Published in: 2018 Advances in Science and Engineering Technology International Conferences (ASET) Date of Conference: 6 Feb.-5 April 2018 Date Added to IEEE Xplore: 11 June 2018 ISBN Information: INSPEC Accession Number: 17840700 DOI: 10.1109/ICASET.2018.8376899 Publisher: IEEE Conference Location: Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates No metrics found for this document. AdvertisementSECTION I.IntroductionThe availability of good medical services in hospitals becomes a critical issue 12. The two main reasons for that is the increasing cost of medical care and the decrease in number of caretakers (such as nurses) 3. Such problem becomes more critical if the patient is suffering from lock-in syndromes. Taking care of those patients requires a lot of effort and concern. Therefore, it is important to provide technical solutions to help caretakers of those patients in hospitals or homes. In this paper, a medical bed is proposed for patients with full inability to move, patients who suffer from locked-in syndrome quadriplegia, long term coma, clinical deathetc. These patients require special care since they cannot move at all. Taking care of them includes moving them to a side of their bodies every two hours 4 as well as cleansing them. Currently, these patients are lying on a normal bed that does not move, thus does not help the people who take care of them to do their job properly. They have to go through the traditional exhausting process that involves manually turning them, which is inconvenient due to several reasons. One of these reasons is the patients heavy weight, which makes it hard for the care taker to rotate the patients body. In addition, a rotation every two or three hours means that someone should be frequently available to do the job; including the night times. Accordingly, the aim of this proposed novel medical bed is to make a bed that simplifies the process and automates it when needed; namely, a bed that rotates automatically every two or three hours. The bed has moving parts that are controlled by electrical buttons, and has programmed positions for the automated part. The bed also includes a solution for cleansing the patients wastes since they are not able to go to bathroom by themselves. For this reason, the bed has a central portion that goes down and a specifically designed lavatory that slides to remove the wastes. In addition, the bed has measurement tools (sensors) for vital signs 5. These tools measure heart rate, body temperature, respiratory rate and weight sensors (load cells). These sensors give feedback in case something goes wrong, and initiate an alarm to inform the person in charge so he/she can check if the patient requires any attention and make the necessary procedures. For extra safety, a CCTV camera connected to a Wi-Fi network is added. This camera could be connected to the caretakers smartphone so he/she can follow up the patients status. The camera is attached to the bed itself. This camera is useful for the cases where no fixed camera is available (such as in homes). SECTION II.Design and ImplementationThe implementation of the bed consists of both hardware and software. The hardware part as shown in Fig. 1 consists of Iron which constructs the frame of the bed, 12 V DC, motor driven jacks to lift the bed (a total of nine jacks are used), two 12 V DC motors for the cleansing part movement. An Arduino Microcontroller is used to control the movement of the jacks and the cleansing part motors, and to get measurements from vital signs sensors and load cells. These measurements are effective in the automatic mode. Fig. 1 Hardware structureA user starts an application program on an android tablet that is connected to the Arduino via Bluetooth. This application program provides a user interface that allows the user to control the movement of the bed. It also shows all the readings from vital signs sensors and load cells. For additional safety, a CCTV camera connected to a Wi-Fi network is installed. This camera, which is attached to the bed itself, can be connected to the caretakers smartphone so he/she can regularly check on the patient. SECTION III.Hardware System DescriptionThere are three main positions that serve the purpose of assisting both patients and caretakers. These positions help patients avoid having back ulcers. The first position is the typical one where the bed looks like a standard bed, as shown in Fig. 2. In the second position, the bed rotates to the right side, up to 40 degrees, which is the recommended angle by National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel 6, a range from 20 degrees to 40 degrees allows the patient to transform the pressure from his/her back to the right side of his/her body, as shown in Fig. 3. In the third and last position, the bed rotates to the left side, up to 30 degrees, allowing the patient to transform the pressure from his/her back to the left side of his/her body, as shown in Fig. 4. Fig. 2: Normal positionFig. 3: Rotated to rightFig. 4: Rotated to leftFig. 5: Cleansing partTo achieve the previous three positions, nine jacks and two motors are used. Every jack is driven by a 12 V DC, and the two motors can be run on a car battery. Jacks are used in this project as they are seen to be enough to do the specified job (which is lifting the bed to reach the desired position). One jack is used to lift up to 1 metric ton and to reach positions (2) and (3), 4 jacks are used to reach the adequate height (two at each side as shown in Fig. 6). Electric jacks are not too expensive and operate cleanly (without oil). At this stage of the project, electric jacks are used to demonstrate the idea of moving the bed, but if the idea is to be implemented for the commercial use, another lifting mechanism could be applied. Since the automatic mode is mostly used when no one is directly involved in supervising the process of rotating the patient, the bed may cause some inconvenience to the patient. For example, a feeding or breathing pipe may get blocked, which may cause serious harm to the patient if proper procedures are not taken on time. As a safety procedure, a program is installed on the Arduino to force the bed to get back to position (1). The same program initiates an alarm to draw the attention of anyone nearby to make the needed adjustment. Data obtained from the vital signs sensors are the key component in determining if something goes wrong or not. Any source if inconvenience to the patient causes an increase in heart beat 7 or breathe rate (or both). If any of these two exceeds certain limit the bed acts as previously mentioned. Fig. 6: Used jacks at one side of the bed.SECTION III.Software each screen is responsible for a specific aspect of the bed. For example, there is a screen for “manual mode”, a screen for “automatic mode”, a screen for vital signs measurementsetc. The app sends commands (to control the bed) and receives data (measurements of the sensors) in a convenient user interface. Bed Movement As mentioned previously, Arduino Mega is responsible of every movement of the bed, it is programmed to accept input from the user and move as desired. In addition, it is programmed to accept feedback from vital signs sensors to contribute to the automated mode of the bed. The user (in other words the care taker) will be able to interact with/control the bed through the 8” android tablet. This tablet is the main control unit of the bed. The app has the following main features: Choosing operation mode (manual or automatic). 。 Moving the bed to the desired position. Displaying vital signs measurements in real time. The bed operates in two modes: Manual mode and automatic mode. In the manual mode, the app displays buttons to allow the user to move the bed to any desired positon or height (the Arduino is programmed not to exceed a certain height to avoid any accident to the patient, or any damage to the bed). In the automatic mode, the buttons disappear and the positions allowed are only positions (1), (2) and (3). The bed holds its position for two hours, and then it rotates to the next position. This feature is extremely helpful at night since care takers are no longer required to wake up every 2 hours to rotate the patient, as the bed does the job automatically. Sensors OverviewVital sign sensors are connected to the Arduino microcontroller through the eHealth sensor shield v2.0. The sensors and the shield are a complete compatible kit manufactured by Libelium. Fig. 7 and Fig. 8 show the complete kit. Fig. 7: The complete kitFig. 8: eHealth sensor shield v2.0Ehealth sensor shield v2.0 is placed on top of the Arduino Mega and all the data obtained by the sensors are processed in eHealth sensor shield v2.0, then it is sent to Arduino Mega. Concerning the data, the latter is responsible for two things: First, it is displayed on the tablet, and second it is an essential component in the automated mode. 1. In the proposed system, five different types of sensors, shown in Fig. 9, are used to take measurments of vital signs and the weight of the patient and they contribute to the smart functions of the bed. The five sensors are: 2. 在拟议的系统中，五种不同类型的传感器(如图 9 所示)被用来测量生命体征和病人的体重，它们有助于 b 的智能功能。爱德。这五个传感器是：3. Airflow Sensor (Breathing) 4. 气流传感器(呼吸)5.6. Electrocardiogram Sensor 7. 心电图传感器8.9. Body Temperature Sensor 10. 体温传感器11.12. Heart Rate Sensor 13. 心率感应器14.15. load cell 16. 测压元件Fig. 9: Used sensorsSECTION IV.Comparison with Current SolutionsCurrently there are few solutions for controllable/smart medical beds such as MedBed 8, 4-Way Fold Care Bed 9, Freedom Bed by ProBed Medical 10. 目前关于可控/智能医疗床的解决方案还不多，如 MedBed8、4 路折叠护理床9、探索医学自由床10 。The proposed MedBed in 8 does not concern the patients who suffer from lock-in syndromes. It gives the patients who can move a smart way using IoT to take control of themselves without depending on nurses. The 4-Way Fold Care Bed in 5 necessitates substantial intervention by the caretaker and pillows to support the patient, while our proposed novel bed requires minimal human intervention and pillows are not needed. In addition, the proposed novel medical bed outperforms the 4-way Fold Care Bed by allowing automatic mod. This feature allows the bed to operate without the need of intervention of the care takers making it extremely helpful at night times, when they are no longer required to wake up every 2 hours to rotate the patient, as the bed does the job automatically. 建议中的 MedBed8并不涉及那些患有闭锁综合症的患者。它给了病人一个聪明的移动方式，使用物联网来控制自己，而不依赖于护士。在5中的 4 路折叠护理床需要管理员和枕头的大量干预来支持病人，而我们建议的新床需要最少的人工干预和不需要枕头。此外，提出的新型医疗床的性能优于 4 路折叠护理床，允许自动模式。这个特性使床可以在不需要 Interventi 的情况下操作。当他们不再被要求每 2 小时醒来旋转病人，就像床自动完成工作一样，护理人员在夜间使它变得非常有帮助。1. The proposed smart medical bed outperforms both the 4-Way Fold Care Bed 5 and the Freedom Bed by ProBed Medical 6 from the following features: 2. 通过探索医学6，所提出的智能医疗床的性能优于四重护理床 5和自由床6，其特点如下：3. The proposed smart medical bed outperforms both the 4-Way Fold Care Bed 5 and the Freedom Bed by ProBed Medical 6 from the following features: 4. 通过探索医学6，所提出的智能医疗床的性能优于四重护理床 5和自由床6，其特点如下：5.6. Measuring Weight: The bed is equipped with 12 load cells distributed along the mattress. These cells give precise measurement of the patient weight, and this feature is useful to monitor the overall patients current health condition. 7. 测量重量：床上装有 12 个负荷传感器，分布在床垫上。这些细胞可以精确地测量病人的体重，这一特性有助于全面监测病人的体重。病人目前的健康状况。8. Cleansing part: Since patients cannot leave the bed, they cannot be taken to the bathroom too often, which makes cleansing them an extremely difficult process. This is why this feature is convenient. The middle portion of the bed moves down allowing a specifically designed lavatory to slide out simplifying the cleansing process. 9. 清洁部分：由于病人不能离开床，他们不能经常被带到浴室，这使得清洗他们是一个非常困难的过程。这就是为什么这个特性很方便的原因。床的中间部分向下移动，允许一个专门设计的厕所滑出，简化了清洗过程。Fig. 10: 10. 4-way fold care bed 5 11. 四折护理床5ConclusionA novel efficient medical bed is presented to simplify the life of patients and caretakers since both suffer difficulties using traditional beds. The proposed system automatically rotates the patients as programmed, and monitors them for any sudden changes in their viral signs. The proposed novel bed is equipped with many safety measures to ensure the proper functionality and to avoid any hazard to the patients. The vital signs of the patients are measured. The proposed system aims to contribute to the society by improving the taking care conditions of lock-in patients wherever they are in hospitals or their homes. 为了简化病人和照顾者的生活，我们提出了一种新型的高效医疗床，因为两者都很难使用传统的病床。建议的系统自动旋转病人。如程序所示，监测他们病毒症状的任何突然变化。建议的新床设有多项安全措施，以确保适当的功能及避免任何危险。给病人。对病人的生命体征进行了测量。建议的制度旨在改善被锁症病人无论在何地的照顾条件，从而为社会作出贡献。或者他们的家。新型病床Author(s)A. Tawfik ; Ahmed Hamdan ; Abdulrahman Azzam ; Yahya Ibrahim 摘 要建议的制度的主要目的，是简化照顾不能移动和永久躺在床上的病人的程序。躺在床上很长一段时间会带来一些治愈问题：第一个也是主要的问题是腐烂的皮肤和/或溃疡。第二是病人无法到达浴室。这个提议的医疗床是为了通过一个 u来解决这两个问题。NIQUE 设计，旋转病人，并提供一个创新的设计卫生间清洁。通过使用通过蓝牙连接到 arduino微控制器的 android平板电脑，管理员可以将床移至任一方向，将压力从病人背部移开，并控制滑动厕所开始清洗。床的工作方式有两种：一种手动模式，即 enga。在旋转过程中使用看守器和每两小时旋转一次的自动模式。最大旋转角度是根据测量病人的重量通过负荷来确定的。细胞分布在床上。此外，智能床还包括一些生命体征的传感器，如心率、体温、气流和心电图信号。Published in: 2018 Advances in Science and Engineering Technology International Conferences (ASET) Date of Conference: 6 Feb.-5 April 2018 Date Added to IEEE Xplore: 11 June 2018 ISBN Information: INSPEC Accession Number: 17840700 DOI: 10.1109/ICASET.2018.8376899 Publisher: IEEE Conference Location: Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates No metrics found for this document. Advertisement第一章 绪论在医院提供良好的医疗服务成为一个关键问题1-2。造成这种情况的两个主要原因是医疗费用的增加和看护人数的减少。(如护士)3。如果病人患有闭锁综合症，这种问题就会变得更加严重。照顾这些病人需要很大的努力和关心。因此，它是进口的。蚂蚁提供技术解决方案，以帮助那些在医院或家庭中的病人的看护者。本文提出了一种适用于完全不能活动的病人，也就是患有 fr的病人的医疗床。闭锁综合征四肢瘫长期昏迷临床死亡等等。这些病人需要特别照顾，因为他们根本不能动。照顾他们包括把他们移到他们的一边每两小时4对尸体进行清洗。目前，这些病人躺在一张正常的床上，不动，因此无助于照顾他们的人做好他们的工作。莱伊。他们必须经过传统的排气过程，其中涉及手动车削，这是不方便的，因为几个原因。其中一个原因是病人体重过重我使护理人员很难旋转病人的身体。此外，每两三个小时轮换一次，这意味着应该经常有人来做这项工作；包括晚上。时代.因此，该新型医疗床的目的是制作一张简化过程并在需要时使其自动化的床，即每两、三小时自动旋转一次的床。T 型他的床上有由电子按钮控制的移动部件，并为自动部分设置了程序位置。床上还包括一种清洁病人粪便的方法，因为病人的排泄物是 I我一个人不能上厕所。由于这个原因，床有一个中央部分，向下和一个专门设计的厕所，滑行，以消除废物。此外，床 h作为生命体征的测量工具(传感器)5。这些工具测量心率、体温、呼吸频率和重量传感器(负荷传感器)。这些感应器在发生故障时给出反馈，并发出警报通知主管人员，以便他/她可以检查病人是否需要任何注意，并作出必要的程序。再来一次。为了安全起见，还增加了连接 Wi-Fi网络的闭路电视摄像头。这个摄像头可以连接到看门人的智能手机上，这样他/她就可以跟踪病人的状况。照相机是 ATE的痛苦地躺在床上。这种相机是有用的情况下，没有固定相机是可用的(如在家庭)。第二章 设计与实现该平台的实现包括硬件和软件两部分。如图 1所示，硬件部分由构成床身的铁器、12 伏直流、电机驱动千斤顶组成。床(共使用 9千斤顶)，两个 12V直流电机进行清洗部分的运动。使用 Arduino微控制器控制千斤顶和清洗部分电机的运动，以及从生命体征、传感器和负载传感器中获取测量数据。这些测量在自动模式下是有效的。 图 1用户在通过蓝牙连接到 Arduino的 Android平板上启动应用程序。这个应用程序提供了一个用户界面，允许用户控制移动。在床上。它还显示了生命体征、传感器和负载传感器的所有读数。为了增加安全性，安装了一个连接到Wi-Fi网络的闭路电视摄像头。这台相机，附在床本身，可以连接到看门人的智能手机，以便他/她可以定期检查病人。第三章 硬件系统描述有三个主要职位是为了帮助病人和照顾者。这些体位帮助病人避免背部溃疡。第一个位置是典型的位置 E床看起来像一张标准床，如图 2所示。在第二个位置，床向右侧旋转，高达 40度，这是国家压力溃疡咨询机构推荐的角度。EL6，从 20度到 40度的范围允许病人将压力从他/她的身体向右转移，如图3所示。在第三个也是最后一个位置，床向左侧旋转，高达 30度，使病人能够将压力从他/她的背部转移到他/她身体的左侧，如图 4所示。图 2正常位置，静止位置图 3 右转图 4转左图 5清洁部为了实现前三个位置，使用了九个千斤顶和两个马达。每一个千斤顶由一个 12V的直流驱动，这两个马达可以在一个汽车电池上运行。Jack 在这个项目中被使用，因为它们被认为足以完成指定的工作(即将床提升到所需的位置)。一个千斤顶用来举升 1公吨，到达位置(2)和(3)，使用 4千斤顶。达到足够的高度(如图 6所示，两边各两层)。电动千斤顶并不贵，而且操作干净(没有油)。在这个项目的这个阶段，电动千斤顶被用来提出移动床的想法，但如果要将这一想法用于商业用途，则可以采用另一种提升机制。由于自动模式大多是在无人直接参与病人旋转过程的监控过程中使用的，因此床的使用可能会给病人带来一些不便。例如，饲料如果不及时采取适当的程序，G 或呼吸管可能会被堵塞，这可能对病人造成严重伤害。作为一个安全过程，在 arduino上安装了一个程序来强制执行 b。恢复到位置(1)。同一程序启动一个警报，以吸引附近任何人的注意，以作出所需的调整。从生命体征传感器获得的数据是关键的组成部分。判断某件事是否出错。任何来源，如果给病人带来不便，会导致心跳增加7或呼吸频率(或两者兼而有之)。如果这两种情况中有任何一种超过了一定的限制他的床就像前面提到的那样。图 6 在床的一边用千斤顶。第四章 软件与 Arduino接口本项目使用的主要软件是 Arduino IDE。它的功能是控制每一个千斤顶的每一个电机和两个电机负责清洗部分。关于千斤顶，他们自己的安全机制(在完全关闭或完全打开时不断裂)。为了能够使用这种安全机制，使用继电器模块。两个有源低 8通道继电器模块被用来模拟“up”。每个插孔的“向下”按钮和一个活动的低二通道继电器模块被用来控制床的左边部分。清洗部分电机由BTS 796043A电机驱动器控制(一台用于每个马达)。根据所需的运动，他们被编程使马达左右旋转。为了测量病人的体重，我们实现了 12个负载传感器，并通过 OU进行了分布。该系统采用 HX 711 24位模拟数字转换器模块，并与Arduino接口.每个四个负载传感器连接到一个 hx 711模块，因此共有三个 hx 711模块是我们的。爱德。生命体征传感器(脉冲传感器除外)通过 eHealth传感器屏蔽 v2.0接口，而脉冲传感器直接连接到 Arduino单片机。为了开发控制床的 Android应用程序，使用了谷歌提供的 AndroidStudio平台。该应用程序首先与 Arduino微控制器启动蓝牙连接，并具有 Multipl。屏幕(活动)；每个屏幕负责床的一个特定方面。例如，有一个用于“手动模式”的屏幕，一个用于“自动模式”的屏幕，一个用于生命体征测量人员的屏幕。TS等。该应用程序发送命令(以控制床)和接收数据(传感器的测量)在一个方便的用户界面。 床移动如前所述，Arduino Mega 负责床的每一次移动，它被编程接受用户的输入并按需要移动。此外，它还被编程接受反馈。从生命体征传感器到床的自动化模式。用户(换句话说，护理人员)将能够通过 8英寸 Android平板电脑与/控制床进行交互。这个标签让我们是床的主要控制单元。该应用程序具有以下主要功能：床的工作方式有两种：手动模式和自动模式。在手动模式下，应用程序显示按钮，允许用户将床移动到任何想要的位置或高度(arduino 是编程的)。ED不得超过某一高度，以避免对病人造成任何事故，或对床造成任何损坏)。在自动模式下，按钮消失，允许的位置仅为位置(1)、(2)ad(3)。床保持它的位置两个小时，然后它旋转到下一个位置。这个功能在夜间非常有用，因为照顾者不再需要每 2小时醒来一次。使病人旋转，就像床自动完成工作一样。传感器概述生命体征传感器通过 eHealth传感器屏蔽 v2.0连接到 Arduino微控制器。传感器和屏蔽是一个完整的兼容套件，由 Libelium制造。图 7和 FIG8显示完整的工具包。图 7全套将 eHealth传感器屏蔽 v2.0置于 Arduino Mega之上，将传感器获取的所有数据在 eHealth传感器屏蔽 v2.0中进行处理，然后发送给 Arduino Mega。关于dATA，后者负责两件事：第一，它显示在平板电脑上；第二，它是自动化模式下的一个基本组件。
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