勘探开发介绍-英语.ppt

ExploringandDrillingforOilandGas PreparedbyTomSheeran WhatareOilandGas OilandGasaresubstancesfoundwithintheearth scrust Theyarethoughttocomefromdecomposedplantandanimalmatter Scientistsbelievetheplantsandanimalsdiedlongago andwereslowlyburiedbythicklayersofsediments Overalongperiodoftime andwithpressureandtemperature theorganicmaterialswereconvertedintotheoilandgaswhicharefoundtoday Forexample weknowthatpresentdaygarbagedumpsgiveoffmethanegas PreparedbyTomSheeran Oilinit snaturalstatecanbethickorthin blackorlightcolored Whenoilisrefined manyproductscanbeobtained EnergyforpowerGasolineforcarsDieselfuelfortrucksandtrainsHi octanefuelsforplanesHeatingoilforhouses Manyothermaterialsalsocomefrompetroleum PlasticsMaterialsforclothes example polyesterfabrics ChemicalsforeverydayusePaints Whatelsedoweknowaboutoilandgas PreparedbyTomSheeran Didyouknowthatoilhasnaturalgasinit Thenaturalgasisinsolution justlikethecarbondioxidewhichisputinsideofpoptogiveititsfizz Whenoilisproduced somegasisproducedwiththeoil Abarrelofoilmaycontainanywherefrom1cubicftofgas toover10 000cubicft dependingonthetypeofreservoir That senoughgasinasinglebarrelofoiltofillyourwholehouse PreparedbyTomSheeran WherecanwefindOilandGas PreparedbyTomSheeran Somepeoplethinkthatoilisinbigpoolsunderground Actually mostoilistrappedinthetinyporespacesbetweengrainsofrockorsand Mostoftheseporesaretoosmalltobeseenwiththenakedeye PreparedbyTomSheeran So howdowefindoil bearingrocks Oilandgasarefoundinnaturaltrapswithintheearth Thesetrapsconsistofdomesorfaults Impermeablerockabovethetrappreventstheoilandgasfrommigratinguptosurface An impermeable rockisonethatfluidcannotpassthrough withouttraps theoilandgascouldmigrateallthewaytothesurfaceandevaporate PreparedbyTomSheeran Oil Here sanexampleofadome shapedOilreservoir Notethelayerofimpermeablerockwhichpreventstheoilfrommigratingupwards Also notethelayerofwaterbelowwhichpreventstheoilfromescapingdown Why PreparedbyTomSheeran Gas Here sanexampleofaGasreservoir Again notetheimpermeablelayerofrockpreventingthegasfromescaping PreparedbyTomSheeran Gas Here sanexampleofanOilreservoirwithaGascap Oil Whydoyousupposethegasisontop PreparedbyTomSheeran Howdowefindtheoilreservoirs Geophysicistsfindreservoirsbybouncingsoundwavesoffthem andtiminghowlongittakesforthesoundtocomebackComputersprocessthedatatoconstructpicturesofwhattheearthlookslikeunderground source receivers t 1sec t 1 2sec t 1 42sec PreparedbyTomSheeran Whatdowedoafterwefindareservoir PreparedbyTomSheeran WeDrillIntoIt PreparedbyTomSheeran Whatdowedrillwith PreparedbyTomSheeran ADrillingRig Hereareafewdifferenttypesofdrillingrigsavailable Drillshipsandsemi submersiblerigsarefordrillinginwaterdepthsfrom100to5000 ft JackupRig Fordrillinginwaterdepthsfrom15ftto 350ft InlandBarge Fordrillinginwaterdepthsfrom8to30ft PreparedbyTomSheeran What sadrillingrig PreparedbyTomSheeran ADrillingRigis Apackageofspecialequipmentputtogethertoenableustodrillintotheearth Adrillingrighasmanydifferentparts aderrick asubstructure hoistingequipment enginesforpower drillpipe steeltanks pumps solidscontrolequipment andmanyotherpieces Didyouknowthatsomedrillingrigscandrillasdeepas6miles That sasdeepasMt Everestistall PreparedbyTomSheeran DrillstringDrillbit Thehoistingequipmentconsistsof acrownblock atravelingblock drillingline andadrawworkstopullthedrillinglineupordown substructure Thispictureshowsthehoistingequipmentonarig Thisequipmentisusedtoraiseorlowerthedrillstring whichispickedupin30footlongsegments or joints ofdrillpipe sparedrillpipe Thisshowsa30footsectionofdrillpipebeingaddedtothedrillpipealreadyinthehole PreparedbyTomSheeran Here sapictureofthedrillbitdrillingtherock Thedrillstringisturnedatsurface whichturnsthebitatthebottomofthehole Theteethonthedrillbitgrindtherockintofragments or cuttings Drillingmudispumpeddowntheinsideofthedrillpipe throughjetnozzlesinthebit andintothe annulus Thisisthespacebetweenthesidesoftheholeandthedrillpipe Themudliftsthecuttingsandcirculatesthembacktosurfacewheretheyareremoved PreparedbyTomSheeran 3 themixtureofdrillingmudanddrillcuttingsarecirculateduptheannulus screens 5 thedrillcuttingsareremoved andformacuttingspile Thiscanbehauledoffanddisposedof 4 themixtureiscirculatedacrossscreensatsurface 1 Cleandrillingmudistakenfromthesteelmudtanksandpumpeddowntheinsideofthedrillpipe 2 themudiscirculatedthroughthedrillbitintotheannulus liftingthecuttingsremovedbythedrillbit 6 Cleanmudfallsthroughthescreensandisreturnedtothepits TheDrillingMudCycle mudpump PreparedbyTomSheeran Here sasequenceshowinghowholesaredrilled First alargedrillbitisusedtodrillashortintervalofhole Then steelcasingisrunandcementedontheoutsidetokeeptheholefromcollapsing 0 200 PreparedbyTomSheeran Next asmallerbitisruninsidethefirstcasing Thisbitdrillsoutthebottomofthecasing anddrillsnewhole Then thisnewholeisalsocasedoffandcemented PreparedbyTomSheeran Again asmallerholeisdrilledout andsmallercasingisruntokeeptheholefromfallingin PreparedbyTomSheeran Inthisway theholeisdrilledinstages untilthetargetreservoirrockispenetrated Atthispoint thegeologistsmustfigureoutifthereisoilorgasinit PreparedbyTomSheeran Theydothisbyrunninglogsacrossthezone Logsaretoolsrunonelectriccable wireline whichrecordthephysicalpropertiesintherocksuchasresistivity porosity density radioactivity andporepressure HowdoGeologiststellifthereservoirhasoilorgas PreparedbyTomSheeran Sand Shale Siltstone Shale Siltstone Dolomite Shale Here sanexampleofwhataloglookslike Geologistslookatlogstodecidewhetherornottocompleteawell ifthereisoil orabandonit ifthere snooil PreparedbyTomSheeran Canyoutellwherethegeologistwouldcompletethiswell GammaRadiation 200 500 3000 ElectricalResistivity Porosity Lookslikegoodsandquality goodresistivity mayhaveoilorgas poorresistivity probablywater goodporosity poorporosity goodporosity poorresistivity probablywater poorporosity goodporosity Righthere Thisshowsacleansand withgoodporosityandresistivity goodporosity poorporosity PreparedbyTomSheeran Ifthewelllooksgoodonthelogs werunafinalstringofcasingacrosstheproductionzone andcementitinplace PreparedbyTomSheeran Then werunperforatinggunsintheholeandperforate shootholes inthecasingacrosstheproductivezone PreparedbyTomSheeran Productiontubingisrun withapackertoisolatetheproducedzonefromthecasingabove tubing Packer PreparedbyTomSheeran Finally thewellisproducedintoapipeline whichtakesittoproductionfacilitiesonsurface PreparedbyTomSheeran Theproductionfacilitiesonsurfaceseparateoutthegas oil andwaterintotheirseparatephases PreparedbyTomSheeran ProductionSeparator Oil ProducedWater ProducedGas Fromthere theoilandgasmayberefinedfurtherbeforebeingreadytomarket OilRefinery StorageTanks PreparedbyTomSheeran Finally thegasandoilcanbesoldtopowercarsandheathouses PreparedbyTomSheeran AndThat sWhereOilandGasComeFrom TheEnd PreparedbyTomSheeran AbouttheAuthor TomSheeranhasbeenworkingintheoilandgasindustryforover18years HeworkedsummersonadrillingrigwhilegoingtoschooltoearnadegreeinPetroleumEngineering Aftergraduating hewenttoworkforChevronintheRockyMountains In1990hebeganworkingforChevronOverseasPetroleum andsincethenhasworkedallovertheworld inScotland Australia PapuaNewGuinea Venezuela AngolaandNigeria TomiscurrentlyemployedbyChevronNigeriaLtd andislivingandworkingasaresidentinLagos Nigeria TomandhiswifeShallinihave2children andhome schooledintheU S forseveralyearsbeforemovingoverseas Tomdevelopedthispresentationforkidssotheymaylearnmoreabouttheoilindustry YoumaycontactTomat TomA SheeranSr DrillingEngineerChevronNigeriaLtd SHTA TASOct 1998