2019-2020年高中英语基础知识 构词法的讲解与训练.doc

2019-2020年高中英语基础知识 构词法的讲解与训练构词法 知识要点英语构词方法主要有三种：即合成法(pounding)、派生法(derivation )和转化法(conversion)。1. 合成法：将两个或两个以上的单词合成在一起而构成的新词，叫做合成词。如：snow-white 雪白的；day-long 整天的；overe 克服；downstairs 在楼下 2. 派生法：所谓派生，即在词根上加前缀或后缀构成另一个与原意略有变化或截然相反的词。例：discover 发现；disagree 不同意的；nationnational 民族的，国家的；naturenatural 自然的；treatment 治疗；development 开发展3. 转化法：英语单词的词性非常活跃，名词用作动词，动词转化为名词，形容词用作动词等现象非常普遍，这种把一种词性用作另一种词性的方式就叫做词性的转化。如： （1） 有大量动词可以转化为名词，有时意思没变化。 Let me have a try. 让我试一试。 （2）名词转化为动词。 Have you booked your ticket? 你的票订好了吗？ （3）一些表示某类人的名词也可做动词。 If so,we shall be badly fooled. 如果这样我们就会上大当。 （4）形容词转化为动词。 The train slowed down to half its speed. 火车速度减慢了一半。 疑难突破1、合成法 （1）合成形容词名词+现在分词 例：English-speaking 讲英语的，south-facing 朝南的名词+过去分词 例：man-made 人造的，water-covered 被水覆盖的名词+形容词 例：snow-white 雪白的，day-long 整天的形容词+名词+-ed 例：warm-hearted 热情的，kind-hearted 好心肠的形容词/副词+现在分词 例：good-looking 好看的，funny-looking 滑稽的副词+过去分词 例：well-known 出名的, deep-set(眼睛）深陷的副词/形容词+名词例：right-hand 右手的，full-time 专职的数词+名词例：100-meter 100米的，million-pound 百万英镑的数词+名词+形容词 例：180-foot-high 180英寸高的，10-year-old 10岁的数词+名词+-ed例：four-footed/legged 四脚的，one-eyed 独眼龙的 （2）合成名词名词+名词 例：weekend 周末，classroom 教室，bookshop 书店形容词/介词+名词 例：gentleman 绅士，loudspeaker 扬声器动词+名词例：typewriter 打字机，cookbook 烹调书名词+动词 例：daybreak 破晓，toothpick 牙签动词-ing形式+名词 例：reading-room 阅览室，sleeping-car 卧车车厢副词+动词例：outbreak 爆发，downpour 倾盆大雨名词+动名词 例：handwriting 笔迹，sun-bathing 日光浴名词+in/to+名词例：mother-in-law 岳母，brother-in-law 姐夫 （3）合成动词副词+动词 例：overthrow 推翻，understand 理解形容词+动词例：broadcast 广播，whitewash 粉刷名词+动词 例：typewrite 打字，sleepwalk 梦游 （4）合成副词介词+名词 例：underfoot 脚下，beforehand 事先形容词+名词 例：hotfoot 匆忙地，someday 有朝一日形容词+副词例：anywhere 任何地方，outwards 向外、 （5）合成介词：within在之内，without没有，inside在里边，into进入 （6）合成代词：myself我自己，ourselves我们自己，anyone任何人，nobody没有人nothing没东西，somebody有人。2. 派生法 （1）前缀： 前缀通常只改变词义，不改变词性。 1）表示否定的前缀 un- 构成反义词，表示“不” 例：unfit 不合适的，unhappy 不高兴的 dis-构成反义词，表示“不”例：discover 发现，disagree 不同意的 in-/im-构成反义词，表示“不”，用于以c,b,m,p等开头的词。 例：impossible不可能的，imcorrect 不正确的 ir-构成反义词，表示“不”，用于以r开头的单词 例：irregular 不规则的il- 构成反义词，表示“不”，用于以l开头的单词例：illegal 不合法的 mis-构成反义词，表示“错误” 例：mistake 错误，misuse 错用 non- 构成反义词，表示“不” 例：non-stop 不停的，non-smoker 非吸烟者 2）常用英语前缀a-使，离，向；awake摇醒,apart使分离, ac-,ad-,af-,ag-,al-向，加强：accord依照,affect影响anti-反，防止：antitank反坦克,antiJapanese 抗日,anticlockwise逆时针auto-自，自动：automation自动化,autobiograph 自传kilo- 千：kilometres,kilowatt,kilograms,micro- 微：microbe 微生物mini- 微小：minibus 小巴,miskirt超短裙,minister 大臣部长non- 不，非：non-party 无党派的,non-stop 不间断,over- 超出，反转：overweight 超重,overthrow 推翻per- 贯通，遍及：perform完成,perfect 完美post- 在后：postwar 战后,postern 后门pre- 在前：preface 前言,pro- 向前，拥护：prologue 序言,pro-American 亲美的re- 重复，相反：recall 回忆,react 反应se- 分离：separate 使分离,select 选出sur- 超，外加：surface 表面,surtax 附加税，tele- 远：television 电视un- 否定：unfair 不公平的up- 向上：upset推翻,upstairs 在楼上uni- 单一：united联合的,unit 单位3）其他意义的前缀： re- 表示“再；又；重”，re-多重读，构成双重读词。 例：rewrite 重写 a- 表示“的”，多构成表语形容词。 例：alone 单独的，alike 相像的 tele- 表示“远程的”。 例：telephone 电话，television 电视 en- 表示“使”，构成动词。 例：enlarge 扩大，enable 使能够 inter- 表示“关系”。 例：Internet 因特网 international 国际的 （2）常用英语后缀 后缀通常改变词性，构成意思相近的其它词性的词；少数后缀同时会改变词义。1）形容词性后缀： -al 例：nationnational 民族的，国家的；naturenatural 自然的 -able 表示“有能力的” 例：eateatable 能吃的 -an/ian 表示“国家的，国家人的”。例：AmericaAmerican 美国（人）的 -ern 表示“方向的”。例：easteastern东方的，southsouthern南方的 -ful 例：beautybeautiful 美丽的，carecareful 小心的 -less 表示否定 例：carecareless粗心的，useuseless 无用的 -ic/ical 例：electricityelectric/electrical 电的 -ese 表示“人的”。 例：ChinaChinese 中国（人）的 -ly 例：friendfriendly 友好的，yearyearly 每年的 -y 表示“天气”等。 例：cloudcloudy 多云的，dustdusty 多尘的 -ous 例：famous 著名的，continuous 连续不断的 -ish例：childish 孩子气的，selfish 自私的 -en 例：golden 金色的，wooden 木制的，woolen 羊毛的 -ive 例：active 积极的，collective 集体的 2）动词后缀： -fy 例：beautybeautify 美化 -en 例：widewiden 加宽,sharpsharpen削，looseloosen 使松散 3）副词后缀 -ly 例：badbadly 坏地，easyeasily 容易地 -ward 表示“方向”。 例：backward 向后，eastward 向东 4）名词后缀： -ment 例：agreeagreement协议，movemovement 运动 -ness 例：happyhappiness 幸福，busybusiness 事务 -tion 例：explainexplanation 解释，dictatedictation 听写 -er 表示“人”。 例：workworker 工人，buybuyer 买主 -or 表示“人”。 例：actactor 演员，sailsailor 海员 -ist表示“人”。例：pianopianist 钢琴家，sciencescientist 科学家 -ess 表示“人或动物”，指阴性。 例：actress 女演员，lioness 母狮子 -ful 表示“量”。 例：mouthful 一口，handful 一把 -th 例：truetruth 真理，longlength 长度 5）数词后缀 -teen 构成“十几”。 例：fivefifteen 十五 -ty 构成“几十”。 例：nineninty 九十，fivefifty 五十 -th 构成序数词。 例：fivefifth 第五，sixsixth 第六3. 转化法 （1）动词转化为名词 例： try vttry n. Swim游泳 vi.swim游泳 n. （2）名词转化为动词 例： book书 n. book 订购vt. seat座位 n. seat使就做 vt.（3）形容词转化为动词 例： 有少数形容词也可以用作动词。slow 慢的 a. slow使减慢vt. warm温暖的a. warm 使温暖 vt. 即学即练1. That man was _enough not to tell the manager that he would not do the job.A. care B. careful C. careless D. carelessness2. The soldier died for saving the child，so his_ is heavier than Mount Tai. A. die B. dead C. died D. death3. He is an expert at chemistry. We all call him a _. A. chemistry B. Chemical C. chemist D. physician4.The three- _chair isnt suitable for a young child. He may fall off.A. legging B. legged C. legs D. leged5.Stephenson became the_railway engineer in the world.A. lead B. leader C. leading D. leadership6.When the teacher praised him for working out the maths problem，Jack looked_about at his classmates. A. proud B. proudly C. pride D. pridely7.To everyones _，the girl finished the job quite well. A. satisfied B. Satisfactory C. satisfying D. satisfaction8.（xx广西贺州） 综合填空。 阅读下面短文，根据上下文及所给的首字母，填入一个合适的词，使短文意思完整。并将完整的单词写在答题卷上。Bill lives in a very far village. He knows l _86 about the outside world because he hardly ever gets our of his village.One day, he got a radio f _87 his uncle who lives in the city. He was very excited and s _88 the radio to all his friends.“Great!” Sheela, one of his friends, said. “Could you please get one for me, too?” another friend Mashi asked. Of course Bill felt very proud o _89 the radio.However, the radio stopped w _90 only a few days later. Bill was very sad but didnt know w _91 to do. A friend of his told h_92 to go to the repair shop in town. So he did. The man in the shop f _93_ two dead cockroach(蟑螂) in the radio.Bill started crying. The man, of course, was surprised, “W_94 are you crying, my boy?” Bill cried said, “Because the two singer died in my radio. How am I going to listen to nice s_95_ ?”直击高考1.（xx广东卷） 阅读下面短文，按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求，在空格处填入一个适当的词或者用括号中词语的正确形式填空，并将答案填写在答题卡标号为1625的相应位置上。 One day, Nick invited his friends to supper. He was cooking some delicious food in the kitchen. Suddenly, he _16_(find) that he has run out of salt. So Nick called to his son, “Go to the village and buy some salt, but pay a fair price for it: neither too much _17_too little.” His son looked surprised. “I can understand why I shouldnt pay too much, Father, but if I can pay less, _18_not save a bit of money?” “That would be a very _19_(reason) thing to do in a big city, but it could destroy a small village like ours,” Nick said. Nicks guests, _20_had heard their conversation, asked why they should not buy salt more cheaply if they could. Nick replied, “The only reason a man would sell salt _21_a lower price would be because he was desperate for money. And anyone who took advantage of that situation would be showing a lack of respect _22_the sweat and struggle of the man who worked very hard to produce it.” “But such a small thing couldnt _23_(possible) destroy a village.” “In the beginning, there was only _24_very small amount of unfairness in the world, but everyone added a little, always _25_(think) that it was only small and not very important, and look where we have ended up today.”2.（xx上海卷）Section BDirections: plete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.A. restoreB. recallC. processingD. previouslyE. necessaryF. locatingG. insteadH. fascinatingI. elsewhereJ. positionAs infants, we can recognize our mothers within hours of birth. In fact, we can recognize the 41 of our mothers face well before we can recognize her body shape. Its 42 how the brain can carry out such a function at such a young age, especially since we dont learn to walk and talk until we are over a year old. By the time we are adults, we have the ability to distinguish around 100,000 faces. How can we remember so many faces when many of us find it difficult to 43 such a simple thing as a phone number? The exact process is not yet fully understood, but research around the world has begun to define the specific areas of the brain and processes 44 for facial recognition.Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology believe that they have succeeded in 45 a specific area of the brain called the fusiform face area (FFA), which is used only for facial recognition. This means that recognition of familiar objects such as our clothes or cars, is from 46 in the brain. Researchers also have found that the brain needs to see the whole face for recognition to take place. It had been 47 thought that we only needed to see certain facial features. Meanwhile, research at University College London has found that facial recognition is not a single process, but 48 involves three steps. The first step appears to be an analysis of the physical features of a persons face, which is similar to how we scan the bar codes of our groceries. In the next step, the brain decides whether the face we are looking at is already known or unknown to us. And finally, the brain furnishes the information we have collected about the person whose face we are looking at. This plex 49 is done in a split second so that we can behave quickly when reacting to certain situations. 3.（xx福建卷）短文填词（共10小题;每小题1分,满分10分）Every individual is a member of a group called the munity, and itis the duty of every citizen _ ask what he can do for his munity.76._A good citizen _(相信) that he should serve the munity 77._and not the munity serve h_. As students, there are many ways78._in _ you can serve the munity. Above all, however, you have to79._acquire a certain amount of skill and experience b_ you can be of80._service to others. Your school has lots of_(活动) which prepare81._you _ good citizenship. Many school societies train students to82._bee good citizens who later p_ in volunteer work and serve the83._public in t_ of need. If you serve your munity, you will grow84._ to be a good citizen with a strong sense of responsibility.85._构词法即学即练1. B。考查构词法和词义。句意：那个男子非常谨慎，没有告诉经理他将不会做那项工作。应用形容词词性B或C；只有B合句意。2. D。考查构词法。句意：那位战士为营救小孩儿死，因此，他的死比泰山还重。这里做主语应该用名词性的death。3. C。考查构词法。句意：他是化学方面的专家，因此，我们称他为化学家。Chemist合题意。4. B。考查构词法。句意：三条腿的椅子不适合一个小孩子；他会跌倒的。three-legged“三条腿的”是固定搭配。5. C。考查构词法。句意：史蒂芬森成为了世界上杰出的铁路工程师。据意义要用形容词性的词。6. A。考查构词法。句意：当老师在赞扬杰克时，杰克显得很骄傲。据句意要用形容词，故选A。7. D。考查构词法和习惯用法。句意：令大家满意的是，这女孩把工作完成的很好。To ones satisfaction“令人满意的是”合题意。8.短文大意：本文是一篇记叙文。主要介绍了农村孩子Bill的有趣故事。86.little。know little about sth., 对某物知之甚少，表示否定意思。根据下文.he hardly ever gets out of his village, 他几乎不曾出村，可判断他对外面的世界了解很少，故填little。87. from。get sth. from sb.从某人那儿得到某物；句意：一天，他从住在大城市的叔叔那儿得到了一个收音机。88.showed。句意：他很激动，然后把收音机给他所有的朋友看。根据后面的to和句意及首字母提示可定位show, 另外，前句用了was, 时态要与前面的一致，故填showed。show sth.to sb.把某物给某人看。89.of 。从上文比尔把收音机给朋友看，可得知他对这个感到很自豪，feel proud of sth.对某物感到自豪/骄傲，故填of。90.working。句意：然而，只有几天的时间后，那台收音机就停止_了。根据下文他去修理，可推知收音机坏了：stop working，故填working。stop doing sth.停止做某事, 表示停止正在做的事情。此处表达收音机坏了。91. What。句意：比尔很难过，不知道该做些_。此处是know后跟动词不定式的用法，do后没有宾语，可知空格处即它的宾语，根据语境可推知“他不知道该做什么”，故填what。92.him。句意：他的一个朋友告诉_ 去镇上的修理铺。Bill是男生，此处缺少宾语，故填宾格him。93.found。句意：在收音机里，那个人_ 了两只死蟑螂。根据语境和首字母提示，可推测意为“找到，发现”，根据上文的时态可判断用过去时，故填found。94. Why。根据下文的回答Because.可知这是why引导的疑问句。故填Why。95.songs。根据上文Because the two singers died in my radio.可推知他很伤心“我怎样才能听到美妙的歌曲呢？”故填songs，前面没有表示单数的限定词，故用复数形式。直击高考 1.本文通过Nick叫儿子去买盐要给合理价格的故事说明，一定要公平对待他人，尊重努力工作的人的汗水和努力。16. found 在主格人称代词he后应为谓语动词，由语境可知用一般过去时。17. nor 构成并列连词neithernor。18. why 因why not do sth (何不做某事)？是固定句式。19. reasonable 在名词前作定语要用形容词。20. who 引导非限制性定语从句，并在从句中作主语，先行词是人，故填who。21. at 因名词a low price在句中不作主语、动词的宾语，应为介词的宾语；根据习惯搭配，用介词at。22. for 固定搭配show respect for表示“尊重”。23. possibly 修饰谓语动词作状语，用副词。24. a 因a small amount of(少量的)是固定搭配。25. thinking 因everyone与think是主动关系，故用现在分词短语作added的伴随状语。2. 该说明文由话题“人类几乎天生就能够辨认人脸”展开去，详细阐述了人类大脑是如何一步步进行人脸识别的。41.【J】position。名词，意为“结构，组成”，这里表示“认出母亲的脸部构成”。42.【H】fascinating。形容词，意为“有趣的，迷人的”，此处为句型 “Its fascinating/interesting/exciting that/how”,表示是如此的有趣。43.【B】recall。动词，意为“回忆，回想”，此处根据常用搭配find it difficult to do sth得出应选择动词，recall such a simple thing as a phone number表示“回想出简单的电话号码”。44.【E】necessary形容词，“必要的”，此处necessary for facial recognition作后置定语修饰the specific areas，表示“识别人脸必要的区域”。45.【F】locate。动词，“定位”。此处有搭配succeed in sth/doing sth，故要选择动名词形式。这里意为“成功定位到一个脑部具体区域FFA”。46.【I】elsewhere。副词，“其他地方”。由上文推断出既然人脸识别是一个专门的区域进行处理，那么此处“对其它物体的识别”自然是大脑中“其它地方”了。47.【D】previously。副词，“先前的”。根据上文推断得出人脸识别需要看到整张脸，因此此处的想法“我们只需要看一些脸部特征”是“先前的”。48.【G】instead。副词，“代替，而不是”。此处根据两句话的意思推断出是转折替代关系，因此选instead。49.【C】processing。名词，“处理，进程”。根据语法推断出此处填名词，由上下文意思得出用processing，表示“这一复杂的处理过程在瞬间完成”。3.文章讲述了关于自愿行动、报答社会的话题。76.to。考查句型It is to do sth，it为形式主语，不定式为真正的主语，故填to。77.believes。考查主谓一致：主语为a good citizen谓语为单数，故填believes。78.him。句意：他应该服务社区，不是社区服务于他。用he的人称代词宾格him。79.which。考查定语从句。先行词为ways，定语从句关系词可用in which。80.before。考查连词。在你服务他人之前要学会一些技能和经验。81.activities。考查名词复数。82.for。考查词组：prepare sb for sth83.participate。考查短语：participate in84.time。考查短语：in time of need在需要的时候85.up。考查短语：grow up