2019-2020年高中英语基础知识 动词的讲解与训练.doc

2019-2020年高中英语基础知识 动词的讲解与训练 知识要点英语动词的分类。1. 按词义和句中的作用，动词可以分为四类。见下表:类别特点意义举例实义动词 (vt. vi.)及物动词跟宾语须跟宾语一起才能表达完整的意思I have a book.不及物动词不能直接接宾语能独立作谓语She always es late.系动词(link-v)跟表语不能独立做谓语，跟表语构成完整意思I am a student.助动词(aux. v.)跟动词原形或分词（无词汇意义）不能独立做谓语，跟实义动词构成谓语，表示疑问，否定及各种时态He doesnt speak Chinese.I am watching TV.情态动词 (mod. v.) 跟动词原形（有自己的词汇意思）不能独立做谓语。表示说话人语气、情态，无人称和数的变化We can do it by ourselves.That would be better.式如下。构成方式举例动词+介词look at, look after, care about, refer to动词+副词give up, put away, throw out, e in 动词+副词+介词catch up with, look down upon, add up to 动词+名词+介词take care of, pay attention to , pay a visit toBe+形容词+介词be proud of, be afraid of , be careful for 复杂结构make up ones mind, wind ones way3. 按动词的形式可以分为谓语动词和非谓语动词。（1）谓语动词形式意义与特征举例人称与主语在人称一致I am reading now. 第一人称数与主语在数上一致He writes well. 第三人称单数时态表示动作发生的时间He wrote a letter to me last month. 过去时态语态主语是动作的发出者或者承受者We study English. 主动The road was pleted last month. 被动语气说话人表达事实、要求、愿望、假设等He has flown to America. 事实I wish I could fly to the moon some day. 愿望（2） 非谓语动词形式功能用法举例不定式起形容词、副词和名词作用可作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语It takes me 20 minutes to go to school.动名词起形容词、名词作用作主语、定语和宾语She likes reading.分词现在分词起形容词、副词作用，表主动作表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语The cup is broken.过去分词起形容词、副词作用，表被动The steam is seen rising from the wet clothes.疑难突破1. 助动词和情态动词 （1）助动词：用于构成各种时态, 语态, 语气以及否定或疑问等结构。它们本身没有词义，只和实义动词的一定形式构成复合谓语。1）be (am, is, are, were, been)“be + -ing”构成进行时态；“be + 过去分词”构成被动语态；“be + 动词不定式”构成复合谓语：表示按计划安排要发生的事。The prime minister is to visit Japan next year. 用于命令。Youre to do your homework before you watch TV.2）have (has, had)“have+过去分词”构成现在完成时态。如：Have you visited the place ? “have been + -ing”构成现在完成进行时态。如：What have you been doing these days? 3）do (does, did)“do/ does/ did not + 动词原形”构成行为动词的否定式。如：His uncle doesnt like playing football.；“Do/ Does/ Did+ 主语 + 动词原形”构成行为动词的一般疑问句。Does he go to work by bike every day? “do/did/does + 动词原形”用于祈使句或陈述句中表示加强语气。如：I did go to see her, but she wasnt in我确实去看望她了，但她不在家。Do do some work. 请一定做点什么；代替前面刚出现的动词以避免重复。My mother told me to go to bed early. So I did.4）will, shall (would, should)“will (shall+动词原形”构成一般将来时，一般来说shall用于第一人称，will用于第二人称或第三人称，口语中常用will代替shall，如：We will have a meeting to discuss the problem. （2）情态动词：表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度，可以表示“可能”、“可以”、“需要”、“必须”或“应当”等之意。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。但不能单独作谓语动词用，必须和不带to的不定式连用构成谓语动词(ought除外)。 1）情态动词的否定式，疑问式与简答 can能力（体力，智力，技能）；允许或许可（口语中常用）；可能性（表猜测，用于否定句或疑问句中）。常用表达及句式如下：can not / cannot /cant do 例如：I can not / cannot /cant do such a foolish thing. 我不可能做这样的傻事。Can/ Coulddo? 例如：Can/ Could I join your team? 我可以加入你的队伍吗？Yes,can.No,/cant. 可以的/不行。could/ couldnt do例如：I could/ couldnt do the work. 我能/不能做这项工作。 may可以（问句中表示请求）；可能，或许（表推测）；祝愿（用于倒装句中）may not do 例如：You may not do the work in time.你也许不能及时完成这项工作。Maydo? Yes,may. No,mustnt/cant. 例如：-May I e in? 我可以进来吗？-Yes, you may/can.可以的。（No, you mustnt/cant.不行，你不能进来。）Might 也许/可能（可能性较小，在两可之间，同could）might not do Mightdo? Yes,might No,might not.例如：You might be wrong because you cant think it over.你也许错了，因为你没有仔细考虑。- I feel it so hot. Might the weather rain? 我感觉天这么热。天会下雨吗？ Yes, it might. 也许会的。 No,might not.不会吧。 must必须，应该（表主观要求）；肯定，想必（肯定句中表推测） must not/mustnt do Mustdo? Yes,must. No,neednt/dont have to.例如：-You must go now. Or, you will be late.你必须现在动身，否则会迟到的。-Yes, I must./No, I neednt. I can ride my bike.是的，我应该现在动身。/不必了，我可以骑自行车。 have to只好，不得不（客观的必须，有时态人称变化）dont have to do 例如：You dont have to hurry because there is fifteen minutes left. 你不必匆匆忙忙，因为还有十五分钟。Dohave to do? Yes,do. No,dont. 例如：-Do you have to finish it tonight? 你必须今晚完成吗？-Yes,I do./No, I dont.是的， 我必须今晚完成。/不必了。 ought to应当（表示义务责任，口语中多用shouldought not to/oughtnt to do Oughtto do? Yes,ought. No,oughtnt. 例如：When your mother is busy, you ought to help her do some housework.当你妈很忙的时候，你应该帮她做点家务。 shall将要，会。用于一三人称征求对方意见；用于二、三人称表示许诺、命令、警告、威胁等。shall not/shant do Shalldo? Yes,shall. No,shant. 例如：You shant move, or I will shoot at you. 你不许动，否则我会朝你开枪。-Shall he e into your office?他可以进你的办公室吗？ -Yes, he shall./ No, he shant.可以/不行，不可以进来。 should应当，应该（表义务责任）；本该（含有责备意味）。should not/shouldnt do Shoulddo? 例如：You should not/shouldnt surf the internet day and night. 你不应该整日整夜地上网。-Should we do anything for the old granny? 我们应该为那位老奶奶做点什么吗？-Yes, we should.是的，应该。You should have learned these new words by heart yesterday.你昨天本应该背下这些生词（实际并未背）。 will意愿，决心；请求，建议，用在问句中would比较委婉。will not/wont do would not/wouldnt Will/woulddo? Yes,will/would.No,wont/wouldnt.例如：-Will/Would you please have a dance with me?请你跟我跳个舞好吗？-Yes, Id like to. /Im sorry. I wont/wouldnt because Im too tired.好的，我很乐意(对不起，我不想跳，我太累了)。I will keep on working hard till success.我会坚持努力，直到最后成功。 dare敢（常用于否定句和疑问句中）dare not/darent do Daredo? Yes,dare. No,darent.例如：I dare not/darent tell my teacher the truth because Im afraid that he will scold me.我不敢告诉老师这件事的真相，因为我怕他责备我。-Dare you swim in this river? 你敢在这河里游泳吗？ -Yes, I dare. /No, I darent because the water is too deep.我敢。/不敢，因为河水太深。 need需要；必须（常用于否定句和疑问句中）need not/neednt do Needdo? Yes,must. No,neednt.例如：-Must you finish your homework before you go home?你需要在回家之前完成作业吗？-No, I neednt. I can do it at home.不必了。我可以在家里做。注意： used to过去常常（现在已不再）used not/ usednt/ didnt use to do Usedto do? Yes,used. No,use(d)nt.Diduse to do? Yes,did. No,didnt.例如：Tom used to get up lately. 汤姆过去常起床晚（现在不是这样）。-Used Mike to be late for school? 迈克过去常常上学迟到吗？-No, he didnt use to.Yes, he used to.没有啊，他不常迟到。(是啊，他常迟到。） 2）情态动词must, may, might, could, can表示推测：以must为例。must + do(be)是推测现在存在的一般状态进行；must + be doing 推测可能正在进行的事情；must +have done是推测可能已经发生过的事情。 must“肯定，一定”语气强，只用于肯定句中。例如：He must be a man from America. 和一定是来自美国。He must be talking with his friend. 他一定在跟朋友一起谈话。 He seems to be tired and he must have stayed up too late last night. 他显得很疲劳，他昨晚一定熬夜太晚。 may和might“也许”，后者语气弱，更没有把握。可用于肯定句和否定句。例如：He may not be at school. / They might have finished their work. can和could“可能”，could表示可疑的可能性，不及cant语气强，用于肯定、否定、疑问句中。例如：The weather in that area could be cold now. 现在那个地方的天气可能很冷。We could have walked there; it was so near.（推测某事本来可能发生，但实际上没有发生）距离很近，我们本可以步行到那里。-Can he be in the office now? 他现在会在办公室里吗？(语气很强，常用于疑问句和否定句中)-No, he cant be there, for I saw him in the library just now. 他不可能在那里，因为我刚在图书管理看到了他。 注意： can和be able to:都可以表示能力。但be able to可以表达“某事终于成功”，而can无法表达此意。Be able to有更多的时态。另外，两者不能重叠使用。 used to和would: used to表示过去常常做现在已经不再有的习惯，而would只表示过去的习惯或喜好，不涉及现在。 need和dare作情态动词和实义动词的区别：两者作情态动词时常用于否定句和疑问句。其形式为：neednt/darent do；Need/daredo?做实义动词时可用于肯定句，否定句和疑问句。其形式为：need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared) to do, dont(doesnt/didnt) need/dare to do had better意为“最好”，后接不带to的不定式。例如：We had better go now. 我们最好现在动身。 would rather意为“宁愿”，表选择，后接不带to的不定式。例如：Id rather not say anything./ Would you rather work on a farm?- Would you rather stay here? 你愿意呆在这里吗？- No, I would not. Id rather go there. 不愿意。我想去那里。由于would rather表选择，因 而后可接than，例如：I would rather work on a farm than in a factory.2. 连系动词 连系动词构成系表结构，说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况及其与其它词连用时所表达的特殊意义。连系动词，本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语（亦称补语）构成系表结构。（1）状态系动词：用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如： He is an engineer. 他是一名工程师。（is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。）（2）持续系动词：用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如：He always keeps silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。 This matter remains a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。（3）表像系动词：用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look。例如：He looks tired. 他看起来很累。 He seems (to be) very happy. 他看起来很高兴。（4）感官系动词：感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste。 例如： This kind of cloth feels very soft. 这种布手感很软。 This flower smells very sweet. 这朵花闻起来很香。（5）变化系动词：这些系动词表示主语变成什么样。变化系动词主要有bee, grow, turn, fall, get, go, e, run. 例如：He became mad after that. 自那之后，他疯了。 The bread went bad within a short time. 那面包没多长时间就发霉了。（6）终止系动词：表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out等，表达“证实”，“变成”之意。例如： The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。（turn out表终止性结果）3. 动词的时态 动词的时态一般分为现在时、过去时、将来时、完成时和进行时等：（1）动词时态的种类：1）一般现在时，一般过去时，一般将来时，过去将来时ask / asks，asked，shall/will ask，should/would ask 例如：He often gets up at 7 oclock.他常在七点起床。She got up at 6 oclock yesterday.她昨天在六点起床。Tom will get up at 8 oclock tomorrow.汤姆明天将会在八点起床。Mike said that he would e to see me soon.迈克说他不久将会来看我。2）现在进行时，过去进行时，将来进行时am/is/are asking，was/were asking，shall/will be asking，should/would be asking 例如：He is doing homework now. 他现在正在做作业。She was reading a book at this time yesterday.她昨天这个时候正在读书。He will be riding on a plane home at this time tomorrow.他明天这个时候将正在坐飞机回家。3）现在完成时，过去完成时，将来完成时，过去将来完成时have/has asked，had asked，shall/will have asked，should/would have asked例如：So far, he has just finished writing a half of his position.到现在为止，他刚写完了作文的一半。She had finished her task before we got to her office this morning.今天上午，我们到她办公室之前她已经完成了任务。He will have finished reading this English story by this time tomorrow.到明天此时他将会看完这本英语小说。She said that Mike would have learned Book 3 of Senior English by this time next year.她说到明年这个时候，迈克将会学完高中英语必修三。4）现在完成进行时，过去完成进行时，将来完成进行时，过去将来完成进行时have/has been asking，had been asking，shall/will have been asking，should/would have been asking例如：Since then, we have been learning American English.从那时以来，我们一直在学习美国英语。By 11 oclock last night, he had been learning to set up an internet station.到昨晚十一点以前，他一直在学习建网站。By 8 oclock tomorrow, I will have been working on writing a paper.明天八点前，我将一直在写一篇论文。She said that she would have been working on this project by the end of next month.她说下个月底之前她将一直在做这项工程。（2）现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：1）现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况，但和现在有联系，强调的是对现在造成的影响或结果，它不能同表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“已经”等词。简言之，利用过去，说明现在。例如：I have already seen the film directed by the world-famous director. (已经看过，且了解这部电影的内容) 我已经看过这部由世界著名导演导演的影片。2）一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态，和现在无关，它可和表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“过”，“了”等词。简言之，仅谈过去，不关现在。如：I read the story last year (只说明去年看了，不涉及现在是否记住)I lived in Beijing for ten years.（只说明在北京住过十年，与现在无关）（3）现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别：两者都可以表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在”，在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时，多用现在完成时，如着重表示动作一直在进行，即动作的延续性时，则多用现在完成进行时。一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时。I have read that novel.我读过那篇小说了。I have been reading that novel all the morning. 我早上一直在读那篇小说。（4）一般将来时的表达方式：1）will/shall+动词原形：表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态。如：My son will be eight next year.2）be to + 动词原形：表示按计划进行或征求对方意见。如：Were to meet at the school gate at noon.3）be + doing 进行时表示将来。如：go, e, start, move, leave, arrive等词可用进行时表示按计划即将发生的动作。He is leaving for London. Are they going to Beijing? 4）be about to + 动词原形 ：表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动作，后面一般不跟时间状语。如：I was about to leave when the bell rang.The meeting is about to start.5）be going to+动词原形：含有“打算，计划，即将”做某事，或表示很有可能要发生某事。如：Its going to rain. Were going to have a party tonight.6）一般现在时表示将来：时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般现在时表示将来。如：The class ends at five oclock. The plane leaves at five this evening.4. 动词的语态英语语态用来表示主语和谓语之间的关系，分为主动语态和被动语态两种。如果主语是谓语动词所表示的动作的执行者就用主动语态，反之，如果主语是谓语动词所表示的动作的承受者，则用被动语态。另外非谓语动词也有主动和被动形式。（1）动词的主动语态（见“动词的时态”部分）。（2）动词的被动语态：常用时态被动语态构成：（1）一般现在时 am/is/are asked 如：I am asked to answer the question.我被要求回答那个问题。（2）过去进行时 was/were being asked 如：I was being questioned about the case by a policeman.当时，我正在被一个警察询问有关那个案件的情况。（3）一般过去时 was/were asked 如：He was asked to solve the problem yesterday afternoon.他被要求昨天下午解决那个问题。（4）现在完成时 have/has been asked 如：So far, a half of the project has been finished.到目前为止，那项工程已被完成了一半。（5）一般将来时 shall/will be asked 如：Tom will be asked to do some cleaning tomorrow.汤姆明天将被要求搞一些清洁工作。（6）过去完成时 had been asked 如：When we got to the station, the train had left.当我们到达车站的时候，火车已经离开了。（7）过去将来时 should/would be asked 如：Mike said that part of the project would be finished next month.迈克说下个月这项工程的部分工作将被完成。（8）将来完成时 will/would have been asked例如：We will have finished learning Book8 of Senior English by this time next year.到明年此时我们将学完高中英语选修八。（9）现在进行时 am/is/are being asked 如：Tom is being scolded by his father for his failure in the exam.汤姆因这次考试不及格正在受他爸爸责备。（10）含有情态动词的can/must/may be asked 如：This task must be finished this afternoon.这项任务应该在今天下午完成。注意: 被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not，短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中的介词或副词。固定结构be going to, used to, have to, had better变为被动态时，只需将其后的动词变为被动态。例如：Trees should not be planted in summer. / The boy was made fun of by his classmates.Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl. 汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。例如：It is believed that 据相信 It is generally considered that 人们认为 It is said that 据说It is well known that 众所周知 It must be pointed out that 应该被指出 It is supposed that 假定It is reported that 据报道 It must be admitted that应该承认 It is hoped that人们希望 下面主动形式常表示被动意义。例如：The bike wants/needs/requires repairing. 这辆自行车需要修理。The novel is worth reading twice.这部小说值得看两遍。The door wont shut. 这门打不开。/ The play wont act. 这部戏演不成。 The clothes washes well. 这衣服经洗。/ The book sells well.这书很畅销。The chicken tastes delicious. 这鸡肉味道好。/ Water feels very cold.这水感觉很凉。 下面词或短语(不及物)没有被动态：leave, enter, reach, bee, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, e about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart等等。例如：I will leave for Beijing.我将要离开，去北京。He failed again in the maths examination.他又一次在数学考试中不及格。A war broke out between the south and north.南方和北方之间爆发了一场战争。Although she failed in the English exam, she didnt lose heart.虽然她在英语考试中不及格，但是她并不灰心。即学即练 1. Some people who dont like to talk much are not necessarily shy;they just _ be quiet people. A. must B. may C. should D. would2.He did not regret saying what he did but felt that he_ it differently. A. could express B. would express C. could have expressed D. must have expressed3. Daniels family their holiday in Huangshan this time next week. A. are enjoying B. are to enjoy C. will enjoy D. will be enjoying4. John was given the same suitcase his father and grandfather _ with them to school. A. took B. had taken C. were taking D. would take 5. Because the shop_, all the T-shirts are sold at half price. A. has closed down B. closed down C. is closing down D. had closed down6. Sarah, hurry up. Im afraid you cant have time to _ before the party.A. get changed B. get change C. get changing D. get to change7. The window is dirty.I know. It _ for weeks. A. hasnt cleaned B. didnt clean C. wasnt cleaned D. hasnt been cleaned 8. Now that she is out of a job, Lucy _ going back to school, but she hasnt decided yet. A. had considered B. has been considering C. considered D. is going to consider9. Whats that noise?Oh, I forgot to tell you. The new machine _. A. was testedB. will be tested C. is being tested D. has been tested10. In recent years many football clubs _as business to make a profit.A. have run B. have been run C had been run D. will run动词 即学即练 1.B。may表示“可能，也许”是一种可能性的推测。2.C。could have expressed表示过去本可以做，实际上没有做。3.D。will be doing表示将来的一种趋势。4.C。his father and grandfather _ with them to school.作定语从句修饰the same suitcase，据句意情景是他的父亲和爷爷正在拿着的。故答案选C。5.C。现在进行时态表示将要发生的动作：商店关闭。6.A。“get 过去分词”也是被动结构，这里表示更换衣服。7.D。for weeks暗示用现在完成时态；结合语境应用被动形式。8.B。后半句说明“考虑返校”这个动作一直在进行，并没有结束。 9.C。说话时机器正在被检测。10.B。从In recent years理解是用现在完成时，从句意理解使用被动语态；故答案选B。