2019-2020年高考英语大一轮复习步骤化写作增分第一步过词汇关第一讲词汇如何写对讲义.doc

2019-2020年高考英语大一轮复习步骤化写作增分第一步过词汇关第一讲词汇如何写对讲义编写说明创设4步增分方案：过词汇关过句子关过段落关过篇章关，每关又按“先写对再写美”两层级设置课时。由词组句、连句成段、由段成篇，循序渐进，步步为营步步赢；先写对，再写美，符合一般考生的学习实际，保住基本分，才能得高分。第一步 过 词 汇 关第一讲_词汇如何写对词汇是语言的建筑材料，我们说话、写文章都离不开词汇。只有准确选词，文章才能优美。所以，要想写好文章，首先应从词汇着手。一、准确选词的两个原则1规范所谓规范是指所选的词语应是合乎习惯的、现代的、通用的。语言是交流的工具，我们只有选用那些合乎习惯的、现代的、通用的词语，人们才会觉得顺耳，否则就会显得生硬、难懂。如：We rise early every day.我们每天很早起床。这里的rise虽也有“起床”的含义，但很正式，生活中不常用。不如改为get up更为通俗易懂。又如，汉语中表示“看书”“看电视”“看黑板”等都用到一个“看”字，因为这个字在汉语中通用。如果英语中我们都用read或see或watch或look at等来表达这些“看”，则不符合英语的表达习惯，因此就是错误的。例如：Lets go to see the movies.我们去看电影吧。Look at the blackboard, please.请看黑板。Dont read in the sun.不要在阳光下看书。How many children like watching TV?有多少孩子喜欢看电视？2贴切所谓贴切是指词义所表示的内容能准确表达思想，这就要求写作者应透彻地掌握每个词语的确切含义。在学习英语时，我们尤其要注意那些同义词和多义词，使用不当就会出错。例如：“他长得很高。”英语是He is very tall.如果将tall误译为high则会使人理解为“他离地面很高”。当然这里只列举了词义间的差别。在行文中用词贴切，还应注意语境和通篇的语体，使每个词在上下文中都自然和谐。二、用词不当常见的九种错误1词性混用例1误She enjoys study English.正She enjoys English study. She enjoys studying English.例2误Can you understand my speak？正Can you understand my speaking/words？Can you understand me？例3误When you through the valley, you may see a big pine tree.正When you go through the valley, you may see a big pine tree.2代词指代不明例误She told my sister that she had passed the exam.正She told my sister that my sister had passed the exam. She had passed the exam and told this to my sister.3介词误用例1误In my surprise, he got the first prize.正To my surprise, he got the first prize.例2误He came here to attend the meeting in car.正He came here to attend the meeting by car.例3误He was hurt on his right foot.正He was hurt in his right foot.4冠词误用例1误We elected Li Hua the monitor of our class.正We elected Li Hua monitor of our class.例2误Once upon a time, there was an oneeyed king.正Once upon a time, there was a oneeyed king.5动词误用例1误I forgot my keys in the car.正I left my keys in the car.例2误Its going to rain. Bring a raincoat with you.正Its going to rain. Take a raincoat with you.6误把不可数名词用作可数名词例1误Workers have many interests in the new machine.正Workers have much interest in the new machine.例2误It is such a nice weather.正It is such nice weather.7误把可数名词用作不可数名词例1误There is always traffic jam.正There is always a traffic jam.例2误Lets go out for walk.正Lets go out for a walk.8数词用法错误例1误There are several hundreds people in the hall.正There are several hundred people in the hall.例2误Thousand of students are planting trees in the hill.正Thousands of students are planting trees in the hill.例3误More than five hundreds of taxi drivers are on strike.正More than five hundred taxi drivers are on strike.9习惯用法错误例1误The actor in this movie is very beautiful.正The actor in this movie is very handsome.例2误I and my parents are working in the field.正My parents and I are working in the field.例3误The reason is because he does not know what to do next.正The reason is that he does not know what to do next.三、用词的四大注意事项1避免用汉语思维生造中国式英语(1)中英词汇意义差别许多学生由于不知道或不熟悉或一时想不起书面表达中所需要的词汇，便用他们自己所熟悉的英语单词，借助汉语思维生造出令人啼笑皆非、五花八门、中国式的英语。例如：将“今天早上”(this morning)说成是today morning；将“一天早上”(one morning)说成one day morning；将“跳水”(dive)说成jump water；将“学费”(fee)说成study money。(2)选词的误区当学生们要表达“我的家乡发生了巨大的变化”时，大部分学生写成：My hometown has a large change.My hometown has a great change.很显然，以上例句中的large和great是受汉语思维影响而产生的错误，应该改为：My hometown has changed a lot.Great changes have taken place in my hometown.有些学生将“我的家乡变得更加美丽”写成：My hometown has changed more beautiful.殊不知change一词并非系动词，其后不能跟表语，应改为：My hometown has bee/turned more beautiful.2避免不理解而盲目选词由于对英语词汇理解不透，往往造成词汇上的用法错误，主要表现为：(1)画蛇添足运动会上，当他飞速冲刺时，我们都为他加油。At the sports meet, we cheered him on when he dashed quickly.本句中动词dash本身就是“急奔；猛冲”(to go somewhere very quickly and/or suddenly)的意思，再加上quickly，显然是累赘多余的。(2)词性使用混乱做兼职工作总是影响学习。Doing a parttime job always effects study.本句中effect和另一个词affect都有“影响”的意思，但前者是名词，后者是动词。该句应使用动词affect作谓语。在英语中，由于词性不同，单词所起的语法功能也就不同。学生在英文写作时往往把名词和动词等混为一谈。(3)动态、状态不分我们结婚两年了。We married for two years.本句中marry是一个非延续性的动词，此处表示动作，不能与一段时间连用。我们可以说：We have been married for two years.3英文有而汉语没有的变化(1)英语动词时态的曲折变化在汉语里没有相应的形式。他爸爸想去美国，可是没成功。误 His father wanted to go to America but fail.正 His father wanted to go to America but failed.(2)英语名词复数的曲折变化在汉语里没有相应的形式。老师给了我许多有益的劝告。误 The teacher gave me many good advices.正 The teacher gave me many pieces of good advice.(3)代词的曲折变化最常见的错误是该用宾格的地方用主格。中国学生常常忽略he与him, she与her的区别，因为汉语里没有这种区别。如：这件事是我做的。误 It is me that have done this work.正 It is I that have done this work.4中文无而英文有的现象(1)冠词是英语句子里的一个重要部分。当名词前没有所有格形式时，如果指一类东西中的一个或几个特定事物，要使用定冠词；如果指一类事物中任何一个，就用不定冠词。我们在随后的礼拜去了上海。误 We went to Shanghai next week.正 We went to Shanghai the next week.(2)在比较时，英语常用“that of”或“those of”以避免重复，即要把两样相比的东西对称地说出，而汉语却可以省略。他的藏书比我的多。误 The books he has collected are more than me.正 The books he has collected are more than those of mine.(3)英语中and用来连接动词短语或并列句，但连接其他词或句子等时，汉语可以省略与and具有同样意义与作用的连词。这一差异导致中国学生汉译英或使用英语写作时经常写出病句。英语中句与句之间的联系借助于连接词，缺少连接词，句与句之间就不存在其合理性。老师问了我一个问题，我不会回答。误 The teacher asked me a question, I couldnt answer it.正 The teacher asked me a question, and/but I couldnt answer it.(4)either .or; neither .nor; so (.) that等都与汉语存在差异。汉语中相似的意思在英语中用不同的句法结构表示，这就给中国学生在汉译英或写作上带来了困难。他什么也不干，睡了一整天。He didnt do anything but sleep all day.他不抽烟，也不喝酒。He neither smokes nor drinks.(5)汉语中注重关联词的使用，如“因为所以”“虽然但是”和“尽管还/仍”，但英语却不能对等翻译。如：虽然他很小，但知道得很多。Though/Although he is young, he knows a lot.( He is young, but he knows a lot. Young as he is, he knows a lot.)(6)其他中文无而英文有的现象句子开头应大写；用单引号构成名词所有格形式和缩写，如：hes he is或he has; were we are；中文没有不定式、动名词；中文没有虚拟语气。