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2019-2020年高考英语语法专题复习分类汇编-情态动词与虚拟语气1. No one _ be pared with Yao Ming in playing basketball. Oh, you are really his big fan. (xx湖南卷28)A. can B. need C. must D. might 【解析】选A。can强调能力,是“能,会”的意思。句意:在打篮球方面没有人能与姚明相比。你真是他的铁杆粉丝。 2. I dont really like James. Why did you invite him? Dont worry. He _ e. He said he wasnt certain what his plans were. (xx北京卷24) A. must not B. need not C. would not D. might not【解析】选D。根据句意,James可能不会来的。因为他自己不确信他的计划是什么。might not 表可能性,“可能不”。 情态动词考点1. could与was/were able to的区别Although the fire in the hotel was very big, they _ escape from it.A. can B. could C. was able to D. were able to【解析】选D。A的时态不对, C选项主谓不一致。could和was / were able to虽都表过去的能力,但后者还表达“付诸了行动”的意思。 could一般只表过去的能力;若表示过去的能力得到了实施,一般用was / were able to, 不用could。 考点2.表示“可能性”的can, may, mustLiza_well not want to go on the trip she hates traveling.A. will B. canC. must D. may【解析】选D。句意: Liza极有可能不想去旅行她讨厌旅行。may well not很可能不,表示否定猜测。 例2:It _ be the postman at the door. Its only six oclock. (xx江西卷23) A. mustnt B. cant C. wont D. neednt【解析】选B。 cant 表“不可能”,否定推测。根据前后句意思只能用cant。neednt“不必要”;mustnt表“禁止,不许”,wont表将来。 肯定推测一般用must, should, may/might或could(一般不用can), 其中, must的语气最强,意为“肯定”, should次之,意为“很可能,应该”, may/might语气最弱,意为“也许”。否定推测语气不很肯定时常用may/might not或could not, 意为“可能不,也许不”;否定语气较强时则用cant, 意为“根本不可能,想必不会”;用于疑问句表示惊异、怀疑的感情色彩时用can。考点3. “情态动词+have done”的用法例1:They _ have arrived at lunchtime but their flight was delayed. (xx新课标卷32) A. will B. can C. must D. should【解析】选D。 should have done表“过去本应该做而未做的”。句意:他们本应该在午饭时候到达的,但是他们的航班误点了。must have done过去一定干过某事,表肯定推测。can have done表过去可能性,“过去本有可能干”。 例2: I left my handbag on the train, but luckily someone gave it to a railway official. How unbelievable to get it back! I mean, someone _ it. (xx江苏卷34) A. will have stolen B. might have stolen C. should have stolen D. must have stolen 【解析】选B。might have done表过去很有可能已做某事。而must have done 则表示过去一定有人做过某事。如果被别人偷走了,那么就不可能把东西弄回。will have done 是将来完成时;should have done 过去本该做而未做。 must have done表示对过去事情的肯定推测。cant / couldnt have done表示对过去所发生的事情所做的否定推测。may have done表示过去所发生的事情作可能性推测。might / could have done表示对过去所发生的事情作可能性推测,或者表示本来可以做而事实上未做的事情。should / ought to have done表示本应该做的事情而事实上未做,含有对对方的责备。neednt have done表示做了本不应该做的事情。考点4.特殊情况John promised his doctor he_not smoke, and he has never smoked ever since.A. might B. shouldC. could D. would【解析】选D。考查情态动词在语境中的特殊用法。句意:约翰答应医生不再吸烟,从那以后,他再也没有吸过烟。由句意可知空格处表示意愿。might 用作may的过去式,表示“可以,可能”;should 作情态动词,表示“应当”, 相当于ought to; could可用来代替can说明现在的情况,提出请求、想法、建议等;would 用于过去情况,表示“愿意”, “肯”, “会”等。John, look at the time. _ you play the piano at such a late hour?A. Must B. CanC. May D. Need【解析】选A。must在此表示特定的语气和态度,意为“偏要,硬要”。1. can的几个习语 “can but +动词原形”表示“只能,大不了”。 “cant but +动词原形”表示“不得不”。 “cant help +动词ing形式”表示“不得不,禁不住”。 “cant too”表示“无论怎样都不为过,越越”。 2. must有时表示 “偏要,偏偏”, 也可作名词,意为“必须做的事情”。 3. should可作“竟然、万一”解。 考点5. shall的3种用法 表说话人的意图。在陈述句中主语是第二三人称,表说话者给对方的承诺决心警告、威胁等;征求对方的意见或向对方提出请求时,主语为第一、三人称的疑问句。表示强制。用于法令、条约、规章中,意为“必须,应该” Will you read me a story, Mummy? OK. You _ have one if you go to bed as soon as possible. (xx陕西卷24) A. might B. must C. could D. shall【解析】选D。shall在此表“许可”。 虚拟语气 考点1.虚拟条件句的三种基本类型I _ through that bitter period without your generous help. (xx陕西卷22) A. couldnt have gone B. didnt go C. wouldnt go D. hadnt gone 【解析】选A。句意:没有你的慷慨帮助,我就不可能熬过那段痛苦时期。此句为与过去事实相反的虚拟语气。without your generous helpif I hadnt had your generous help。从句用过去完成时,主句则用情态动词完成时。couldnt have gone through表“过去不可能经历”。1. 若与现在事实相反,条件从句的谓语用一般过去时(be通常用were), 主句谓语用“would (should, could, might)+动词原形”。 2. 若与过去事实相反,条件从句的谓语用过去完成时,主句谓语用“would (should, could, might)+have+过去分词”。 3. 若与将来事实相反,条件从句的谓语用一般过去时(be通常用were)或should+动词原形或were to+动词原形,主句谓语用“would (should, could, might)+动词原形”。考点2. 使用虚拟语气的几种从句 Where are the children? The dinners going to be pletely ruined. I wish they _ always late. (xx北京卷28) A. werent B. hadnt been C. wouldnt be D. wouldnt have been【解析】选A。wish后有3种形式的虚拟语气句子。此句根据前一分句where are the children?可知是在问孩子现在在哪里?因此对方才会说我希望他们不要总是迟到。因此选A。1. wish后的宾语从句和if only后的句子:表示与现在事实相反的愿望,从句谓语用一般过去时或过去进行时;表示与过去相反的愿望,从句谓语用过去完成时;表示将来没有把握或不太可能实现的愿望,常用“would (could)+动词原形”。 2. as if / as though引导的方式状语从句或表语从句:表示与现在事实相反,从句谓语用一般过去时或过去进行时;表示与过去事实相反,用过去完成时;表示将来的可能性不大,用“would (could)+动词原形”。温馨提示:若从句所说的内容可能为事实,也可用陈述语气。 3. Its (high / about) time后的定语从句:从句谓语通常用一般过去时或“should+动词原形(should不可省)”。 4. would rather后的宾语从句:通常用一般过去时表示现在或将来的愿望,用过去完成时表示过去的愿望。 5. 一个“坚持”(insist)、两个“命令”(order, mand)、三个“建议”(advise, suggest, propose)、四个“要求”(demand, require, request, ask)后的宾语从句:一般用“should+动词原形(should可省)”。温馨提示:动词insist, suggest后的宾语从句除可用虚拟语气外,也可用陈述语气,注意区别。 6. Its+suggested, ordered, required, demanded等表示“建议、要求、命令”的动词的过去分词+that主语从句:常用“should+动词原形(should可省)”。 7. “要求、建议、命令”等意义的名词后的表语从句或同位语从句:从句中的动词也用“should+动词原形(should可省)”。 8. Its+important / necessary / impossible+that主语从句:常用“should+动词原形(should可省)”。考点3. 虚拟语气的特殊情况1. 错综时间虚拟条件句Maybe if I _ science, and not literature then, I would be able to give you more help. (xx北京卷30) A. studied B. would study C. had studied D. was studying【解析】选C。考查虚拟语气的特殊用法错综时间虚拟条件句。从句中含有then,可推知此句是一个与过去事实相反的虚拟语气,所以用过去完成时。而主句则用了与现在事实相反的would be。句意:也许如果我那时学习了理科而不是文学的话,那么(现在)我就能给你更多的帮助。 所谓错综时间虚拟条件句即条件从句与主句所指时间不一致,如从句指过去,而主句却指现在或将来,此时应根据具体的语境,结合上面提到的三种基本类型对时态作出相应的调整。2. 含蓄虚拟条件句I knew my uncle _ no time. Otherwise he _ me pany to go hiking.A. did have; would have keptB. had; had keptC. has; would have keptD. had had; had kept 【解析】选A。本题考查强调和虚拟语气。第一句说的是事实,故不用虚拟语气, did 在此处表示强调;第二空表示对过去事实的虚拟,故用would have kept。例2:We _ Johns name on the race list yesterday but for his recent injury. (xx江西卷28) A. will put B. will have put C. would put D. would have put 【解析】选D。but for“要不是因为”。此句表示“要不是因为John最近受伤了,我们昨天就会把他的名字打入竞赛名单里。”受伤这一动作发生于过去,因此该句表与过去事实相反。主句用would have done的形式。 假设情况不用if从句来表示,而是用without, but for, otherwise, or, but等表示一种含蓄条件。表示与现在或将来相反,用“would (should, could, might)+动词原形”;表示与过去相反用“would (should, could, might)+have+过去分词”。3. 虚拟语气的省略与倒装_ in your position, I would go.A. If I B. Were I C. If was I D. If I am【解析】选B。该结构可还原为: If I were in your position。 虚拟条件从句中若有were, should, had时,可将其提到句首,并将if省略。1、在错综条件句子中,虚拟条件从句和主句动作发生的时间不一致,因此,主句和从句的谓语动词应根据所指的时间选用适当的虚拟语气形式。例如: 1)if I were you,I wouldnt have missed the film last night如果我是你,我就不会错过昨天晚上的那部电影。(从句与现在事实相反,主句与过去事实相反。) 2)if he had followed the doctors advice,he would recover already如果他遵照医生的劝告,现在病就好了。(从句与过去事实相反,主句与现在事实相反。) 2、在if虚拟条件句中,有时可把连词省去,采用倒装语序把谓语动词were或助动词did,had,should移到句首构成非真实条件从句的另一种句型,其意思不变。例如: 1)had we time to spare,we would be glad to go to the park如果能抽出时间,我们很乐意逛2)were it not for the discovery of electricity,the modern world would experience great inconvenience假如没有发现电,现代世界将很不方便。 3、有时假设的情况不用if引导虚拟条件从句来表述,而用介词(如without, but for等)引出的短语、分词(如supposing等)引出的短语、并列连词(如or,otherwise,but,though等)、由动词suppose引出的祈使句或通过上下文的意思来表达。此时句中谓语动词仍采用虚拟语气的相应形式。例如: 1)but for your advice,I would not be able to do this work要不是你的劝告,我是不会做这份工作的。 2)victor obviously doesnt know whats happened,otherwise he wouldnt have made such a stupid remark显然维克多不知道发生了什么事情。不然的话,他就不会说这样愚蠢的话了。 4、在一些表示愿望、建议、请求、命令等含义的动词后面的宾语从句中,谓语动词用动词原形或should 动词原形表示虚拟语气。这类动词有ask,demand, insist,order,propose,move,desire,require等。例如: 1)they demanded that the aggressor troops(should)be withdrawn immediately他们要求立即撤出侵略军。 2)i moved that he(should)be discharged for his serious mistake我建议,由于他犯有严重错误,应解除他的职务。 5、在would(had)rather(would sooner,would as soon)宾语从句句型中,要求后面的宾语从句用虚拟语气。但这种虚拟语气表示的不是与事实相反的假设,而是一种尚未实现的愿望,其从句谓语动词用一般过去时。例如: 1)i would rather you came next Friday我希望你下周五来。 2)id just as soon you didnt speak rudely to her我真希望你别对她那么粗鲁地讲话。 6、在和idea,necessity,plan, motion,order,proposal,remendation,suggestion,under- standing等词有关的同位语或表语从句中,谓语动词用动词原形或should 动词原形表示虚拟语气。例如: 1)m y idea is that the group(should)hold another session to discuss the problem我的意见是小组召开另一次会议来讨论这个问题。 2)emphasis is laid on the necessity that all the objectives to be attained be taken into account before starting a new project我们强调在开始制定一个新的计划之前,必须把要达到的所有目标都考虑进去。 7、在某些it is 形容词that句型中,如it is important(necessary,essential, natural,desirable,unusual,pity,strange)that,that所引导的主语从句中谓语动词均用动词原形或should 动词原形来表示虚拟语气。例如: 1)it is highly desirable that a new president be appointed for this college人们迫切地希望能给这个学院派一个新院长。 2)it is strange that the girl(should)be so arrogant真奇怪,这个女孩竟会如此傲慢。 8、在it is ordered(suggested,demanded,moved,planned等)that这个句型中,that引导的主语从句要用虚拟语气形式,谓语动词用动词原形或should 动词原形。 1)it is moved that Lucy give a performance at the party有人提议露茜在晚会上表演一个节目。 2)it was suggested that more teachers (should)be sent there to help them有人建议派更多的老师去那儿帮助他们。 9、as if though可以引出一个状语从句也可以引出一个表语从句。当as if though跟在be,feel,look,seem ,sound等系动词之后时,引导的是表语从句;如果主句的谓语动词不是联系动词be等,as if though引导的则是方式状语从句。无论是哪种类型的从句,只要从句的内容是不真实的,都必须用虚拟语气。当从句表示与现在的事实相反,谓语动词用一般过去时;表示与过去事实相反要用had 过去分词;表示与将来可能相反的则用would(could,might)动词原形。例如: 1)i feel as if i were going to faint我感到我像要昏过去似的。(与现在事实相反的表语从句) 2)she cried as if her heart could be broken她哭的好像心都要碎了。(与将来可能相反的主语从句) 10、在it is(about high)time引导的定语从句中,也可以根据需要使用虚拟语气,用以表示(此刻)该做.而没有做的意思,其谓语动词用过去时或should 动词原形(用should时,不能将其省略)。例如: 1)it is time i should leave我该走了。 2)it is about time that you got(should get) dressed你该穿衣服了。 11、if only引导的是省略了表示结果的主句的虚拟结构,现在已成为惯用法,表达愿望。从句用过去时表示现在没有实现的愿望;对过去没有实现或不能实现的愿望,从句就用过去完成时。这类句型表示一种不真实的条件,常译成要是.就好了!例如: 1)if only i had taken mothers advice我要是听取妈妈的建议就好了。 2)if only i could speak several foreign languages我要是能讲几种外语就好了。 12、在以in order that,so that,lest引导的目的状语从句中,谓语动词一般用虚拟语气。从句中的谓语动词用may(might)动词原形或should 动词原形。在以lest引导的从句中,谓语动词用should 动词原形。例如: 1)she stayed at home for a few days so that she might take care of her sick mother她在家里呆了好几天,以便能照顾生病的母亲。 2)the teacher explained the sentences again and again in order that the students could understand them clearly老师一再解释这些句子以便学生能够清楚地理解。
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