JB 4730-94 英文版.doc

Industry Standard of the Peoples Republic of ChinaJB 473094Nondestructive Testing of Pressure Vessels承压设备无损检测Issued on January 29,1994 Implemented on May 1, 1994Issued by the Mechanical Engineering Ministry of PRC,Ministry of Chemical Industry（化工部）, PRC,Ministry of Labour劳动部, PRC, andChina Petrochemical石化 Corporation (SINOPEC).ContentsChapter 1 General1 Main Contents And Scope of Application(1)2 Normative Reference(1)3 Terms(1)3.1 Dense Defect Area(1)3.2 Bottom Echo Reduction BGBF(Db) Caused By Defects(1)3.3 Tested Section(2)3.4 Tandem Reference Line(2)3.5 Reference Line(2)3.6 Broadwise Rectangular Tandem Scanning-To-Test(2)3.7 Lengthwise Rectangular Tandem Scanning-To-Test(2)4 General Requirements(2)4.1 Principles For Selection(2)4.2 Test Responsibility of The Manufacturer(2)4.3 Tester(3)4.4 Responsibility of Nondestructive Testing Personnel(3)4.5 Acceptance Stamp(3)Chapter 2 Testing of Weld By Ray Transillumination5 General Requirements(4)5.1 Scope of Testing(4)5.2 Protection(4)5.3 Tester(4)5.4 Equivalent Coefficient of Ray Transillumination(4)5.5 Method For Transillumination(4)5.6 Requirements On Surface(4)5.7 Positioning Marks And Recognization Marks(4)5.8 Image Quality Indicator(4)5.9 Quality Level For Ray Transillumination(6)5.10 Film And Intensifying Screen(7)5.1l Geometrical Condition(7)5.12 Selection For Ray Energy(9)5.13 Shielding Against Useless Ray And Open Ray(9)5.14 Exposure(10)5.15 Film Treatment(10)5.16 Quality of Negative Film(10)5.17 Observation of Negative Film(11)5.18 Reports And Acceptance Stamp(11)6 Level Appraisal of Weld Defects By Ray Transillumination(11)6.1 Level Appraisal of Defects of Butt-Jointed Seam of Steel Pressure Vessels By Transillumination(11)6.2 Level Appraisal of Defects of Steel Tube Circumferential Weld By Ray Transillumination(13)6.3 Level Appraisal of Defects of Weld of Aluminum Pressure Vessels Found By Transillumination(15)6.4 Level Appraisal of Defects of Weld of Titanium Pressure Vessels Found By Transillumination(18)Chapter 3 Ultrasonic Testing超声测试7 General Requirements(20)7.1.Testing Scope(20)7.2.Testers(20)7.3.Defect Detector, Probe And System Performance(20)7.4.General Methods of Ultrasonic Testing(20)7.5.Correction(21)7.6 Test Block（试块）.（22)7.7 Reports And Acceptance Stamp(22)8 Ultrasonic Testing of Raw Materials And Components of Pressure Vessels(22)8.1 Ultrasonic Testing of Steel Plates of Pressure Vessels(22)8.2 Ultrasonic Testing of Forged Piece of Pressure Vessels(26)8.3 Ultrasonic Testing of Compound Steel Plates（复合钢） of Pressure Vessels(30)8.4.Ultrasonic Testing of High Pressure Weldless Steel Tubes(33)8.5.Ultrasonic Testing of High-Pressure Bolt(35)86.Ultrasonic Testing of Austenite Steel Forged Pieces（锻件）of Pressure Vessels(36)9 Ultrasonic Testing of Weld of Pressure Vessels(37)9.L.Ultrasonic Testing of Weld of Steel Pressure Vessels(37)9.2 Ultrasonic Testing of Stainless Steel Build-Up Welding（堆焊 Layer(45)9.3 Ultrasonic Testing of Weld of Aluminum Pressure Vessels(48)10 Ultrasonic Measurement of Thickness of Pressure Vessels(49)10.1Range of Measurement(49)10.2 Acoustic Speed Range of Main Materials(50)10.3 Apparatus And Probes(50)10.4 Correction of Test Block(50)10.5 Couplant（耦合剂）(50)10.6 Calibration of Apparatus(50)10.7 Preparation For Measurement(51)10.8 Methods of Measurement(51)10.9 Handling of Abnormal Measurement Value(52)10.10 Reports(52)Chapter 4 Surface Testing11 Magnetic Powder Testing(52)11.1Scope And General Requirements(52)11.2 tic Powder And Equipment(52)11.4 MagnetTesters(52)11.3 Magneization Method (53)11.5 Types And Selection of Electric Current(54)11.6 Surface Preparation(54)11.7 Testing Time(55)11.8 Magnetization Specification(55)11.9 Application of Magnetic Powder(58)11.10 Demagnetization(59)11.11Appraisal And Records of Magnetic Trace(59)11.12 Retest(59)11.13 Level Appraisal of Defects(59)11.14 Reports(60)12 Penetration Testing(60)12.1 Scope And General Requirements(60)12.2 Testers(60)12.3 General Requirements(60)12.4 Sorts And Selection of Penetrating Testing Methods(62)12.5 Operation(64)12.6 Sorts of Indicated Traces of Defects(65)12.7 Level Appraisal of Indicated Traces of Defects(65)12.8 Reports(66)13 Eddy Current Testing of Tubing(66)13.1 Scope And General Requirements(66)13.2 Testers(66)13.3Testing Equipment(66)13.4 Standard Samples67)13.5 Testing Conditions And Steps(67)13.6 Level Appraisal of Defects(68)13.7 Reports(69)Annex A Setting Position of Overlapping Tag (Supplementary)(70)Annex B Calculation of Focus Size (Supplementary)(71)Annex C Transillumination Thickness of Butt-Jointed Seam (Supplementary)(72)Annex D Treatment Methods of Expanding Appraised Area(Supplementary)(73)Annex E Calculation Methods of Transillumination Thickness And Effective Detection Range of Negative Film (Supplementary)(74)Annex F Models And Specifications of Special Image Quality Indicator And Contrast Block of Incomplete Fusion Depth (Supplementary)(75)Annex G Performance Requirement of Bicrystal Straight Probe (Supplementary)(77)Annex H Transverse Wave Testing of Steel Plate of Pressure Vessels (Supplementary)(79)Annex I Transverse Wave Testing of Forged Piece of Pressure Vessels (Supplementary)(81)Annex J Axial Transverse Wave Testing For High-Pressure Weldless Steel Tube (Supplementary)(82)Annex K Bevel Testing of Austenite Steel Forging of Pressure Vessels (Supplementary)(84)Annex L Measurement of Loss Difference of Acoustic Energy Transmission (Supplementary) (85)Annex M Testing Methods For Non-Standard Temperature (Supplementary)(87)Annex N Manual Rinsing And Drying of Film (For Reference)(88)Annex O Replenishment Method of Developer (For Reference)(90)Annex P Tandem Testing Methods (For Reference)(91)Annex Q Ultrasonic Testing of Weld of Titanium Pressure Vessels (For Reference)(93)Annex R Relevant Standards And Document Contents of Non-Destructive Testing of Pressure Vessels (For Reference)(96)Industry Standard of the Peoples Republic of ChinaJB 473094Nondestructive testing of pressure vesselsChapter 1 General1 Main Contents And Scope of ApplicationThis standard specifies five nondestructive testing methods of ray testing, ultrasonic testing, magnetic powder testing, penetration testing and eddy current testing as well as the appraisal of defects.All nondestructive testing methods introduced in this standard are applicable to the raw materials, components and weld of pressure vessels made of metal materials.2 Normative ReferenceGB 150 Steel pressure vesselsGB 3721 defectoscope of magnetic powderGB 5097 indirect appraisal methods of black light sourceGB 5616 application principles for routine nondestructive testingGB 5618 line type image quality indicatorGB 9445 General rules of appraisal of technical qualification of nondestructive testing personnelGBT 12604.16.Terms of nondestructive testingJB 4126 Manufacture and control of steel test block for ultrasonic testingZB J04 001 Mechanical test methods of working performance of A model ultrasonic defect detection system of impulse reflection type.ZB Y230 General technical conditions of A model untrasonic defectoscope of impulse reflection type.ZB Y231 Performance testing methods of probe for ultrasonic defect detection.ZB Y232 Technical conditions of No.1 standard test block for ultrasonic defect detection.ZB Y344 Model denomination methods for probe for ultrasonic defect detection. 3 TermsThe terms in this standard must meet the requirements of 16, GBT 12604 as well as those as follows:3.1 Dense Defect AreaIf there are 5 or more reflected signals of defects at the same time within the screen scanning beam of 50mm acoustic range or there are 5 or more reflected signals of defects within the same depth of the 50mm X 50mm tested surface, the reflected wave amplitude will be larger than that of defect reference of certain equivalence.3.2 Bottom Echo Reduction BGBF(Db) Caused By DefectsIssued by the Mechanical Engineering Ministry of PRC,Issued on January 29,1994 Implemented on May 1, 1994Ministry of Chemical Industry, PRC,Ministry of Labour, PRC, andChina Petrochemical Corporation (SINOPEC)1JB 4730-94The sound pressure level (dB) value represents the proportion between BG, the first bottom echo amplitude of zero defect area near the defect area, and BF, the first bottom echo amplitude of defect area.3.3 Tested SectionIf tandem scanning-to-test is conducted, generally, the weld section will be the test one, see the Fig. 31.3.4 Tandem Reference LineIf tandem scanning-to-test is conducted, the reference line of the two probe of which one is for transmitting and the other for receiving and which move at the same distance, will be located where there is 0.5 times span from the test section, see the Fig. 3一l.Tandem reference lineTest surfaceTest sectionFigure 3-1 Test section and tandem reference line3.5 Reference LineBefore welding, draw a mark line at a distance from the weld groove on the test surface of parent metal for the basis to determine the tandem reference line. See the Fig. 3-2 for the reference line.3.6 Broadwise Rectangular Tandem Scanning-To-Testtandem reference line and make them move parallel with weld, see the Fig. 33.3.7 Lengthwise Rectangular Tandem Scanning-To-TestKeep the incidence points of two probes for transmitting and receiving at the same distance from the tandem reference line and make them move vertical to weld, see the Fig. 33.4 General Requirements4.1 Principles For Selection4.1.1 The selection of testing methods of ray testing, ultrasonic testing, magnetic powder testing, penetration testing and eddy current testing of pressure vessels, testing time as well as spot test ratio, etc must be conducted in accordance with the Safety Engineering Supervision Regulations on Pressure Vessels, GBl50, GB5616 and related technical documents.4.1.2 All pressure vessels and components made of ferro-magnetic materials must be tested by the way of magnetic powder testing for surface defects. Only when the magnetic powder testing becomes impossible for the cause of structure and shape, etc can penetration testing method be utilized.4.2 Test Responsibility of The Manufacturer4.2.1 When the pressure vessels and components need to be tested according to this standard, the manufacturer or assembly department must work out nondestructive testing regulations to meet requirements of related criterion according to this standard, and each testing regulation must have one copy at least for the reference and use by all nondestructive testing personnel with the manufacturer.4.2.2 The testing procedure and results must be right and integrated as well, and signature by persons responsible is also necessary. The retention period of testing records and reports, etc must not be less than 7 years. 7 years later, they can be transferred to customers for custody if customers need them.2JB 4730-94Fusion surfaceReference lineGroove surfaceReference lineFigure 3-2 Reference lineTandem reference lineBroadwise rectangular tandem scanning-to-testLengthwise rectangular tandem scanning-to-testFigure 3-3 Broadwise rectangular tandem scanning-to-test and Lengthwise rectangular tandem scanning-to-test4.2.3 In the testing files, qualifications that the testers participate in testing and the expriation date must be written.4.2.4 The devices and equipment for testing must be regularly inspected qualified, and related records also need to be made.4.3 Tester4.3.1 All personnel engaged in testing of pressure vessels and components must be trained technically and examined and appraised in accordance with Examination Regulations of Qualification Appraisal for Nondestructive Testing Personnel of Boiler Pressure Vessels issued by Ministry of Labour, PRC as well as GB 9445.4.3.2 The technical qualifications of nondestructive testing personnel are divided into three levels of high, medium and primary levels, who can only undertake the nondestructive testing work corresponding with their levels and take corresponding technical responsibilities.4.3.3 The personnel engaged in nondestructive testing of pressure vessels and components must have excellent physical conditions. Besides, their eyesight must meet the requirements as follows:4.3.3.1 Corrected eyesight must not be lower than 1.0, which needs to be examined once a year.4.3.3.2 The personnel engaged in magnetic powder testing and penetration testing must not be color blind and weak.4.3.3.3 The personnel engaged in the appraisal of scotograph must be able to recognize printed letters with a height of 0.5mm and an interval of 0.5mm.4.4 Responsibility of Nondestructive Testing Personnel4.4.1 The nondestructive responsible engineers engaged in manufacture of pressure vessels and components have the responsibility of ensuring correct implementation of this standard as well as the right of refusing any testing which is not conducted according to this standard.4.4.2 The nondestructive responsible engineers must have the qualifications of medium or high level of nondestructive testing for boiler pressure vessels.4.5 Acceptance Stamp3JB 4730-94If the testing is about acceptance of pressure vessels, all components tested acceptable must be marked permanently or half-permanently and clearly. If the product is not suitable for marking, detailed sketch Fig. of testing or other effective marking methods must be utilized to enable the operators of next process step or testers of the last step to easily recognize the marks.Chapter 2 Testing of Weld By Ray Transillumination5 General Requirements5.1 Scope of TestingThis chapter specifies the procedures and requirements which must be followed and met for achieving qualified negative film of transillumination during the course of weld transillumination testing.This chapter is applicable to the ray transillumination testing of the butted-joint circumferential weld of steel tube as well as the weld of pressure vessels made of carbon steel, low alloy steel, stainless steel, aluminum & aluminum alloy and titanium & titanium alloy materials.5.2 Protection5.2.1 The x ray and ray have bad effects on human bodies which must not be directly exposed to the rays and scattered ones.5.2.2 The personnel engaged in testing of rays shall be equipped with X-gamma dosimeter or other dose testing equipment to determine the ray amount in the working circumstance as well as the accumulative rays absorbed by individuals. While testing ray, persons concerned shall determine the ray dose in the working places and around the vessel of ray source to know the place of ray source to avoid unexpected radialization.5.2.3 Safety line must be set for spot test of rays and shall have clear caution marks, and red lights must work at night.5.2.4 The most ray dose allowed to be absorbed by the testers is 5x10-2Sv each year. For those who are not testers, it is 5x10-3Sv.5.3 TesterThe regulations of 4.3 must be observed.5.4 Equivalent Coefficient of Ray TransilluminationFor the equivalent coefficient for ray transillumination of materials, see table 51. Multiply the coefficient by the thickness of the materials of vessels to be tested, you will get the thickness of steel which has equivalent absorbtion effects.5.5 Method For TransilluminationAccording to the ubiety of ray source, work piece and film, the methods for transillumination are divided into five including lonjgitudinal seam transillumination, external transillumination of circumferential weld, internal transillumination of circumferential weld, Dual-wall/Single-projection and Dual-wall/Dual-projection, see Fig. 5一1.5.6 Requirements On SurfaceThe quality of weld surface (including excess weld metal of weld) must pass appearance inspection, and the image of the irregular surface state on negative film shall not mask the defects in weld or be mixed with them, or repairs must be made.5.7 Positioning Marks And Recognization Marks5.7.1 Positioning marksThe transillumination place of weld must have joint mark (), and certer marks can also be set if necessary. For spot test, the joint mark is called transillumination mark of effective section.5.7.2 Recognization marksEach section of weld tested must be attached with lead recognization marks as follows: product number, weld number, place number as well as the date of transillumination. The repaired transilllumination place must have repairing marks R1、R2(the number 1,2 refers to the times of repairing).5.7.3 Positions of marksBoth positioning marks and recognization ones mentioned here must be set at appropriate places of film and at least 5mm away from weld edge. For the place where joint marks will be put, see Annex A (for supplement).Permanent marks must be set on the surface of work piece for the basis of positioning each piece of negative film for a second time. If the product is not suitable for marking, the detailed sketch of transillumination places or other effective marking methods must be utilized5.8 Image Quality Indicator4JB 4730-94Table5.1 Equivalent Coefficient of Ray Transillumination of Some MetalMetalEnergy of Rays100kV150kV220kV250kV400kVlMeV2MeV425MeVIrCoIronsteel1.001.01.01.01.01.01.01.01.01.0magensium0.050.050.08Aluminum0.080.120.08一0.350.35Aluminum alloy0.100.140.180.350.35Titanium0.540.540.710.90.90.90.90.9Copper1.51.61.41.41.41.11.11.21.11.1Zinc1.41.31.31.21.11.0Brass1.41.31.31.21.11.01.11.0Inconel1.41.31.31.31.31.31.31.3Monel1.71.2Zirconium2.42.32.01.71.51.01.01.01.21.0Lead14.014.012.05.02.52.74.02.3Fig. 5.1 Diagram For Transillumination MethodsFilmFilmRay sourceRay sourceRay sourceFilmFilmFilmFilmRay sourceRay sourceRay source(a) Lonjgitudinal seam transillumination (b) External transillumination of circumferential weld (c) Internal transillumination of circumferential weld (d) Dual Wall/Single projection(e) Dual Wall/Dual projection Notes: C1 ray source is not at the certer of components, however, C2 ray source is at the certer.The image quality indicator is used to test the quality of transillumination technology as well as film treatment. The image quality index is the rating of quality, which equals to the wire number of the thinnest metal thread which can be recognized on negative film.5.8.1 Model and specifications of line type image quality indicator5JB 4730-94The materials of metal thread of line type image quality indicator must be same with those of transilluminated vessels, see table 5-2. The model and specifications of line type image quality indicator must meet the requirements of GB 5618.5.8.2 Sign and code of image quality indicatorImage quality indicator must have the signs as follows:Standard numberJB 4730Wire codeFe, Ti, Al and Cu, etc.Number of wire diameterR10series；17、612、l016Table 52 Scope of Materials of Different Kinds of Line Type Image Quality Indicator.Materials of image quality indicatorFe