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111定语从句重、难点易错档案一、语意重复。定语从句的引导词在从句中都要充当一定的成分，所以从句里相应的句子成分不能再保留，否则就犯了语意重复的错误。如：The main topic people are often talking about at present is personal cars.The main topic是先行词，关系代词that或which在从句中作宾语，被省略了，所以做宾语的替代词it不能再出现了。二、分裂现象。如无特殊原因，定语从句应紧跟在先行词之后。如：Everything that has weight and occupies space is called matter.初学者很容易将此意表达成：Everything is called matter that has weight and occupies space. 这就是人为地造成的分裂现象。但是有时定语从句和先行词之间需要插入定语、状语或谓语时则另当别论。如：There is an expression in his eyes that I cannot understand.先行词与定语从句之间被in his eyes隔开了。三、主、谓不一致。当关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词应该和先行词的数与格保持一致，否则就是犯了主、谓不一致的错误。如：God bless this ship and all that sail in her. (Bible)本例先行词all指的是“所有的人”，所以定语从句的谓语不能用sails。四、关系代词that、who直接置于介词后。关系代词前有介词时，关系代词必须用which（指物）或 whom (指人)，而且不能省略。如果把介词放到句子的后部去，这时关系代词可用that或who,也可以把它们省略。如：The cost at which we produce the cars has been greatly reduced. 由于关系代词直接置于介词at之后，所以只能用which，而且不能省略。五、关系代词作定语时的误用。不管先行词是指人还是物，关系代词在从句中作定语时，都必须用whose；但指物时，还可以用“the + 名词 + of which”或“which of its + 名词”的形式表示。如：This is a new digital control machine tool whose functions are very advanced.本例中的whose functions还可以用which of its functions或者the functions of which替换。六、关系代词that的误用。先行词是以下某种情形时，必须用that引导定语从句：（1）被形容词最高级或序数词修饰；（2）被every, only, any, just, right, no等词修饰；（3）是all, few, little, much, none, some以及anything, everything, nothing （something不受此限制）等不定代词；（4）同时为人和物；（5）为疑问代词时。如:Everything that appears on the Internet is very appealing.初学者由于记得不牢，此时常常误用which引导。七、非限制性定语从句误用that作引导词。引导非限制性定语从句时，不能用that，必须用which。此外可以引导非限制性定语从句的还有who，whom，where，when，as等关系代词或关系副词,而且不能省略。如：The Italian team defeated the German team, which some people had expected.此时还可以将which换成as，意思是“正如有的人已经预料到的一样”。八、as和which的误用。非限制性从句前置于句首时，不能用which，而要用as来引导。如：As is well known to us all, life cant exist without air or water.但是如果从句后置，则两者皆可以，只是意思略有区别（as译作“正如”，which译作“这一点”等）。如果定语从句是否定形式或从句谓语带有复合宾语时，则只能用which引导。如：The Brazilian team was defeated by the French team, which we hadnt expected.九、the same . that和the same . as的误用。注意两者的区别：the same . that指“同一人（物）”；而the same . as指“同一类人（物）”。如：The people in many other Asian countries have the same custom as we Chinese have.根据例句的含义，可知这里只能用关系代词as，不能用that，因为表达的意思是“相似”。十、关系副词与关系代词的误用。如果引导词在从句中作状语应用关系副词引导；如果引导词在从句中作主语、宾语、表语时应用关系代词引导。如：Hawaii is a beautiful place (which / that) all the people look forward to visiting.定语从句中的visiting是一个及物动词，必须带宾语，所以不能用where作引导词，而应用which或that引导，且可以省略。如果将visiting改成going，则应该用where引导。走出时间、条件、让步状语从句八大误区误区之一：混淆while与when【误】 She was on the point of leaving while someone knocked at the door.【正】 She was on the point of leaving when someone knocked at the door.【析】 while意为“当时候”，从句需用持续性动词或状态性动词；而when引导时间状语从句中的动词既可以是持续性动词也可是非持续性动词。误区之二：错用till / until【误】 Until / Till yesterday evening, I received here-mail from Shanghai.【正】 I didnt receive her e-mail from Shanghai until yesterday evening.【析】 当until / till从句与肯定的主句连用时，主句谓语动词必须是持续性动词，而不可是非持续性动词。误区之三：省略不当【误】 While was walking down the street I noticed a police car in front of number 88.【正】 While walking down the street I noticed a police car in front of number 88.【析】 时间、条件、让步等状语从句中，如果从句主语与主句主语一致或是it，且从句中含有动词be的某种形式，从句主语和be可以同时省略。误区之四：倒装语序误用【误】 Not until the early years of the 19th century man did know what heat is.【正】 Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what heat is.【析】 Not until位于句首时，主句谓语采用倒装语序。误区之五：从句时态错用【误】 I wont know where she is until I will get a letter from her.【正】 I wont know where she is until I get a letter from her.【析】 在时间或条件等状语从句中，用现在时表示将来时。误区之六：错用however【误】 However he is late, Mother will wait for him to have dinner together.【正】 However late he is, Mother will wait for him to have dinner together.【析】 however需和它修饰的词一起放在从句前引导状语从句。误区之七：混用though与although【误】 Much although he likes her, he does get annoyed with her sometimes.【正】 Much though he likes her, he does get annoyed with her sometimes.【析】 though与 although通常可以互用，但只有though可用于倒装句中。且though可和even 连用，表示强调。此外，though可放在句末，意为“然而”，although则不能这样用。误区之八：混淆疑问词 + ever与no matter + 疑问词【误】 It is generally considered unwise to give a child no matter what he or she wants.【正】 It is generally considered unwise to give a child whatever he or she wants.【析】 “no matter + 疑问词”在句中只能引导状语从句；“疑问词 + ever”在句中既可引导状语从句，也可引导名词性从句。考点精练 考例回顾1. The question is: what can we do to help them in their struggle for survival?【考点】 struggle可以用作动词,常与介词for, with, against等连用；也可以用作名词，表示“挣扎；拼搏；努力；斗争等”。【考例】 I realized strength and courage arent always measured in medals and victories, but in the _ we overcome. (2004天津卷)A. sadnessB. strugglesC. diseasesD. tiredness【简析】 根据上下文，这句话的含义应该为：我意识到力量和勇气并不总是用奖牌和胜利来衡量的，而是用我们战胜 / 克服（对手、困难或自我）过程中所付出的拼搏 / 努力来衡量的。因此选择B。2. There are only about three hundred of these North American mammals left, none of which are in the wild.【考点】这里“表示数量或部分的名词或代词 + of which / whom”引导一个非限制性定语从句，先行词指事物用of which，先行词指人用of whom，说明先行词的一部分情况。表示数量或部分的名词或代词（如基数词，分数，百分数, all, both, some, any, many, much, most, majority, minority, part, rest, none等）,既可以放在of which / whom的前面，也可以放在of which / whom的后面。【考例】 The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, 80% _ are sold abroad. (2004辽宁卷)A. of whichB. which ofC. of themD. of that【简析】 分析句子结构，前后两句话用逗号隔开，应该为主从句关系，由此判断后面是一个非限定性定语从句，由于关系代词前面有介词，因此只能选A项，80% of which are sold abroad修饰先行词half a million pairs of shoes, 说明其部分情况。3. The WWF believes that our world has a future only if people learn to conserve nature and not waste energy. As a result, it started working with governments to introduce environmental education into school.【考点】 句子中As a result表示“因此，结果”，相当于副词Therefore或Thus的含义和作用；还可以用于介词短语as a result of.中表示“由于的结果”。【考例】 My cousin must have made an effort to get himself into shape. _, at the point in our game when I predicted the score to be about 9 to 1 in my favor,it was instead 7 to 9and Ed was leading. (2003全国卷 完形填空)A. After allB. As a resultC. Above allD. At last【简析】此题考查的是各短语用法比较：after all 说明让步关系，表示“毕竟，终究”；as a result说明因果关系，表示“因此，因而”；above all说明突出某方面的重要性，表示“最重要的是”；at last说明时间，表示“最后，最终”。根据句意可知选B。111
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