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E-CTranslationTheoriesandPractice,英汉翻译理论与实践,重庆工商大学外语学院,Unit1GeneralPrinciples,Babel(巴别塔)theOldTestamentTheTowerofBabelorBabylon:atowerwhosetopmayreachuntoheaven”ThestorytakesplaceafterthefloodthatdestroyedallbutNoahandhisfamily.Theworldwasstillunitedbylanguageandprobablytradition.“Andthewholeearthwasofonelanguage,andofonespeech.”(Genesis11:1)(创世纪)Those(Sumerian:闪族人)wholivedintheregionofShinar(希纳尔),(Sumer(苏美尔)inancientBabylonia)“saidonetoanother,Goto,letusbuildusacityandatower,whosetopmayreachuntoheaven;andletusmakeusaname,lestwebescatteredabroaduponthefaceofthewholeearth.”(Genesis11:3-4)Godtookaction.“Goto,letusgodown,andthereconfound(使困惑)theirlanguage,thattheymaynotunderstandoneanothersspeech.”(Genesis11:7)“SotheLORDscatteredthemabroadfromthence(从那里)uponthefaceofalltheearth:andtheyleftofftobuildthecity.”(Genesis11:8)causedGodtoconfoundthelanguageofpeople,givingthemeachanewtongue.Andfromthenon,translationbecomesbothnecessaryandimpossible.,寻寻觅觅，冷冷清清，凄凄惨惨戚戚。（李清照：声声慢）IlookforwhatImiss,Iknownotwhatitis.Ifeelsosad,sodrear,Solonely,withoutcheer.(许渊冲译)Poemiswhatislostintranslation.,琵琶琴瑟，八大王王王在上。魑魅魍魉，四小鬼鬼鬼犯边。Itisdifficultandevenimpossibletotranslatesuchculturalitems.Translationisthemostcomplicatedhumanactivity.,超经典中式英语：,Howareyou?Howoldareyou?怎么是你，怎么老是你？好好學習，天天向上！Goodgoodstudy,daydayup!不三不四nothreenofour人山人海peoplemountainpeoplesea你問我，我去問誰？youaskme,Iaskwho?心花怒放heartflowerangryopen,Studyhardandmakeprogresseverydayneitherfishnorfowl/neitherassnorhorsehugecrowdsofpeople/aseaoffacesbewildwithjoy,Sometermsconcerned:,Translating:theprocess(totranslate;theactivityratherthanthetangibleobject);ATranslation:theproductoftheprocessoftranslating(i.e.thetranslatedtext):Translation:theabstractconceptwhichencompassesboththeprocessoftranslatingandtheproductofthatprocess.(TranslationandTranslating:TheoryandPractice,R.T.Bell,1991.P13),I.什么是翻译II.视角各异的翻译观III.翻译的标准IV.翻译的过程V.翻译工作者应具备的必要条件VI.基本翻译策略,I.什么是翻译？,翻译是将一种文字之真义全部移至另一种文字而绝不失其风格的神韵。（吴献书，1949）翻译是用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。（张培基，1980）翻译的实质是语际的意义转换。（刘宓庆，1990）翻译是将一种语言文字所蕴含的意思用另一种语言文字表达出来的文化活动。（王克非，1997）翻译是以符号转换为手段，意义再生为任务的一项跨文化的交际活动。（许钧，2003）,Translationisthereplacementoftextualmaterialinonelanguage(SL)byequivalenttextualmaterialinanotherlanguage(TL).(Catford,1965)翻译的定义也可以这样说：把一种语言（SL）中的篇章材料用另一种语言（TL）中的篇章材料来加以代替。（卡特福德）(ALinguisticTheoryofTranslation,1965),Translationconsistsinreproducinginreceptorlanguagetheclosestnaturalequivalenceofthesourcelanguage,firstintermsofmeaningandsecondlyintermsofstyle.(Nida)（翻译就是在译入语中再现与原语的信息最切近的自然对等物，首先是就意义而言，其次是就文体而言。）（奈达）Thisdefinitioncontainsthreeessentialterms:(1)equivalence,whichpointstowardthesourcelanguage;(2)natural,whichpointstowardthereceptorlanguage;(3)closest,whichbindsthetwoorientationstogetheronthebasisofthehighestdegreeofapproximation.(TowardaScienceofTranslation,1964),美国著名语言学家雅各布森（RomanJakobson,18961982）从符号学的观点出发，把翻译分为三类：语内翻译、语际翻译和符际翻译。,1、语内翻译（intralingualtranslation）语内翻译是同一语言内部的翻译。方言与民族共同语、方言与方言、古代语与现代语之间的转换就是语内翻译。英语学习中解释疑难句子常常用到的paraphrase其实也是一种语内翻译。例1余闻而愈悲。孔子曰：“苛政猛于虎也。”吾尝疑乎是，今以蒋氏观之，犹信。（捕蛇者说柳宗元）我听了（这些话）更加感到悲伤。孔子说：“苛酷的统治比猛虎还要凶啊！”我曾经怀疑这句话，现在从姓蒋的遭遇看来，这是可信的。例2Radiatingfromtheearth,heatcausesaircurrentstorise.=Heatcausesaircurrentstorisewhenitisradiatingfromtheearth.热量由地球辐射出来，使得气流上升。,2、语际翻译(interlingualtranslation)语际翻译是两种语言间的翻译，如英译汉、汉译英等。这是人们通常所谓的翻译，即狭义的翻译。例3Hercriticismswereenoughtomakeanyoneseered.她那些批评任谁都得火冒三丈。3、符际翻译（intersemiotictranslation）语言与非语言符号或非语言符号间的翻译，如语言与手势语间的翻译、英语与计算机代码间的翻译、手势语与旗语间的翻译等都属于符际翻译。例4S=vt，即:路程等于速度乘以时间。,II.视角各异的翻译观,Beingahumanactivity,translationisfarmorecomplicatedthanwhatpeopleusuallythink.Scholarsmakeeffortstodefineitfromvariousperspectives:linguistic,literary,cultural,functional,semantic,communicative,deconstructiveHerewearetohaveabriefdiscussionaboutthelinguistic,literary,cultural,functionalviews.,Linguisticviewsontranslation,Translationtheoristsfromthelinguisticschoolconceiveoftranslationasalinguisticactivityandsomebelievethattranslationtheoryisabranchoflinguistics.Theyapproachtheissueoftranslatingprimarilyfromtheviewpointofthelinguisticdifferencesbetweenthesourceandtargettexts.,Literaryviewsontranslation,Translatorswhoholdthisviewbelievethattranslationisanartisticreceptionorarecreatedart.,语言是塑造文学形象的工具，因而文学的形象性特征必然要在语言上表现出来。文学语言的特征，诸如形象、生动、鲜明、含蓄、凝练、准确、风趣、幽默、辛辣、滑稽、悦耳、民族特点、地方色彩，还有行业习语、民间的俚语、谚语等等，都是作家根据塑造形象的需要，从现实生活中提炼创造出来的。文学作品的艺术形式与思想内容是辩证统一的，翻译要保存原作风格特点，因此要求译文生动形象、形神毕肖、雅俗等同、词情并茂。（方梦之，2004：292）,Culturalviewsontranslation,Intheculturalapproach,translationisregardednotonlyasatransferoflinguisticsigns,butalsoasacommunicationofcultures,i.e.translationisas“interculturalcommunication”.Koller:Atranslatorwhousesaculturalapproachissimplyrecognizingthateachlanguagecontainselementswhicharederivedfromitsculture(suchasgreetings,fixedexpressionsandREALIA),thateverytextisanchoredinaspecificculture,andthatconventionsoftextproductionandreceptionvaryfromculturetoculture.(ShuttleworthAnInquiryintotheNatureandCausesoftheWealthofNations(原富)byA.Smith(亚当.斯密);OnLiberty(群己权界论)byJ.S.Mill(约翰.穆勒);TheStudyofSociology(群学肄言)byH.Spencer(斯宾塞尔),etc.,译例言（严复）译事三难：信、达、雅。求其信已大难矣，故信矣不达，虽译犹不译也，则达尚焉Translationhastodothreedifficultthings:tobefaithful,expressiveandelegant.Itisdifficultenoughtobefaithfultotheoriginal,andyetifatranslationisnotexpressive,itistantamounttohavingnotranslation.Henceexpressivenessshouldberequiredtoo易曰：“修辞立诚。”子曰：“辞达而已。”又曰：“言之无文，行之不远。”三者乃文章正轨，亦即为译者楷模。故信达而外，求其尔雅。TheBookofChangessaysthatthefirstrequisiteofrhetoricistruthfulness.Confuciussaysthatexpressivenessisallthatmattersinlanguage.Headdsthatifoneslanguagelacksgrace,itwontgofar.Thesethreequalities,then,arethecriteriaofgoodwritingandofgoodtranslationtoo.Hencebesidesfaithfulnessandexpressiveness,atranslatorshouldalsoaimatelegance.,鲁迅的“宁信不顺”林语堂的“忠实、通顺、美”傅雷的“神似”钱钟书的“化境”,泰特勒翻译三原则,Agoodtranslationisonewhichthemeritoftheoriginalworkissocompletelytransfusedintoanotherlanguageastobeasdistinctlyapprehendedandasstronglyfeltbyanativeofthecountrytowhichthatlanguagebelongsasitisbythosewhospeakthelanguageoftheoriginalwork.(Tytler,1790)（好的翻译应该是把原作的长处完全地移注到另一种语言，以使译入语所属国家的本地人能明白地领悟、强烈地感受，如同使用原作语言的人所领悟、所感受的一样。）（泰特勒）Thus,histhreeprinciplesare:1)Thetranslationshouldgiveacompletetranscriptoftheideasoftheoriginalwork.（信）2)Thestyleandmannerofwritingshouldbeofthesamecharacterwiththatoftheoriginal.（雅）3)Thetranslationshouldhavetheeaseoftheoriginalcomposition.（达）,奈达（Nida）的“动态对等”（dynamicequivalence）和“功能对等”（functionalequivalence）,IV.翻译的过程,ThetranslationprocesssuggestedbyNida:A(SL)-(Testing)-D(TL)(Analysis)(Restructuring)(Transfer)BCAnalysis:adetailedtreatmentofboththedesignativeandassociativemeaningsofthelexemes,thesyntax,andthediscoursestructures.Transfer:shiftfromthinkinginthesourcelanguagetothinkinginthetargetlanguage.Restructuring:organizationofthelexical,syntactic,anddiscoursefeaturesofthetransferredtextsoastoprovidemaximalcomprehensionandappreciationonthepartoftheintendedaudience.Testing:comparingtheSLwiththeTLbyabilingualpersontodeterminethedegreeofcorrespondence;testingthereactionsoftheintendedmonolingualTLaudience,bywhichanyproblemsexistentinatranslationcanbequicklyexposed.,V.翻译工作者应具备的必要条件,(1)Atranslatormustbewellacquaintedwiththesourcelanguageandthetargetlanguage.(2)bebicultural,thatis,he/shemusthaveagoodknowledgeofthetwoculturesinvolvedintranslatingpractice.(3)bearmedwithknowledgeconcerningthedocumentstobetranslated.(4)bearmedwiththeexcellentabilityofexpressivenessandimagination.(5)beadeptatcomputerandinternet.,名家谈翻译巴金：一点感想,我虽然译过几十本书，可是我觉得自己并不是一个好的翻译工作者，过去我常常说我的翻译是“试译”，而且我只是选择我喜欢的，笔调跟我相近的书。二十多年来我也犯过了一些错误。虽然我也不是没有小小进步，虽然我现在仍旧在译书，但我还是抱着学习的态度在试译。所以我不敢以翻译工作者的资格在这里讲话。今天我只想以一个读者的资格写下一点感想。,我希望任何一本书的译者在从事翻译工作的时候，要想到他是为着谁在做这工作。倘使他是为着读者译这本书的，他就应当对读者负责，他至少应当让读者看得懂，而且也应当让读者看了觉得好（倘使那是一本坏书，就用不着翻译了）。“忠实”自然也是一个重要的条件。但有人借口“忠实”，把一篇漂亮的文章译成疙里疙瘩的念不懂的东西，有人甚至把外国文法原封不动地搬到译文里来，有人喜欢用“如此.以致.”一类从字典里搬来的字眼，以为非这样不能算是“忠实”，这就有问题了。真正的“忠实”，应该是保存原作的风格，而不是保存外国文句的构造。真正的“忠实”应该是对原作的每一整句的“忠实”，而不是对原文的每一个单字的“忠实”。,外国文的一个单字往往有几个甚至十几个意义，把一个形容词译成中文，也有好几种译法，每一个单字都是跟上下文有密切关系的。我觉得翻译的方法其实只有一种，并没有“直译”和“意译”的分别。好的翻译应该都是“直译”，也都是“意译”。那些改变了原文风格，改变了原文语气，改变了原文意义的翻译并不是“意译”，那只是编译，或“改编”。流畅或漂亮的原文应该都被译成流畅或漂亮的中文。一部文学作品译出来也应该是一部文学作品。我读过一些欧洲大小说家的作品。不说他们的风格，他们的文章绝不是生硬、笨拙、死板、疙里疙瘩的，更不是含糊得有时叫人读不懂的。而且外国人谈话也跟我们中国人一样，他们说的是活的语言，绝不是像我们在一些翻译小说中念到的对话那样的东西。（申雨平、戴宁，2000）,VI.基本翻译策略,1.Literaltranslation(直译)&Freetranslation(意译)Literaltranslationandfreetranslation,astranslationstrategies,areseenfromtheperspectiveoflinguisticreproduction.Literaltranslation,alsocalledword-for-wordtranslation,isideallythesegmentationofthesourcelanguagetextintoindividualwordsandtargetlanguagerenderingofthoseword-segmentsoneatatime.Thisidealisoftenimpossible.(Baker,2004:125),Freetranslation,alsoknownassense-for-sensetranslation,emphasizestransferofthemeaningor“spirit”ofasourcetextoveraccuratereproductionoftheoriginalwording.Thepurposeofsense-for-sensetranslationistoaccommodatetheneedsofthetargetlanguagereaderbyproducingatextwhichconformstothelinguisticandtextualnormsofthetargetlanguageandculture,andwhichdoesnotthereforesound“foreign”.(Shuttleworth&Cowie,2004:151),Forexample:HehadaboutasmuchchanceofgettingajobasofbeingchosenmayorofChicago.(JackLondon)Translation:Version1.他找到工作的机会和当选芝加哥市市长的机会几乎差不多。（直译程度高）Version2.他要找工作简直跟要当芝加哥市市长同样困难。（直、意译之间）Version3.他找到工作的机会简直微乎其微。（意译程度高）Whichonedoyouprefer?Why?,2.Foreignizingtranslation(foreignization)(异化翻译)&Domesticatingtranslation(domestication)(归化翻译)Whileliteralandfreetranslationmainlydealwithlinguisticreproduction,foreignizingtranslationanddomesticatingtranslationareconcernedmorewithcultural,linguisticandaestheticconsiderations.Foreignizationisastrategyinwhichatargettextisproducedwhichdeliberatelybreakstargetconventionsbyretainingsomethingoftheforeignnessoftheoriginal.,Thismethodis“anethnodeviantpressureontarget-languageculturalvaluestoregisterthelinguisticandculturaldifferenceoftheforeigntext,sendingthereaderabroad”tohavealienreadingexperience(异化译法是偏离民族主义的，对译入语文化价值施加压力，使其关注外语文本的语言和文化差异，把读者带入外国情景，体验外国人的阅读感受).(Venuti,1995:20)Inotherwords,itbringstheTLreaderstotheSLwriter.,Domesticationisastrategyinwhichatransparent,fluentstyleisadoptedinordertominimizethestrangenessoftheforeigntextfortarget-languagereaders.Thismethodis“anethnocentricreductionoftheforeigntexttotarget-languageculturalvalues,bringingtheauthorbackhome.”(归化译法采取民族中心主义的态度，使外语文本符合译入语的文化价值观，把原作者带入译入语文化。)(Venuti,1995:20)Inotherwords,itbringstheSLwritertotheTLreaders.,Forexample:Talkofthedevil.说魔鬼，魔鬼就到。说曹操，曹操就到。说到某人，某人准到。AllroadsleadtoRome.条条大路通罗马。条条大路通北京。殊途同归。,推荐书目,1.EugeneNida.LanguageandCulture:ContextinTranslation.Shanghai:ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress,2001.2.PeterNewmark.ATextbookofTranslation.Shanghai:ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress,2001.3.释意学派口笔译理论，(法)玛丽雅娜勒代雷著，刘和平译。中国对外翻译出版公司，2001。4.汉英比较与翻译，陈定安。中国对外翻译出版社，1998/2006。5.文学翻译批评概论，王宏印。中国人民大学出版社，2009。6.“韩素音青年翻译奖”竞赛作品与评析，中国翻译编辑部。译林出版社，2008。7.美国短篇故事125篇（英汉对照），（美）奥斯特著，巫和雄译。译林出版社，2004。英语世界中国翻译北京周报,
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