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Module 4 Languages of the World (满分：120分；时间：100分钟).阅读理解(共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分)A(2016河北省八校高三第一次联考)We do not usually think about how our language works.Talking is such a natural，everyday activity that we do not often stop to consider how it actually works.When we do study our language，though，we are often surprised that we are able to understand our conversations.Words can mean so many different things.However, it turns out that the speaking situation helps a lot in making language work.First，the speaking situation helps make words more particular.For example，the word “dog” can describe a dog that a speaker saw in a dream.It can also be used to discuss a neighbors dog.No language has a separate word for the idea “dog that I saw yesterday” and another word for the idea “dog that I saw in a dream”This is because the speaking situation makes it clear what speakers mean when they use words.So，when you have a conversationwith your neighbor, the knowledge that you have a dog tells your neighbor what the word “dog” probably means in that situation.The speaking situation also helps make language clearer.For example，the word “bank” has two possible meanings.It can mean “a place where people keep money” ，but it can also mean “the side of a river”So the sentence “I went to the bank” is not clear.It could mean I went to the side of the river or it could mean I went to the place where my money is kept.However，if the speaker is talking about fishing or going to the mountains，others probably know that “bank” means “the side of a river”The things that speakers say may not always be clear.Sometimes the words are not very particular，but the speaking situation can provide the meaning.Other times words may have many meanings.Then the speaking situation limits the right meaning.This extra knowledge from the situation is very important to understand language.【语篇解读】本文讲述了语境对语言的理解起着很大作用。1The passage is mainly about _.Athe best time and place to talk to othersBhow the speaking situation helps language workCwhat to say in difficult situationsDhow our language works【解析】主旨大意题。本文讲述了语境对语言的理解起着很大作用。故选B。【答案】B2According to the passage，we can safely say that _.Athe speaking situation does not affect the meaning of wordsBspeaking is not very natural for most peopleCthe speaking situation is not importantDpeople often do not consider how talking works【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段中的“We do not usually think about how our language works.Talking is such a natural，everyday activity that we do not often stop to consider how it actually works”可知，选D。【答案】D3By using the example of the word “dog” ，the writer wants to show that _.Aa word may need to be explained in a conversationBa word may have different meaningsCthe speaking situation helps people understand the particular meaning of a wordDthe meaning of words is not particular【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段的第一句话“First，the speaking situation helps make words more particular”和下文的“For example”可知，下文正是用dog一词举例来论证第二段的第一句话。故选C。【答案】CB【导学号：04940048】(2016合肥市高三第一次教学质量检测)Its the universal cry of parents.“Get a job！” Solimans mother told Soliman on the second day of his college breaks.After years of delivering furniture for his mothers store，he knew many people had things they wanted to get rid of.If he borrowed his moms truck，he could make a little money by carrying away their garbage.One night，Soliman came up with a name for his new businessCollege Hunks Hauling Junk.He advertised the next day，and within hours，his phone rang.He asked his friend Friedman to help.They made $220 in three hours by cleaning out a womans garbage.Soliman and Friedman earned $10,000 that summer.But the two werent ready to become fulltime garbage men after graduation.“We were trained to finish college and get a good job，” says Soliman，who first worked at a research firm.Friedman became an economic analyst.After working for the firm and the company for a while，both of them changed their minds.They quit their jobs and restarted their business，but had trouble finding a bank willing to lend them money.“Within months，” says Friedman，“we were pretty upset.” At last，one bank risked lending them $50,000.At first，they lost money.One customer asked them to deal with a dozen garbage cans filled with construction garbage.They measured the job by volume instead of by weight and charged just $130.“The cans were so heavy that it took us two and a half hours，” says Soliman，“and it cost us more than $250 to carry the load.”However，the tough experience taught them a lesson.They reduced the cost of unloading by recycling metals and electronics.Just four years later, theyrana nationwide company that earned $3 million in 2014.“I figured if Nick and I failed，wed learned more from failing than from not trying at all，” says Soliman.【语篇解读】Soliman通过为妈妈的商店运家具，了解到许多人有不想要的东西。于是他有了一个想法通过运送别人不想要的东西来挣钱。他和朋友开始创业时遇到了一些困难，但是通过不懈的努力以及分析和总结，最后他们终于成功了。4What does Soliman find when helping to deliver furniture?ASome parents want their kids to work at college breaks.BMany families have things they dont want to keep.CHis moms truck works well in carrying heavy furniture.DIts hard to make money by carrying away the garbage.【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段中的“After years of delivering furniture for his mothers store，he knew many people had things they wanted to get rid of”可知，Soliman在为母亲的商店运送家具之后，他了解到很多人有他们不想要的东西。故选B。【答案】B5What makes Soliman think of starting his new business?AHis working experience in his mothers store.BHis strong desire to make use of the garbage.CHis hatred for peoples throwing away things.DHis much available time at college breaks.【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段的“If he borrowed his moms truck，he could make a little money by carrying away their garbage”可知，当他知道很多人都有不想要的东西时，他就想到如果他借妈妈的卡车来运走这些不想要的东西，他就可以挣到钱。所以这种想法应该是他帮妈妈做事时想到的。故选A。【答案】A6How did Soliman and Friedman cut the cost of the company?ABy filling the cans with more garbage.BBy measuring the job by volume.CBy reducing the working hours.DBy recycling something useful.【解析】细节理解题。根据文章最后一段的“They reduced the cost of unloading by recycling metals and electronics”可知，他们通过循环利用金属和电子设备来减少运载的费用。故选D。【答案】D7Which of the following can be learned from the passage?AEasier said than done.BNothing succeeds like success.CTwo heads are better than one.DNothing is impossible to a willing heart.【解析】推理判断题。通读全文可知，Soliman和朋友在创业阶段很不顺，但是通过坚持不懈的努力以及分析和总结，最后他们终于获得了成功。这个故事也验证了这句名言：有志者事竟成。故选D。【答案】DCMost people who move to a foreign country or culture may go through some form of culture shock, and its degree is determined by the differences between cultures, the anxiety to adapt to a new culture and the familiarity with a new culture, etc.If you go, for example, to a culture that is far different from your own, youre likely to experience culture shock more sharply than those who move to a new culture knowing the language and the customs of it.It is important to understand and learn how to deal with culture shock if you adapt successfully to your new homes culture.There are four general stages of cultural adjustment, and being aware of them helps you understand that culture shock wont last long.Its just a process you are going through rather than a constant situation.The first stage is usually referred to as the “honeymoon” stage.Upon arriving in a new environment, youll be interested in the new culture.Everything will seem thrilling and everyone will seem friendly and helpful.During this stage you are merely taking in these impressions passively.But it isnt long before the honeymoon stage gives way to the second stagethe withdrawal stage.The excitement you felt before is gone and the problems arise.The language is hard to learn；people are unusual and unpredictable；friends are hard to make；and simple things like shopping and going to the bank are challenges.It is at this stage that you are likely to feel anxious and homesick, and you will probably find yourself complaining about the new culture or country.This is the stage called “culture shock”At some point, if you can manage it well, youll begin the transition into the next stage, the “recovery” stage, in which youll feel more confident functioning in the new culture.Customs and traditions are clearer and easier to understand.At this stage, youll deal with new challenges with humor rather than anxiety.【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了来到异国他乡的人们多多少少会遇到一些文化冲击，他们在文化适应的过程中往往要经历四个阶段，了解这些阶段可以让人们明白：文化冲击只是阶段性的，不会持久。8According to the passage, culture shock can be_.Adealt with more easily for some peopleBreduced by learning the language aloneCavoided by knowing adjustment stagesDgot rid of by learning just the customs【解析】根据第一段最后一句中的“youre likely to experience culture shock more sharply than those who move to a new culture knowing the language and the customs of it”可推断，文化冲击对于某些人来说比较容易处理。故选A项。【答案】A9The “honeymoon” stage here refers to_.Athe first month after the weddingBthe period of excitementCthe stage of adaptationDthe holiday for a newlymarried couple【解析】根据第三段第二、三句“Upon arriving in a new environment，youll be interested in the new culture.Everything will seem thrilling.”可推断，“honeymoon”是一个令人兴奋的阶段。故B项正确。【答案】B10Which of the following doesnt belong to the second stage?ABecoming upset.BMissing family.CFeeling confident.DMaking complaints.【解析】根据第四段第四句“It is at this stage that you are likely to feel anxious and homesick，and you will probably find yourself complaining about the new culture or country.”可知，A、B、D三项均是第二阶段的表现。故选C项。【答案】C11What would be probably discussed in the paragraph that follows?AConsequences of culture shock.BChallenges in a new country.CPreparations for a new culture.DThe 4th stage of cultural adjustment.【解析】根据第二段第二句中的“There are four general stages of cultural adjustment”以及文章已谈到了“honeymoon”“the withdrawal stage”和“recovery”这三个阶段可推知，接下来应该要讨论文化适应的第四个阶段。故选D项。【答案】DDDuring lectures, my students often ask which is the most difficult language to learn.Its not easy to answer because there are many factors to take into consideration.For a persons first language these factors are unimportant because people learn their mother tongue naturally.So the question of how hard a language is to learn is only relevant when learning a second language.Studies have shown that native speakers of Spanish find Portuguese much easier to learn than, say, native speakers of Chinese, because Portuguese is very similar to Spanish, while Chinese is very different.So a persons first language affects their learning of a second language.The greater the differences between a second language and the first, the harder it will be for most people to learn.Many Westerners think that Chinese is the hardest language to learn because of its writing system and pronunciation.But for Japanese speakers, who already use Chinese characters in their own language, learning writing is less difficult than for speakers of languages using the Roman alphabet.A recent study reported that British embassy staff found that the second hardest language to learn was Japanese.More surprising was the language that they found most problematicHungarian.In this case the issue was not the writing system (as both English and Hungarian use a similar alphabet) but grammatical complexity. Hungarian has 35 cases (forms of a noun according to whether it is subject, object, genitive, etc.) and it was this that caused the British diplomatic personnel most difficulty.One suspects they would have even more problems with Tabassaran, a Caucasian language with 48 cases, if they ever had to learn it.Teachers and the circumstances in which a language is learned also play important roles, as does each learners motivation for learning.If people learn a language because they need to use it professionally, they often learn it faster than people studying a language that has no direct use in their daytoday life.Put simply, no language is easy to learn well, though languages which are related to our first language are easier.Learning a completely different writing system is a huge challenge, but that does not necessarily make a language more difficult than another.In the end, it is impossible to say that there is one language that is the most difficult language in the world.【语篇解读】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者认为没有一种语言是世界上最难学的语言，因为影响语言学习的因素是多方面的，包括一个人的第一语言与新语言的相似度、老师的指导、学习环境以及学习动机等方面。12According to the passage, who is likely to have the most difficulty learning a new language?AA Korean person learning French.BA Spanish person learning Portuguese.CA German person learning English.DA Chinese person learning Japanese.【解析】根据文章第二段中的“So a persons first language affects their learning of a second language.The greater the differences between a second language and the first，the harder it will be for most people to learn.”可知，一个人的第一语言影响了其第二语言的学习，如果这两种语言差别越大，则其第二语言越难学。由此可推出，四个选项中，韩国人学法语最难。故答案选A。【答案】A13Which language do British embassy staff find most difficult to learn?AJapanese.BCaucasian.CHungarian.DTabassaran.【解析】根据文章第三段第二句话“More surprising was the language that they found most problematicHungarian.”可知，对British embassy staff来说，最难学的语言是Hungarian(匈牙利语)。故答案选C。【答案】C14Why does the author believe theres no single hardest language?AAll languages are equally difficult to learn well.BWith enough effort, any language can be learned well.CThere is not enough evidence to make any final conclusion.DPeoples background and learning situations determine which language is hardest.【解析】通读全文可知，作者认为没有一种语言是世界上最难学的语言，因为影响语言学习的因素是多方面的，包括一个人的第一语言与新语言的相似度、老师的指导、学习环境以及学习动机等方面。D项符合文意，故答案选D。【答案】D15The writer is probably_.Aa language learnerBa language teacherCa newspaper journalistDan embassy official【解析】根据文章第一段第一句话“During lectures，my students often ask which is the most difficult language to learn.”并结合全文可推知，作者很有可能是一名语言教师。故答案选B。【答案】B.阅读填句(共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分)Taking good notes is a timesaving skill that will help you to become a better student in several ways.16Second, your notes are excellent materials to refer to when you are studying for a test.Third, notetaking offers variety to your study time and helps you to hold your interest.You will want to take notes during classroom discussions and while reading a textbook or doing research for a report.17Whenever or however you take notes, keep in mind that notetaking is a selective process.18The following methods may work best for you.Read the text quickly to find the main facts and ideas in it.Carefully read the text and watch for words that can show main points and supporting facts.Write your notes in your own words.19Note any questions or ideas you may have about what was said or written.As you take notes, you may want to use your own shorthand(速记)When you do, be sure that you understand your symbols and that you use them all the time.20AUse words, not complete sentences.BThere are three practical notetaking methods.CYou must write your notes on separate paper.DOtherwise, you may not be able to read your notes later.EYou will also want to develop your own method for taking notes.FThat means you must first decide what is important enough to include in your notes.GFirst, the simple act of writing something down makes it easier for you to understand and remember it.【答案】1620GEFAD.完形填空(共20小题；每小题1.5分，满分30分)When I met my husband, Mark, I found out that his parents speak only Spanish.As our relationship_21_， I knew that I had to take it upon myself to learn the language.It was terrifying, but_22_and I wanted to make the effort.I thought that the best way to show his parents how much I_23_about their culture and their son was to enroll in(注册) a Spanish school in Mexico to study and learn their_24_language.I know, I could have taken Spanish class anywhere, but I_25_that if I was going to really learn the language, I should_26_it.So I_27_to San Miguel Allende, a small Spanish colonial(殖民的) town in central Mexico, I_28_a house and enrolled in classes for a month.His parents were so_29_at it that they wanted to come and live with me for that month.We would be_30_！ It actually_31_great.We cooked and shopped together, and in the evenings we would go into the town square and listen to_32_music.It so_33_that there were several friends of them living near the language school.We were often invited to attend their family_34_and social clubs.There I met some more friends_35_they really helped me a lot in learning Spanish.It was_36_.In the beginning, I only knew how to say “Hola”， but by the _37_of that trip I have a basic vocabulary and have started a great_38_with Marks parents.On the last day of school my husband flew down and we had a grand party to celebrate my “_39_”Needless to say, my trip to Mexico was well_40_it!【语篇解读】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述“我”跟丈夫相识时，发现他的父母只会说西班牙语。随着“我”与丈夫关系的不断推进，“我”决定努力学好西班牙语。“我”报名上西班牙语课，并在他父母和朋友的帮助下，“我”的西班牙语获得了突破，同时跟他父母的关系也很融洽。21A.improvedBprogressedCmatchedDenvied【解析】根据上文中的“I met my husband”可知，随着时间的流逝，我们的关系应该是有了“进展”。progress意为“进展”，符合语境。【答案】B22A.excitingBtiringCeasyDfrightening【解析】根据转折连词but以及后半句“I wanted to make the effort.”可知，西班牙语既令人可怕又令人兴奋。exciting意为“令人兴奋的”，符合语境。故选A项。【答案】A23A.setBbroughtCcaredDtalked【解析】句意：我认为向他父母展示我有多么关心他们的文化和他们的儿子的最好方法是care about意为“关心”，符合语境。【答案】C24A.oralBspokenCforeignDnative【解析】根据上文可知，西班牙语是作者的丈夫与他父母的母语(native language)，故选D项。【答案】D25A.figuredBcountedCdoubtedDunderlined【解析】句意：我知道我本来能在任何地方上西班牙语课，但我认为如果我打算真正地学习这门语言，我就应该用这门语言生活。figure意为“认为”，符合语境。【答案】A26A.spendBliveCworkDenjoy【解析】根据语境可知，此处是指如果“我”打算真正地学习这门语言，“我”就应该用这门语言生活。live意为“生存；生活”，符合语境。【答案】B27A.removedBarrangedCadvancedDmoved【解析】句意：因此我搬到San Miguel Allende。move to意为“搬到”，符合语境。【答案】D28A.rentedBhiredCemployedDmanaged【解析】根据语境可知，搬到新的地方，自然与“租房”有关。rent a house意为“租了一间房”，符合语境。故选A项。【答案】A29A.disappointedBinterestedCdelightedDastonished【解析】根据下文的“they wanted to come and live with me for that month”可知，他们很高兴。delighted意为“高兴的”，符合语境。故选C项。【答案】C30A.roommatesBfriendsCmembersDteammates【解析】根据语境可知，他们来跟“我”一起住一个月，自然我们成了室友。roommate意为“室友”，符合语境。故选A项。【答案】A31A.took outBlooked outCset outDturned out【解析】take out意为“取出”；look out意为“注意”；set out意为“出发；开始”；turn out意为“结果是”。根据下文可知，“我”跟丈夫的父母一起住最终证明是很好的。故选D项。【答案】D32A.localBpopularCfolkDcountryside【解析】根据语境可知，在傍晚，我们会到小镇广场上听当地的音乐。local意为“当地的”，符合语境。故选A。【答案】A33A.occurredBbroke outChappenedDtook place【解析】句意：碰巧他们的好几个朋友住在这所语言学校的附近。It happened that.意为“碰巧”，符合语境。故选C。【答案】C34A.meetingsBpartiesCreunionDweddings【解析】句意：我们经常被邀请参加他们的家庭聚会和社交俱乐部。family party意为“家庭聚会”，符合语境。故选B项。【答案】B35A.soBbutCorDand【解析】句意：在那里我认识了很多朋友，而且在学习西班牙语的过程中他们帮了我很多。前后分句之间为顺承关系，所以用连词and连接。【答案】D36A.impossibleBbelievableCmagicalDclassical【解析】根据语境可知，刚开始“我”只会说“Hola”，但不到一个月“我”就掌握了基本的西班牙词汇，这是很神奇的。magical意为“神奇的；令人惊异的”，符合语境。故选C项。【答案】C37A.timeBendCyearDstop【解析】根据“in the beginning”以及转折连词but可知，此处用by the end of.最符合语境，意为“到结束时”。故选B项。【答案】B38A.organizationBrealizationChardshipDrelationship【解析】根据语境可知，此处指作者跟丈夫的父母相处得很融洽，说明他们的关系很好。relationship意为“关系”，符合语境。故选D项。【答案】D39A.graduationBreturnCworkDemployment【解析】根据本句中的“On the last day of school”可知，我们举行一个盛大的晚会是为了庆祝“我”的毕业。graduation意为“毕业，结业”，符合语境。故选A项。【答案】A40A.valuableBimportantChelpfulDworth【解析】根据上文可知，此句应译为：不用说，我的墨西哥之旅是很值得的。be well worth意为“很值得的”，符合语境。故选D项。【答案】D.语法填空(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分) 【导学号：04940049】Music is one of the most powerful things in my life.41._(listen)to music can help to motivate me in trying times.When younger，I 42._(have)no great love for music as I do now.I mainly listened to 43._ my
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