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第一部分/专题14短文改错考纲展示命题探究基础点1常见的错误形式(1)多词多余的词，往往是结构词，如冠词、介词、代词等。一种是根据涉及的名词、动词的特点、搭配和含义判断是否多了冠词、介词或副词。另一种是根据全句的结构和意义，判断是否多了连词或其他词。(如下表)命题角度考点解题思路名词冠词抽象名词、物质名词泛指时是否多了冠词动词介词及物动词后受母语影响是否多了介词不定式小品词to不定式前是否多了应该省略的“to”时间状语介词时间状语中是否多用了介词形容词、副词比较结构形容词、副词比较结构中是否多了相似词固定搭配惯用法固定搭配是否“画蛇添足” (2)缺词漏掉的往往是冠词、介词、连词等虚词。这又与前后词的搭配有关。见到名词，应考虑是否缺了冠词；见到动词，应注意后面是否少了应与之搭配的介词或其他词。见到某些固定搭配，如in front of, as soon as，应考虑是否完整。不是固定搭配的，也要注意英语行文习惯或逻辑上的搭配。如英语不可说“She shook head.”，而应说“She shook her head.”。(如下表)命题角度考点解题思路名词冠词名词前是否缺冠词不及物动词介词不及物动词后是否缺介词不定式小品词to不定式中是否缺少了不该省略的“to”被动语态助动词被动语态中是否缺少了助动词be母语迁移词类用法将形容词、副词或介词视作动词，致使句子缺少谓语动词固定搭配惯用法惯用法中是否漏了不可缺少的词(3)错词错词的类型复杂，不胜枚举。但常见的还是搭配错误与语法错误，特别是平时写作时常出的错误最易为命题者所关注。对于平时常常疏忽、常常出错的地方要精心改正，做题时更要小心仔细。(如下表)命题角度考点 解题思路名词 冠词 判断名词前的冠词是否误用名词 名词的数句中名词该用单数还是复数动词动词时态、语态以及主谓一致根据上下文判断动词时态、语态是否有误，主谓搭配是否正确非谓语动词分词、动名词、不定式根据上下文判断非谓语动词是否误用代词人称代词的格、指代及关系代词与从句关系人称代词的格是否误用代词前后指代是否一致定语从句中关系词是否误用形容词、副词词法判断句中形容词和副词是否混淆使用介词惯用法 惯用法中介词是否误用连词 句法判断句中并列连词、从属连词是否误用2常见的出错点(1)动词：动词错误在短文改错中包括动词的时态、语态错误；易混动词的用法错误；动词的第三人称单数错误；动词的非谓语形式错误等。典例1I was at the Shanghai Railway Station buy a ticket to Hangzhou._答案buybuying句子的主干为“I was at the Shanghai Railway Station”，而“buy a ticket to Hangzhou”为非谓语动词短语作状语，句中的主语I与动词buy之间为主谓关系，所以应用现在分词形式。(2)名词：在短文改错中出现名词时，常设置名词的数、格及名词前限定词用法错误等。典例2I came across a crew making a new film with one of my favorite actor._答案actoractors句中的actor前有“one of.”修饰，应用复数形式actors。(3)连词：短文改错中连词错误表现为连词的错用、漏用等。典例3His boss wanted to fire him if he didnt start coming on time, but he went to the doctor for help._答案butso或and并列的两分句之间不是转折关系而是因果、承接关系，所以but应改为so或and。(4)形容词、副词：短文改错常会出现误把形容词用作副词或误把副词用作形容词的情况以及形容词和副词比较级、最高级误用的情况。典例4I had to try hardly not to laugh at her shocked face._答案hardlyhard句意：我尽力不去嘲笑她吃惊的面孔。hardly意为“几乎不”，虽然词性是副词，但不符合句子意思。try hard to do sth.意为“尽力去做某事”，符合句意。典例5When she dropped me off, I pulled out the toy slow and gave it back._答案slowslowly这里修饰动词短语pulled out, 应用副词。(5)代词：常设置数、格错误及前后不一致的错误。典例6Yesterday afternoon, I paid (a) visit to Mr Johnson. I was eager to see him, but outside her room I stopped._答案herhis考查代词指代一致。由前文提到的“Mr Johnson”以及him可知，此处Johnson为男性，故要用形容词性物主代词his。(6)冠词：在短文改错中，冠词的错误不外乎该用冠词时而没用冠词，不该用冠词时却用了；该用不定冠词an而用了不定冠词a；该用a(n)却用了the。典例7I was going to visit a friend there and after that I would go to Xiamen for long holiday._答案在long前加aholiday为可数名词，根据句意此处holiday应为单数形式，前面加不定冠词a。(7)介词：短文改错中常设置介词与动词、形容词、名词的搭配错误以及介词惯用词组搭配错误等。典例8Luckily I had all my money on my pocket._答案oninin ones pocket“在某人的口袋里”，用介词in可表达此意。(8)主谓一致：根据语法、意义、就近、就前等一致原则判断在人称和数上是否与主语保持了一致。典例9Sixty inches, according to John, are the average height in his family._答案areis表示度量、时间的复数名词作主语时，常把这些复数名词看作一个整体，谓语动词应用单数形式。(9)行文逻辑关系：高考短文改错中，涉及短文主旨大意及逻辑关系的错误隐蔽性较强，单独看并没有错，但若放在整篇中则与全篇的意思不符。典例10I stayed here for one and a half hours and made sure that the girl was all right._答案herethere结合语境可看出该句是在转述过去发生的事情，不能用here，应用there。3短文改错的命题特征(1)试题的立意特征短文改错中的错误虽然大部分都是所谓“语法”错误，但是，这种试题并不是单纯检测语法知识的，而是检测考生写作能力中的校验能力。这种能力是进行书面表达的必备能力，写作的成效需要良好的写作程序的支持，而在写作程序中，检验能力是不可缺少的要素。把短文改错当作语法练习是对高考中短文改错的误解。(2)试题的情景特征语言材料通常取自学生自己的作品，或类似学生的作品；内容来自学生身边的常见话题；篇章结构的难易程度符合学生的实际水平；语言明白易懂；基本上不涉及生僻的语言现象和繁难的语句结构。(3)试题的设问特征设问的角度有三个：词法、句法和行文逻辑。从这三个角度考查学生在语篇中综合运用英语知识的准确性。错词情况中，涉及动词的情况最多。多词错误中，多余的主要是介词；少词错误中，主要涉及介词或冠词。试题的这些设问特征为我们答题提供了重要的信息：一要注意动词的形态变化；二要看人称代词的一致性和连接词的正确性；三要根据单词在句子中的功能来确定词性：名词(通常作主语、宾语)、形容词(表语、定语)和副词(状语)；四要看是否多或少了介词或冠词。(4)解题时的注意点在训练和考试中要严格按照体例要求和解题说明，用规定的符号改错，不要用文字去说明或用箭头表示，更不能随意在原题中乱标。做题原则：四不改：a.单词拼写错误不改；b.大小写不改；c.词序错误不改(应从错词或少词方面考虑)；d.标点符号不改。五原则：a.忠实原文原则(不改变原文的原意)；b.错误以改动最少为原则；c.虚词以添加或删除为原则；d.实词以改变形式为原则；e.以多改少添加或删除为原则。考法综述短文改错集语法知识与语言技能为一体，考查学生对词汇、语法、语篇三要素的把握能力，正确判断错误并将其改正。命题法1词法错误典例1We can lie on the grass for a rest, or sat by the lake listening to music._答案satsit分析句子可知lie与sat是并列的谓语动词，因有can，故用sit。典例2Although were been delighted to have you as neighbors, were hoping to settle something that bothers to us._答案去掉bothers后面的to因为bother在此为及物动词，故去掉to。【解题法】词法错误的解题思路(1)动词：要做到动词时态统一、语态统一和主谓一致。(2)名词：要注意名词的单复数变化以及名词的所有格形式。(3)代词：注意人称代词的主格和宾格、名词性和形容词性物主代词、反身代词；还要注意代词指代对象的单复数，以及指代两者还是两者以上等。(4)连词：注意句子前后之间的关系并列关系(and)、转折关系(but, yet, however)、因果关系(so, therefore)。(5)冠词：注意特指、泛指，可数名词、不可数名词前冠词的使用，还要注意以元音音素开头的名词前不定冠词要用an。(6)形容词和副词：要注意句子中需要的是形容词还是副词；还要注意比较级和最高级。(7)引导词：注意各种从句的引导词，分析句子结构，弄清是哪种从句，该用哪个引导词。(8)非谓语动词：要注意主动和被动关系，还要注意固定搭配和固定句式。(9)固定搭配：掌握常见的、重点的固定搭配。命题法2句法错误和语篇错误典例3Hard work have made him very ill._答案havehas因为本句的主语是hard work，为第三人称单数形式，故将have改成has。典例4Having tea in the late afternoon provides a bridge between lunch and dinner, that might not be served until 8 oclock at night._答案thatwhich此句为非限制性定语从句。【解题法】句法错误和语篇错误的解题思路做短文改错题，应记住“通篇理解，整句分析，逐行找错”这十二个字。首先应浏览全文，了解大意，分析错误时不要只看一行，应注意看完整的句子。有时一个长句可能会占二至三行，应在这一整句内找出明显的语法错误。近年的改错题，常有行文逻辑上的错误，如肯定与否定，某事之前与之后，并列与转折等，应在改完明显错误后，再阅读全文，以发现这方面的错误。Correction 1 限时：7分钟When I was a child, I hoped to live in the city. I think I would be happy there. Now I am living in a city, but I miss my home in countryside. There the air is clean or the mountains are green. Unfortunately, on the development of industrialization, the environment has been polluted. Lots of studies have been shown that global warming has already become a very seriously problem. The airs we breathe in is getting dirtier and dirtier. Much rare animals are dying out. We must found ways to protect your environment. If we fail to do so, well live to regret it.答案When I was a child, I hoped to live in the city. I I would be happy there. Now I am living in a city, but I miss my home in countryside. There the air is clean the mountains are green. Unfortunately, the development of industrialization, the environment has been polluted. Lots of studies have shown that global warming has already become a very problem. The we breathe in is getting dirtier and dirtier. rare animals are dying out. We must ways to protect environment. If we fail to do so, well live to regret it.Correction 2 限时：7分钟One day, little Tony went to a shopping center with his parent. It was very crowded. Tony saw a toy on a shop window. He liked it so very much that he quickly walked into the shop. After looks at the toy for some time, he turned around and found where his parents were missing. Tony was scared and begun to cry. A woman saw him crying and telling him to wait outside a shop. Five minutes later, Tony saw parents. Mom said, “How nice to see you again! Dad and I were terrible worried.” Tony promised her that this would never happen again.答案One day, little Tony went to a shopping center with his . It was crowded. Tony saw a toy a shop window. He liked it so very much that he quickly walked into the shop. After at the toy for some time, he turned around and found his parents were missing. Tony was scared and to cry. A woman saw him crying and him to wait outside shop. Five minutes later, Tony saw parents. Mom said, “How nice to see you again! Dad and I were worried.” Tony promised her that this would never happen again.Correction 3 限时：7分钟My soccer coach retired in last week. I wanted to do anything special for him at his retirement party. My mum makes the better biscuits in the world, so I decide to ask her for help. Mum taught me some basic step of baking. I insisted on doing most of the baking myself. I thought the biscuits were really well. My only mistake was that I dropped some on the floor after I was packing them up.At a party, my coach, with a biscuit in his mouth, asked surprisingly who made them and joked, “I might have to retire again next year just get some more of these biscuits.”My favorite picture at the party is of my coach and me enjoy the biscuits with happy laughter!答案My soccer coach retired last week. I wanted to do special for him at his retirement party. My mum makes the biscuits in the world, so I to ask her for help. Mum taught me some basic of baking. I insisted on doing most of the baking myself. I thought the biscuits were really . My only mistake was that I dropped some on the floor I was packing them up.At party, my coach, with a biscuit in his mouth, asked surprisingly who made them and joked, “I might have to retire again next year just get some more of these biscuits.”My favorite picture at the party is of my coach and me the biscuits with happy laughter!Correction 4 限时：7分钟Hi, Janice，Its been a month since I came to this new school and I really want share with you some of the problems I have been experiencing.As I tell you last time, I made three new friend here. We hang out together during lunch and after school. Weve been spending a lot of time sing in karaoke bars. Its been three Saturdays now and it really costs me many. And I started to see this as a timewasting activity! In fact, I dont like to go anymore, so Im afraid Ill lose their friendship. How do you think I should do? If you are me, would you talk to him?Please help with me and give me some advice.Grace答案Hi, Janice，Its been a month since I came to this new school and I really want share with you some of the problems I have been experiencing.As I you last time, I made three new here. We hang out together during lunch and after school. Weve been spending a lot of time in karaoke bars. Its been three Saturdays now and it really costs me . And I started to see this as a timewasting activity! In fact, I dont like to go anymore, Im afraid Ill lose their friendship. do you think I should do? If you me, would you talk to ？Please help me and give me some advice.GraceCorrection 5 限时：7分钟My old classroom was interesting because three side of the classroom were made from glass. I enjoyed sit close to the windows and looking at the view. On the lefthand side of the class, I could easy see the football field. In the mornings, it was full of students exercising. The view from the back of the classroom is also splendid. Close to the school there was a beautiful park with many tress around them. Farther in the distance, I could not enjoy the view of snowy mountains. On the right side of the class was the road. I was always interested to see the drivers in hurry in the morning. The position of the classroom with its view made me felt like I was dreaming. If I was only a child when I studied in the classroom, I will never forget it.答案My old classroom was interesting because three of the classroom were made glass. I enjoyed close to the windows and looking at the view. On the lefthand side of the class, I could see the football field. In the mornings, it was full of students exercising. The view from the back of the classroom also splendid. Close to the school there was a beautiful park with many tress around . Farther in the distance, I could enjoy the view of snowy mountains. On the right side of the class was the road. I was always interested to see the drivers in hurry in the morning. The position of the classroom with its view made me like I was dreaming. I was only a child when I studied in the classroom, I will never forget it.Correction 6 限时：7分钟Travelled abroad, you should follow the customs of the country where you are visiting. When you invited, it is good manners to refuse or accept an invitation, either by writing or by telephoning. If you go to the party, it is polite to reach on time. It is good manners to shake hand with your host. You can take a present if you like, possibly a bottle of wine, a box of chocolates and some flowers. However, it was not bad manners to take nothing. It is not polite to stay too late before the other guests have gone. Also, it is suggested to write or telephone a day or two late to thank your host.答案 abroad, you should follow the customs of the country you are visiting. When you invited, it is good manners to refuse or accept invitation, either by writing or by telephoning. If you go to the party, it is polite to on time. It is good manners to shake with your host. You can take a present if you like, possibly a bottle of wine, a box of chocolates some flowers. However, it not bad manners to take nothing. It is not polite to stay too late the other guests have gone. Also, it is suggested to write or telephone a day or two to thank your host.Correction 7 限时：6分钟A little girl is chasing a ball on the road! If you are a driver, how will you do when you see this? Slow down. Great! Thats what they want! A 3D image of a little girl chase a ball was painted on the road in the front of Ecole Pauline Johnson Elementary School in West Vancouver. It is also a sign near the image which reads, “Youre probably not expecting a child run into traffic.” It is part of the project knowing as “Preventable. ca”. The project is to promote public safe and to tell driver to slow down while in school areas. Eightyearsold Lauren Fisher was the model for the 3D image. Laurens mother said，“My daughter kept saying, Were going to make people to drive slower around schools.”答案A little girl is chasing a ball on the road! If you are a driver, will you do when you see this? Slow down. Great! Thats what they want! A 3D image of a little girl a ball was painted on the road in front of Ecole Pauline Johnson Elementary School in West Vancouver. is also a sign near the image which reads, “Youre probably not expecting a child run into traffic.” It is part of the project as “Preventable. ca”. The project is to promote public and to tell to slow down while in school areas. Lauren Fisher was the model for the 3D image. Laurens mother said，“My daughter kept saying, Were going to make people drive slower around schools. ”Correction 8 限时：7分钟Id like to tell you what our school had worked out a new program. The purposes of the program is to make our school more beautiful, and to turn our school into the better place for us to study and live in. According on the program, we will plant different kinds of trees, flower and grass around our school. Beside, we will build a small garden in where we can do some reading and take a rest. Whats more, some statues of famous people will set up to encourage us to working harder. Dont you think it a wonderful program?答案Id like to tell you our school worked out a new program. The purposes of the program to make our school more beautiful, and to turn our school into better place for us to study and live in. According the program, we will plant different kinds of trees, and grass around our school. ， we will build a small garden 或 we can do some reading and take a rest. Whats more, some statues of famous people will set up to encourage us to harder. Dont you think it a wonderful program?Correction 9 限时：7分钟The other day, I was invited my friend Sams home for dinner. I felt a bit surprising when I saw Bill there. It was two month since we two had quarreled, so I was embarrassed and didnt know how to do. I sat down on the sofa but began to watch TV. Later Sam came to ask me to make up with Bill. Until then I realize that Sam had arranged the meeting on purpose. He went up to Bill and greeted him warmly, smiled at him. He looked very happily and talked with me excitedly. That night, we had a great fun together.答案The other day, I was invited my friend Sams home for dinner. I felt a bit when I saw Bill there. It was two since we two had quarreled, so I was embarrassed and didnt know to do. I sat down on the sofa began to watch TV. Later Sam came to ask me to make up with Bill. Until then I that Sam had arranged the meeting on purpose. went up to Bill and greeted him warmly, at him. He looked very and talked with me excitedly. That night, we had great fun together.Correction 10 限时：7分钟We hold a discussion on the English learning fever in China. Some agree that English plays important role in our lives. It is learning English which can help us understand the rest of the world. Because of English, we can travel abroad with tour guides, study abroad and understand the instructions of import goods. But others say that no everyone needs to use English in the future. Only those who like English or need to use it for his work should learn it enthusiastically. Other just need to learn daily words and properly pronunciation. Personally, English is important, but connecting it to tests have brought too much stress to students and been taken away the delight of learning a language.答案We hold a discussion on the English learning fever in China. Some agree that English plays important role in our lives. It is learning English can help us understand the rest of the world. Because of English, we can travel abroad tour guides, study abroad and understand the instructions of goods. But others say that everyone needs to use English in the future. Only those who like English or need to use it for work should learn it enthusiastically. just need to learn daily words and pronunciation. Personally, English is important, but connecting it to tests brought too much stress to students and taken away the delight of learning a language.易错题一：谓语动词与非谓语动词的误用例1My favorite picture at the party is of my coach and me enjoy the biscuits with happy laughter!错因分析考生不注意分析句子结构，做题时受汉语的影响。答案enjoyenjoying。考查非谓语动词。在介词of之后要用动词ing形式。心得体会例2But now we often discuss and try to solve the problems raising by the teachers or ourselves.错因分析这属于非谓语动词的误用，考生忽略了作定语时现在分词表示主动意义而过去分词表示被动意义。答案raisingraised。分析句子结构可知，raising by the teachers or ourselves在句中作定语修饰the problems，又因为the problems和raise之间的动宾关系，因此应用过去分词raised。心得体会易错题二：主谓一致的误用例1Good night and remember, you, my dear diary, is my only souvenir from my past life and my only friend.错因分析考生误认为句子的主语为my dear diary，其实you才是句子真正的主语。答案isare。考查主谓一致。此处主语是you，而my dear diary为you的同位语，所以系动词用are。心得体会例2Bill was standing at the gate of the car，talking to two men who was helping him to repair it.错因分析考生忽略了定语从句中的主谓一致问题。答案第二个waswere。因先行词two men是复数，所以修饰该先行词的定语从句的谓语动词也应用复数。心得体会易错题三：动词时态及语态的误用例1.Lots of studies have been shown that global warming has already become a very seriously (应改为 serious) problem.错因分析有些考生忽视了谓语动词show和主语Lots of studies之间为主谓关系。答案去掉been。句子主语Lots of studies和谓语动词之间为主谓关系，应用主动语态。心得体会例2.Since thenfor all these year (应改为years)we had been allowin
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