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考情分析 考查内容2010年2011年2012年2013年2014年题号分值题号分值题号分值题号分值题号分值动词 93题 95题4 92题288题92题488题92题483题85题4形容词94题96题4 98题289题91题487题90题482题84题86题6副词92题97题4 97题286题289题287题2名词98题2 93题 94题687题90题486题91题481题2介词 96题2典型例题【例1】（上海2012年阅读C篇）限时8分钟The 2012 London Olympic Games are on the way. You may have a nice trip in London with the help of the following information. Getting around in LondonByundergroundThe underground is fast and convenient. There is a station every few blocks. Underground trains run from 5:30 a.m. to 12:00 midnight. You can get to any place e_86_.By busTravelling by bus is a good way to see the city, especially from the top of a double-decker bus. There is always a bus stop nearby. There are special tickets for c_87_under the age of 12.By trainTake a train to visit places outside London, like Hampton Court and Windsor Castle. You can use a Travel card on the underground, buses and most trains. To p_88_your journey, get a map from the railway stations, take some time to think about the places you want to visit.By taxiLondons black taxis are f_89_. Many visitors to London know they are good and comfortable. They will cost you a few pounds, though. Take a taxi once, for the experience. By b_90_The “river bus” leaves from Westminster Pier and stops at different places between Westminster and Greenwich Pier. A good way to see the city from the River Thames.By carDont drive your car in London! Car parks are very e_91_. You have to pay a special congestion charge(拥堵费) to drive your car into the city centre. By bikeThere arent many good bicycle lanes in London. Cycling with a large guided group is better than r_92_alone. On footThe best way to visit the city! But look right and left before you cross a street. There are many beautiful sights waiting for you.【参考答案】easily、children、plan/prepare、famous、expensive、riding【例题解析】本篇文章是以伦敦奥运会为背景，介绍了在伦敦旅行的出行方式。整篇文章难度中等，着重考查基本的阅读理解能力以及词汇运用的能力。86题，根据句子结构，可以判断出是副词。整段描述的是地铁非常方便快捷，所以可以很容易的去任何地方。87题，通过后文的“在12岁以下”这样一个定语，可以判断此类特殊票是为孩子设计的。88题，首先要理解to do的其中一个含义为表达目的，即“为了做.”,然后根据后文的提示：从火车站取得地图；思考你想去的地方，可以判断出做这些事情的目的是为了计划旅行。89题，很多学生容易填写free，出现这样的错误的原因是没有联系后文就直接进行判断。后面已经提到伦敦的出租会花费旅客几个英镑。因此不可能是free。本题填写的应该是famous，因为后文写到很多去伦敦的游客都知道伦敦的出租车是很舒服的。可见伦敦的出租车非常有名。90题，根据文章中的“river bus”可以判断出整段在介绍的出行方式是船。因此填写boat。91题，本段采用的是总分的结构，首先作者建议游客不要在伦敦开车。然后给出两个原因。后面一个原因是如果开车进市中心，需要额外支付拥堵费。而第一个原因，可以推断出停车费用是很昂贵的。因此填写expensive。92题，是一个比较级的结构，比较的成份应该是随团骑车与独自骑车。因此填写的是riding。很多学生只写了ride，没有注意的正确的填写形式。因此，在填写单词时，一定要联系上下文，填写单词在文本中的正确形式。【例2】（上海2013年阅读C篇）限时8分钟At some time in your life, you might have a roommate. It is a good idea to share a flat, especially for students or people who have just finished school, because flats are usually expensive. And m_86_is not the only reason for having a roommate. Sharing a flat can be fun.But life with a roommate can also be a t_87_experience. Some experts(专家) did a study of college students who shared a room. They found that students who had problems with their roommates were not happy at school and were more likely to get sick than other students. So, how can you l_88_with a roommate and enjoy it? Here is some advice:Being roommates with a friend can be hard. Friends may be different when you stay with them all the time from when you dont see them very o_89_. So, before you plan to share a room with a friend, discuss the situation carefully.If you decide to share a room with someone you dont know, talk to each other. Its important to be h_90_about your habits and things you hate.When you move in with a roommate, make rules. Decide how you will share h_91_, such as cleaning, washing and shopping. Will you share food? Is it OK to have guests? And what about loud music?Dont get angry at small things that your roommate does. Try to f_92_the unhappy things between you and your roommate. No one - including you- is perfect.【参考答案】money、terrible、live、often、honest、housework、forget【例题解析】本文的主要内容是关于如何与室友和睦相处。文章比较贴近学生，并且所填词也是学生平时常见的，因此难度不大。86题，是一道很典型的联系上下文得出答案的题目。在86题之前，文章写的是公寓往往很贵。86题的句子表达的意思是：_不是唯一合住的原因。后文写的是合住也可以很快乐。因此很显然填的是money。87题，一开始有一个非常关键的连词“but”，因此可以得出与上文的“fun”是相对的。另外，从所填词的位置来看是在句首，因此需要理解后文的内容，再进行判断。后文中几个关键的词“problems”、“unhappy”、“get sick”可以得出合住也可能是一种糟糕的经历。所以填写terrible。88题，后文写到“Here is some advice”可见下文都是围绕88题所在的句子给出的建议。因此，不妨先看后文。后文中“share a room”、“move in with a roommate”等短语可以告诉我们这里应该填写的是live，与室友在一起生活。89题，关键短语是be different from（与.不同），文章前面说的是when you stay with them all the time, （当你总是和他们在一起）与后文的when you dont see them very_进行对比，因此填写的是often，表示当你不经常见到他们。90题，本段一开始设定的情境是你和一个不认识的人合住，因此要交流。对于你的习惯和讨厌的东西要坦诚，因此写的是honest。91题，后文出现了提示词“such as”，所以可以判断出是housework。92题，此段开首句写的是不要因为室友做的小事而生气，因此后文应该忘记发生在你们之间的不愉快的事情。所以填写的是forget。文章难度中等，考查的是学生对于上下文的理解，以及逻辑判断的能力。因此在考试时，要加强通过上下文的分析，进行填词。【例3】（上海2014年阅读C篇）限时8分钟A school newspaper The Teens asked over one thousand teenagers how they spent their spare time. Here they report the r_81_of the survey. Its not at all surprising to learn that most teens said they wanted more free time. Most have less than an hour a day for after-school activities.P_82_activity was popular among both girls and boys, averaging between three to six hours a week. Favourite sports among girls were tennis, basketball and swimming. Boys said they liked football, basketball and skating.Speaking of entertainment, music and TV were popular. About half of those surveyed said that music was their favourite activity. This i_83_both listening to and playing music. TV was also very popular. Three quarters said they preferred watching TV to reading a book or magazine.Unexpectedly, as many as three out of ten teenagers mentioned that collecting things was something they liked to do in their spare time. They had v_84_collections from cartoon books and baseball cards to stickers, toys and coins.V_85_friends was also popular. Eight out of ten teenagers said they met friends once a week. Nine out of ten said they contacted friends through the Internet A_86_popular way of contacting friends was the telephone. Everyone we surveyed said they spoke to friends every day. Most said they spoke about twenty minutes a day. Surprisingly, teenagers s_87_went dancing, especially girls. Only one out of ten said they went to the dance regularly.【参考答案】 result(s)、Physical、included、various、Visiting、Another、seldom 【例题解析】本文是关于青年学生如何度过他们空闲时间的调查报告。本文的话题，仍然是围绕青少年的生活，因此比较容易被学生所理解。但是相比起前两年，所填词的拼写以及词义更为复杂，因此难度略微增加。81题，对于有些学生来说，句子中survey这个词并不是很熟悉。survey解释为调查，而后文是围绕此调查的结果进行展开的。因此，这里填写result或者results皆可。 82题，通过后文写到女生喜欢网球、篮球和游泳，男生喜欢足球、篮球和溜冰，可以推测出这里应该填写与运动相关的活动。很多学生没有填出该词，是因为他们对physical解释为“身体的”这一含义并不了解。因此，在平时的学习中，对于一词多义的现象要格外注意。83题，解答此题时，仍旧应该先理解“this”的指代含义。根据前文，可以得知“this”指代的是关于音乐的活动。而后文听音乐和玩音乐其实都是属于这一类活动的，因此填写“include”。同时，在填写的时候，应该注意动词的时态，前后文都是一般过去时，因此这里填写included.84题，此句的含义是他们有收藏的兴趣，收藏的范围从卡通书，甚至到硬币，可见其收藏的范围很广，因此various（各种各样的）能够表达这一含义。85题，此句放在句首，因此需要先读后文。后文中出现了关键短语“met friends”、“contact friends”因此可以推测出这里是拜访朋友的含义。当然，动词放在句首作主语，要注意添加“ing”。86题，根据前文写到联系朋友的方式是通过网络，而这里写到通过电话的方式与朋友沟通，因此是另一种沟通的方式，填写another较为合适。87题，首先要理解one out of ten的含义是十分之一，然后联系后文，得知只有十分之一的青少年会定期跳舞，说明他们跳舞的频率并不高，因此填写“seldom”。学法指导1. 总述首字母填空既考查学生对语法、词汇、句型、搭配等基础知识的综合运用能力，也考查了学生对文章的阅读理解能力。其中，着重考查学生在具体的语境中运用语言知识的能力，根据文章内容进行合理的逻辑推断和分析概括的能力。一般来讲，在考试中，七个首字母，会涉及到不同词性。以名词、动词、形容词和副词为主，虚词为辅。2. 解题技巧（1） 通读全文，了解大意通读全文的目的是能够做到整体把握文章，迅速的了解文章大意，并且对文章的整体结构和中心思想有一个基本的了解。通读全文时，不宜看一空填一空，以免造成所填答案不符合全文的要求。（2） 把握段首句中考的首字母往往以议论文为主，而段落的开首句，往往揭示了整段的段意。因此在考试中，把握好段首句，可以窥探到整段的全貌，以首句的时态，意义为立足点，可以方便我们判断整段的大意及主题。（3） 抓住关键词文章的展开是按照一定的逻辑关系的，因此在文章中，作者也会使用一些关键的表现逻辑关系联词，例如：but、so、in addition等。这些关键词，可以帮助我们联系上下文展开合理的逻辑分析，了解所提问的特定语境和语篇的内在关系。（4） 熟悉考纲词组的固定搭配考纲搭配在中考的考查中占据了重要的位置，而在首字母中，也出现过直接考查固定搭配的情况，因此，在平时的学习过程中，需要巩固好考纲词组。（5） 联系上下文解题在解题过程中，应当遵循“先易后难”的原则，当遇到解不出的题时，应当跳过。首字母填空着重考查学生对上下文的理解，因此，很多情况下，随着下文的展开和文章的深入，前面填不出的词，在下文中会有提示。因此，学生在作答时，应当加强联系前后文，充分利用上下文中的有效信息，确定答案。（6） 重读文章，检验答案当全部答完后，一定要把文章重新读一遍。查看文章是否通顺，语法是否有误。如果发现有不顺畅的地方，则需要再进行推敲。个别单词的形式要着重注意。例如：动词的时态，名词的单复数以及形容词副词的级。过关检测 练习1 （普陀2014一模C篇）Mary and her husband, Richard Goldman, loved books. Like many lovers of books, they s_81_walked past a bookstore without stopping to look inside. They often talked of opening their own store one day.In order to realize their w_82_, they started by talking to bookstore owners and researching book business. One figure caught her attention: She had read somewhere that about 20 percent of books sold were mysteries (推理小说), and many buyers of mysteries spent more than $300 a year on books. She and Richard were mystery r_83_and had a big collection of such books. On Halloween 1992, they opened the Mystery Lovers Bookshop and Caf near their home. With three children in college, it was i_84_for the couple to spend all the familys money to start a shop. To cover the $100,000 cost, they used some of their savings, borrowed from relatives and from a bank.In order to a_85_customers, Mary always had new ways. The shop had a coffee bar and it offered presents to mystery lovers and served dinner for book clubs that met in the store. She also invited many writers to d_86_their stories with the buyers to let them understand the stories better. Now after paying taxes, business costs and the six part-time sales clerks, Richard and Mary together earn about $34,000.“The job we love may not go hand in hand with lots of money,” says Richard. “We do this to give an e_87_life to ourselves. This is not about making a lot of money. What matters is that we gain happiness from it.”【参考答案】seldom、wish、readers、impossible、attract、discuss、enjoyable小结本篇文章描述了一对夫妇，因为热爱读书，最终也开了一家自己的书店的经历。文章难度适中。很多学生容易出错的是86题。很多学生填的是describe(描述),错误的原因是没有看到后面的介词搭配“with”，如果是describe的话，适当的介词应该选用“to”。因此，在做首字母时，需要前后文综合考虑。另外，最后一题，很多学生写的是exiting，但是没有注意到文章最后一句“gain happiness”，因此这里填enjoyable（快乐的）更为合适。词汇积累：单词 词性含义单词词性含义researchv.研究collectionn.收藏couplen.夫妇relativen.亲戚servev.服务，提供earnv.挣，赚realize ones wish实现某人愿望catch ones attention吸引注意in order to do为了做某事gain happiness获得快乐 练习2 （徐汇2014一模C篇）Most people know that intelligence quotient (IQ) is important, but EQ is probably more important in daily life. When facing an exam, EQ helps us to manage our feelings. When getting along with friends or parents, EQ helps us to c_81_well. EQ is shaped partly by genetics（基因）. You can see some babies are quiet, while others are not. B_82_, EQ is something you can learn for yourself. You can learn what different feelings might mean and how they relate to yourself and others. If we learn in the right way, our EQ can get better as we get older. Children with a high EQ usually have greater success with making friends. Having a high EQ needs a few different skills. Learning about these skills can help us to i_83_our EQ. But what are they? Lets take a look!1. Know yourselfMost people feel many different feelings t_84_the day. Some feelings like surprise last just a few seconds. Others, like happiness and sadness, may stay around much l_85_. Being able to recognize these everyday feelings is the most basic of all EQ skills. 2. Manage yourselfWe all get angry. We all have disappointments. But we need to control it. It is not always the right time or place to express our feelings. When you are angry with someone, take a deep breath and s_86_count to 10. This way, you can calm down. 3. Encourage yourself When you fail an exam, you may be disappointed. But there is something more effective you can dolearn to encourage yourself. It gives you the energy and c_87_to move on. It helps you to build a strong heart. 【参考答案】communicate、Besides、improve、throughout/through、longer、slowly/silently/simply、confidence/courage小结本篇文章向我们介绍了什么是情商，并且如何提高情商。文章有一定的难度，选材并不属于学生特别熟悉的范畴。另外，所填的词属于较难高频词，对于成绩中等或者偏下的学生来说，具有一定的杀伤力。因此，在平时的学习中，应当着重加强高频词汇的拼写和运用。另外，在填写首字母时，也应当注意所填词的正确形式。例如，本文中85题前有much，因此注意到所填词需要用比较级。词汇积累：单词 词性含义单词词性含义communicatev.交流improvev.提高lastv.持续recognizev.认出controlv.控制disappointedadj.失望的effectiveadj.有效的encouragev.鼓励energyn.能量confidencen.信心face an exam面对考试get along with与某人相处manage our feelings管理我们情绪take a deep breath深呼吸 练习3（浦东新区2014一模C篇） You know that eating a sensible diet and getting plenty of exercise help make your body healthy and strong. But do you know that there are ways to make your brain healthier and smarter? Here are seven steps toward a smarter brain. Limit your TV viewingNever spend too much time on TV viewing, for it n_81_very little brain activities. Your brain will become weak just as your muscles do. If you do watch TV, choose something educational and meaningful. TravelTravelling to a_82_country forces you to see and do things in a fresh way, bringing stimulation to the brain. Learn a new a languageLearning a new language involves different learning methods. Learning a language sharpens your brains and helps prevent memory p_83_that you may meet in later years. Read oftenAs you read, take the time to look up people or places that arent familiar. Reading makes your vocabulary much l_84_if you always search for words and definitions that you dont know. Each week, choose an animal, a bird or a fish, and read everything you can about it. Stretch your brain as you become an expert on the subject. Calculate w_85_ you shopAs you put things in your grocery cart, total everything in your head. See how close you get to the actual total. Use your non-dominant（不占优势的）handIf you are right-handed, use your left hand for everyday activities, or use your right hand if you are left-handed. Doing familiar things in a different way will make your brain c_86_new neural networks. Wechat（微信）！Read messages from people who have different interests. And some say that learning to express y_87_in just 100 words is a great brain challenge.Have a try and do these every day. Little by little you can get into the habit of challenging your brain, and make your brain smarter!【参考答案】needs、another、problems、larger、when/while、create/cause、yourself/yourselves小结本篇文章向我们介绍了如何锻炼我们的大脑。本文难度适中，句子结构并不复杂。上下文之间的逻辑关系比较紧密。但是所填词的难度在于学生不能轻易的填出所需的适当形式。例如，81题，所填词为needs。在这里需要判断出need是一个实意动词，并不是情态动词，因此它有时态变化。而主语是“it”，因此需要加“s”。83题，所填词为problems。很多学生容易写成单数，没有注意到problem是可数名词，前面没有冠词“a”，因此需要添加“s”。84题，是很多学生容易失分的题目。首先，很多学生不理解vocabulary的含义。另外，在这里的搭配是make sth adj.，解释为使.怎么样，因此填写的是形容词，而前面有much，因此填写比较级。词汇积累：单词 词性含义单词词性含义limit v.限制educationaladj.教育性的meaningfuladj.有意义的forcev.强迫expertn.专家familiaradj.熟悉的challengen/v.挑战plenty of exercise足够的锻炼make your vocabulary much larger使你的词汇更丰富sharpens your brain使你的大脑变敏捷express yourself表达自己get into the habit of 养成习惯 练习4 （闸北2014一模C篇）The story behind the shopping cartCharactersSylvan Goldman- owner of a grocery shopFred YoungSylvans friend, a mechanic (机械师)One night in 1936, in an American city. Inside Freds workshop. Sylvan sits next to Fred, who is making adjustments（调试）to their new i_81_a shopping cart.Sylvan: My customers dont like our shopping cart.Fred: Really? So they p_82_shopping with those heavy baskets?Sylvan: (nods) Ive got a huge crowd of customers every day, b_83_none of them wants to use the cart. Fred: I dont understand .We invited the cart so people dont need to carry a basket around the shop.Sylvan: (laughs) And so that they will buy more groceries!Fred: So why dont they like the shopping cart?Sylvan: Young men think that pushing a cart around makes them look w_84_and slow, and young women think its unfashionable.Fred: Of course it isnt fashionable right now. Its only just been invented! But Im sure older people will appreciate it.Sylvan: Um.Fred: What? They dont like the cart e_85_？Sylvan: Well, they think pushing it makes them look helpless!Fred: Oh, no. We need to do something, Fred. We cant just g_86_up on this invention!Sylvan: We wont. (He gets up and walks around the room. Suddenly, he stops) Aha! Ive got an idea.Fred: What is it?Sylvan: Ill hire (雇佣) some good-looking guys and girls to push the carts around and pretend they are shopping.Fred: Oh! So the real shoppers will see these attractive people using the carts and think, Hey, if its good enough for them, its good enough for me!Sylvan: E_87_.Fred: Hey! Maybe you could get one of the girls to greet your customers and encourage them to use the cart.Sylvan: Great idea!【参考答案】invention、prefer、but、weak、either、give、Exactly小结本文的题材比较新颖。是一个店主和机械师关于如何推广和鼓励消费者使用手推车的对话。文章的难点在于文章的逻辑并不像议论文那么紧密，需要在理解对话的基础上，进行判断。学生容易错的是81题，很多学生写的是idea。错误在于没有联系上下文的搭配。破折号后面是购物车，因此这里调试的应该是一个实物。所以填invention更合适。此外，87题是很多学生头痛的一个词。因为这个词考查了在语境中的使用。exactly本义为确切地。而在英语对话中，往往可以一个词来表达同意前面一个人所说的内容，解释为确实如此。在平时的英语学习过程中，应当加强词汇在语境中的运用。注重中文与英文在表达上的不同。词汇积累：单词 词性含义单词词性含义preferv.更喜欢customern.顾客invitev.邀请 appreciate v.欣赏pretendv.假装attractiveadj.有吸引力的greet sb.与某人打招呼encourage sb. to do鼓励某人做某事练习5 （黄浦2014一模C篇）Do you get angry when your friends sing loudly while you are trying to work or when your best friend does not wait for you after school?If you do, you need to take control of your feelings. Getting angry with others can cause you to l_81_friends.Cary Egeberg, an American high school teacher, has written a book named My Feelings Are Just Like Wild Animals to help you control your feelings .The book tells how to stay cool when b_82_things happen. The book says that getting angry only makes problems w_83_. It can never make them better. “Getting angry is not a natural way to act,” the book says. “It is just a habit, like smoking.The book says you can control you feelings e_84_-all you have to do is to tell yourself not to be angry.The book gives many tips to help you if you get angry frequently. Here are the top three: Keep a r_85_.Every time you get angry, write down why you are angry. Look at it later and you will see you get angry so often. Ask your friends to s_86_talking to you when you get angry. Leave you alone. This will teach you not to be angry. Do something d_87_. When you get angry, walk away from the problem and go somewhere else. Try to laugh.【参考答案】lose、bad、worse、easily、record、stop、different小结本文是关于如何控制自己的情绪。文章结构清晰，逻辑紧密，难度适中。本大题容易出错的词是85题。record这个词在考纲中既可以作动词，也可以作名词。作名词时解释为“记录、唱片”。很多学生没有想到这个词，因为record这个词是很多学生记忆盲点。从下文来看，需要写下为什么生气，方便日后可以查看。因此这条建议应该是做一个记录。在平时的单词学习中，应该对考纲中不熟悉的单词相应的做好笔记，并且试着自己造句进行理解和运用。词汇积累：单词 词性含义单词词性含义causev.引起、造成naturaladj自然的habitn习惯 tipn小费、提示control your feelings控制你的情绪leave sb. alone让某人独处练习6 （浦东新区2014二模C篇）Positive (积极的) people are usually happy. They often have a lot of friends. When they have a problem, they try to change the problem i_84_a chance .They believe things always work out. But can positive thinking really make someones life better? Many scientists are studying positive thinking. They are finding out some very interesting information.Your Health The Mayo Clini
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