八年级阅读理解高分突破(含解析).doc

八年级上阅读理解高分突破一、知识梳理要点一：题型特点选材（家庭、校园、科技、文化、社会、环保等等。） 文体（应用文、记叙文、说明文、议论文等）分值（中考26+8+10 37%）要点二：阅读理解的考查点 推测词义能根据上下文和构词法推断、理解生词的含义细节理解能获取文章的具体信息推理判断能理解文章中的具体信息并进行简单的推理和判断主旨要义能理解归纳文章的主旨要义，能为文章选定合适的题目逻辑思维能理解故事情节和事件发生顺序以及段落各句子之间的逻辑关系意图观点能根据上下文理解作者的态度、观点和意图要点三：细节题的解题注意事项1、题目若是对一个事实进行判断，就要找到关键字回读文章，确定答案。2、题目若是对多个事实进行判断，要仔细鉴别选项，力求正确。3、对于细节推测题，也要根据文中的事实进行推测，不能主观想象。要点四：猜词题（中档题） 要完成猜测词义题，既要对文章的细节有深入了解，又要在已知信息的基础上对不熟悉的词汇、短语或句子的意义进行合理的推测。在解题时关键是要抓住上下文的有关事实细节，充分利用文章中的平行结构的同义词及反义词进行判断。同时，要深入理解作者的立场观点,从作者的语气中，找出解题的线索。 猜词题答题技巧点拨：1、要特别关注文章的上下文，不能孤立地只看选项的含义，而要在字里行间寻找生词的真正含义。 2、注意but 和and构成的转折或并列关系。 3、理解作者在一定语言环境中的真实表达。 4、可以把选项对词语的解释代到原文中，看是否能讲得通。要点五：主旨题（中难题） 这是较难的题型，涉及到文章主题、中心大意、作者的意图、文章的写作目的、由叙述而须得出的逻辑结论等等。具体出题的角度有：（1）为文章选择恰当的标题。 要求考生既要理解文章，又要有在理解的基础上对文章进行高度概括，从而提炼出文章核心的能力。文章的题目是对文章内容的高度概括。其常见题式如： Which is the best title of this passage? The best title for the story is /could be “ ”. 58. What is probably the best title for this passage?A. The Body-Brain LinkB. The Causes of StressC. The Advice on Health D. The Nervous System技巧点拨： (1)在选择标题的时候，先锁定中心词，尤其是中心名词。再比较这个名词的修饰语，看看修饰词是否合适、恰当地表达出了中心意思。对于记叙文要分清是写人还是写事的文章，如果是记事的文章，题目就不能以某个人为中心词。这样比较容易选对答案。对于说明文和议论文，关键是要把握首尾段，尤其是结尾。(2) 考查对文章中心大意的理解。 要求学生明了文章表达主题的思想内容，即有较强的对文章内容的综合概括能力。其常见题式如： The main idea of this passage is . The passage is mainly about . What is the passage mainly about?09年北京卷B篇。 54. The passage is mainly about .A. the rules of behavior in publicB. the ways of communicationC. the acts of kindness among peopleD. the knowledge of social life(3) 考查对作者及文章中人物的观点或意图的理解。 要求学生有在正确理解文意的基础上，对其观点或意图进行分析、识别的能力。在做这类题目的时候，要抓住主要信息，抛开不重要的小细节，选出最能体现文章主旨的答案。例：07北京课标卷阅读C篇56. What is the purpose of the article? A.To show that peanuts belong to the pea family. B. To advise us to use more peanut products.C. To tell us some new uses of peanuts. D. To let us know more about peanuts.主旨题技巧点拨：主旨题的解题关键是要准确把握住文章的主要内容，从中提炼出主题思想。(1)记叙文：在阅读以写人为主的记叙文时，要紧紧抓住该人物这条主线，理清直接发生在该人物身上的事件和作者为了叙述需要而做的必要的背景介绍，即分清主要信息和次要信息；在阅读以记事为主的记叙文时，一定要抓住主要事件的情节随时间和空间的变换是如何发展的，即弄清楚5w+how，同时也要分清主要信息和次要信息。(2)说明文和议论文：首先，要抓住文章的开头，明白说明的主题和议论的话题。 其次，把握每段的主题句。一般文章每段的首句或尾句即是该段的主题句。在解题时，应该准确理解主题句的含义，再对照题中所给出的四个选项，找出意义与之相吻合的答案。然后，要抓住文章的末尾段，这类文章通常是在最后得出结论，或阐明作者的观点、看法。 在答题时，再看一下首段和末尾段。要点六：推断题（中难题） 推断题在中考阅读理解中难度很大，虽然经常只有1-2题，却是要取得高分必须攻破的一道难关。该题型要求在已知事实的基础上，对未知的观点进行合理的逻辑推理与判断，从而得到正确的答案。推断题分为细节推论和主旨推论。 其常见题式如： From what the writer says, we can infer that We can know/learn from the passage that What can we infer from ?例：09北京C篇A big change might be a good change, but it will still be stressful. 57. From the last sentence of Paragraph 5 we can infer that .A. its difficult to change a stressful situation B. its not stressful when a good change takes place C. a big change will cause another stressful situationD. a stressful situation cant be changed without any effort 推测题技巧点拨:首先，紧紧抓住所给文章，决不能脱离文章凭空想像；其次，深入理解作者在字里行间渗透出来的深层含义，决不能用自己的观点来主观臆断作者的观点；最后，全面理解文章，把握上下文之间的逻辑关系，决不能以偏概全、见树不见林。文体特点：文章有一定复杂度，需要具备在理解文章的基础上进行分析的能力。解答这类试题需要关注以下几个方面：1、 了解议论和说明的话题。 议论文和说明文，一般篇幅较长，语言和文字的难度也都相应增加，但议论文和说明文都有议论或说明的主题，掌握这个主题是最关键的。 2 、重视首段和结尾段。 一般首段介绍要说明或议论的话题，中间展开论证，结尾再次点题，所以首尾段在了解主题上是非常重要的。3、分清主要信息和次要信息。 论点和要说明的问题是主要信息，而为了说明主题而选择的论据是次要信息，掌握主要信息就是掌握了主题。要点七：任务型阅读的题型分析及答题技巧（中难题）试题特点：任务型阅读即阅读与表达，这个试题题目由易到难分布，这个题型对学生的要求比较高，既要读懂文章并且找到正确答案，还要用正确的语言表达出来，尤其是在回答概括主旨的题目时，还要自己组织语言，流畅正确地表达才能得到高分。1）阅读理解语篇细节、推理判断、主旨大意的能力； 2）书面表达理解篇章的能力。书面表达的准确，需要具备一定的词汇、语法的功底。表达的准确是拿高分的关键。 3）备考中要有“烂笔头”的训练， 要避免“一看就会，一写就错”的现象。要点八：阅读理解这个题型考察学生的综合语言能力，要想做好拿到高分，需要同学们做到以下几点： 1. 具有大量的词汇量，掌握考纲要求的词汇并主动扩大词汇量，多积累词汇。 2. 了解不同文体的特点并掌握相应的阅读策略。了解四种常见题型的解题方法。 3. 掌握答题技巧，了解应试策略。 二、课堂精讲例题例题Passage 1：The following is from a BBS online talking about the two singers.Author/TimeTopic: Whos a better singer: Andy Lau or Jacky CheungAndyfan3-2-20052:45 p.m.Andy is the best. I went to his concert last year. It was incredible(难以置信的), I almost cried! Ok, I did cry, but thats because Andy is so handsome.1000 reasons3-2-200514:38p.m.I totally disagree. Andy sounds like other singers. His voice is nothing special. Jackys voice is unique(独特的), and his songs are so romantic!Movieman3-2-20058:55 p.m.I think theyre about the same. But Andy is definitely a better actor. Ive seen almost all of his movies. Remember the one in which he was an airplane pilot, and his plane crashed near a farm? I love that movie.Lindalee5-2-200510:15 a.mI also think Jacky is a better singer. I prefer his Cantonese songs.Maybe they sound better because he speaks Cantonese.1000 reasons5-2-200512:30 P.m.I agree. Jackys Cantonese songs are better than his Mandarin songs. I still like all his songs though.( ) 1. Who likes Andy Lau best?A . Andyfan B. 1000 reasons C. Movieman D. Lindalee( ) 2. Why did Andyfan cry?A. She was sad at a concert.B. She had a broken heart.C. She was angry at Jacky Cheung.D. She thought Andy Lau was very good-looking.( ) 3. Whats Moviemans opinion?A. Andy is a better singer. B. Jacky is a better singer.C. Andy sings as well as Jacky. D. Jacky is a better actor.( ) 4. Lindalee thinks Jackys Cantonese songs sound better because . A. Jacky has no experience in singing in MandarianB. Jacky only sings Cantonese songsC. his Mandarin pronunciation is not as good as his CantoneseD. Jackys Mandarin songs are boring( ) 5. Which of the following is TRUE?A. Nobody likes Andys movies.B. 1000 reasons has similar (相似的) opinion as Lindalee.C. 1000 reasons thinks Andys voice is more special than Jackys.D. Andyfan has never seen an Andy Lau concert. 【选题意图】（对应知识点）：细节理解题：在解答这类细节题的时候，还要非常小心命题人在表述上的微小变化，特别是文章中“程度副词，频度副词，不定代词的数量，名词在表述中的量的变化”等，都要仔细考虑。【解题思路】： Keys：1. A. 根据，Andy is the best. I went to his concert last year.2. D. 根据，thats because Andy is so handsome，原因是他太帅了。3. C. 根据，I think theyre about the same, 这两个歌手一样棒。4. C. 根据，I prefer his Cantonese songs.5. B. 根据，I totally disagree. Jackys voice is unique(独特的), and his songs are so romantic! 【课堂训练题】例题Passage 2：Many students complain about learning English and they often fail in the exams. Its not that they dont want to learn it well, but that they dont know how they can learn it well and how they can pass the exams. Here is some advice from a teacher.A good way to pass an exam is to work hard every day in a year. You may fail in an exam if you are lazy for most of the year and then work hard only a few days before the exam If you want to be good at English, you have to read stories in English. And speak English as much as possible. A few days before the exam, you should go to bed early. Do not go to bed late at night studying. Before you start the exam, read carefully over the question papers, and try to understand the exact meaning of each question. When you have at last finished your exam. read over your answers. Correct the mistakes if there are any, and make sure that you dont miss anything out.( ) 1. It is important to _ a few days before the exam.A. play too much B. have a good sleepC. read the question papers D. have a good drink( ) 2. When people have finished the exam, they should _A. stand up and leave at onceB. answer a few more questionsC. make sure that they dont miss anything outD. leave some mistakes on the question paper( ) 3. The best title for the passage is . A. An Important Exam B. An Easy ExamC. Get Ready for an Exam D. How to Pass an Exam【难度分级】：B类 【选题意图】（对应知识点）：语义理解性题目：题目要求对文中个别单词、关键词、词组或句子做出解释。解答这类题目时需要对有关的上下文，甚至整篇文章的内容建立准确、立体的理解才能做出正确答案。【本题分析】：考查学生对文中个别单词、关键词、词组或句子做出解释。【解题思路】： Keys：1. B.根据，A few days before the exam, you should go to bed early. 老师建议早睡。2. C. 根据，read over your answers. Correct the mistakes if there are any, and make sure that you dont miss anything out. 做完卷子以后，建议同学们检查，看看有没有漏掉的部分。3. D. 根据，第一段第一句Many students complain about learning English and they often fail in the exams. 第一段最后一句Here is some advice from a teacher. 由此可知文章说的就是如何通过考试，平时该怎么学习，考试前该怎么调整，考场上应注意什么，所以D选项最具有概括性。例题Passage 3: There are many wetlands（湿地）in China and some of them have become the worlds important wetlands. The Chinese Yellow Sea Wetlands are among them. They are in Yancheng, Jiangsu Province. They are home for many different kinds of birds and animals. The worlds largest Milu Deer Nature Reserve（自然保护区）is in them. More than 700 milu deer live freely there. There are not many red-crowned cranes in the world, but every winter you can see some in the Red-crowned Cranes Nature Reserve in the Yellow Sea Wetlands. The temperature in the wetlands is usually neither too high nor too low. There is a lot of rain and sunshine, too. They are really good places for wildlife（野生生物）. Offering food and home for some special kinds of animals and birds is not the only reason why we need to protect wetlands. Wetlands are important because they also prevent flood. But some people want to change the wetlands to make more space for farms and buildings. This means there will be less and less space for wildlife. Luckily, more and more people are beginning to realize the importance of wetlands and wildlife. Every year, on February 2nd, many activities are held to tell people more about wetlands.根据以上短文内容，然后从每题所给的四个选项中选择最佳选项。1. The Chinese Yellow Sea Wetlands are in the _ of China.A. east B. south C. west D. north2. Usually the weather in the wetlands is _.A. hot B. pleasant C. cold D. dry3. The World Wetlands Day is on _.A. April 22 B. June 25 C. February 2 D. March 224. We must protect wetlands because _.A. they are home for wildlifeB. they can prevent floodC. they can offer food to the animals and birdsD. all of the above5. The best title for the passage is _.A. Chinas Wetlands Have All Entered the Worlds ListB. WetlandsHome for Wildlife and Human BeingsC. Special Animals in the Chinese Yellow Sea WetlandsD. WetlandsValuable Recourses（珍贵资源）of Land on the Earth【难度分级】：C类 【选题意图】（对应知识点）：归纳概括性题目要求在阅读和理解全文的基础上对文章做出归纳、概括或评价。比如涉及文章的标题（title）、主题（main idea）、结论（conclusion）、结局（end）等有关问题，都需要在细读全文的基础上，结合所学语言知识、背景知识、生活常识、科学专业知识进行逻辑思维、推理、判断，从而获取文章中内隐的信息。 【本题分析】：考查学生阅读和理解议论文全文的基础上对文章做出归纳、概括或评价。【解题思路】： keys: 1. A.从第1段的句子The Chinese Yellow Sea Wetlands are among them. They are in Yancheng, Jiangsu Province. 和地理知识可知，江苏省是在中国的东部，故选A。2. B.由第2段的句子The temperature in the wetlands is usually neither too high nor too low. There is a lot of rain and sunshine, too.可知，湿地的气温不高也不低，雨量充沛，阳光充足，这样的天气不是很pleasant吗？3. C.文章最后一句告诉我们在每年的February 2nd，有许多的关于湿地的活动举行，所以这一天就是世界湿地日。4. D.短文的第1段讲述了They are home for many different kinds of birds and animals.（湿地是许多野生动物的家园）；第2段又讲述了湿地Offering food and home for some special kinds of animals 以及Wetlands are important because they also prevent flood.所以答案为D。5. B.根据第4题我们就可知道本文列举了湿地的重要性，所以B选项最佳。 例题Passage 4:Do you know how many stars there are in the universe? The answer is MANY! Our sun is one of about 100 billion stars in our galaxy（星系）, the Milky Way（银河系）. But the Milky Way is just one of billions of galaxies that we know about! Some other scientists say there are 2,000,000,000,000,000,000 stars!The largest star that we know about is called the Pistol Star (手枪星). The Pistol Star is closer to the center of the Milky Way than we are. Because of space dust we cant see it with the naked eye (肉眼). Its about 100 times the size of our Sun, and 10,000,000 times as bright as the Sun！The closest star to the Earth is the Sun! The Sun is about 93 million miles away. We measure bigger distances in space in light years, and one light year is about 6,000,000,000,000 miles. Besides the Sun, Proxima Centauri (半人马座比邻星) is the closest star at 4.2 light years away. Some of the brightest stars are more distant -Rigel (参宿七), in the constellation Orion (猎户星座), is the seventh brightest star in the sky but is 900 light years away. To see the faraway stars, scientists use the Hubble Space Telescope (哈勃空间望远镜). Hubble has been stars that are 12 billion light years away!A stars color has a lot to do with its temperature. A blue-white star is very dense(密集的) and hot. When a star becomes red, its energy has begun to fade(消失). Therefore, a star that is nearing the end of its life is called a red giant(红巨星). While humans grow smaller in old age, stars grow bigger until they die. In the far future, maybe our sun will become a red giant and destroy the Earth! Luckily, itll be a long time before we have to think about that problem.( ) 1. Of all the stars, is the nearest to the earth.A. the sun B. the moonC. the Pistol Star D. Rigel( ) 2. We measure bigger distance in space in . A. meters B. kilometers C. miles D. light years( ) 3. Which is the seventh brightest star in the sky?A. The sun. B. Rigel.C. Proxima Centauri. D. The Pistol Star( ) 4. If a star is nearing the end of its life, its color is .A. blue B. redC. yellow D. red and blue【难度分级】：C类【本题分析】：有细节题，也有推断题。【 解题思路】： Keys: 1.A.根据，The closest star to the Earth is the Sun! 2. D.根据，We measure bigger distances in space in light years, and one light year is about 6,000,000,000,000 miles. 较远的距离用光年为单位测量。3. B. 根据，Some of the brightest stars are more distant -Rigel (参宿七), in the constellation Orion (猎户星座), is the seventh brightest star in the sky but is 900 light years away. 4. B. 根据，Therefore, a star that is nearing the end of its life is called a red giant(红巨星).【课堂训练题】Passage 1: Tom and Fred are talking about the year 2020. “ What will our world be like in the year 2020?” “I dont know,” says Fred.“What do you think?” “Well, no one knows, but its interesting to guess.” “In the year 2020 everyone will carry a pocket computer. The computer will give people the answers to all their problems. We shall all have telephones in our pockets, too, and well be able to talk to our friends all over the world. Perhaps well be able to see them at the same time.” “A lot of people will live and work under the sea. Perhaps there will be big towns, factories and farms under the sea, too.” “Machines will do most of the work, and so people will have more holidays, perhaps theyll work only two or three days a week. Theyll be able to fly to the moon by spaceship and spend their holidays there.” “Im looking forward（期待）to the year 2020. I hope to go to the moon! ” “And I hope Ill be able to live under the sea.” says Fred. “Wont that be very interesting? Just like a fish! ” （）1. Tom and Fred talked about . A. their school life B. some interesting news C. their life in the past D. their life in the future （）2. Machines will . A. do most of the work instead of people B. do some of the work instead of people C. do as much work as people D. do as little work as people （）3. From their talk, we know that . A. only Fred hopes to fly to the moon B. both of them hope to fly to the moon C. one of them hopes to fly to the moon D. neither of them hopes to fly to the moon （）4. Fred said . A. he liked fish very much B. he would like to live under the sea like a fish C. he would go fishing under the sea D. he would spend a few days on the moon（）5. Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned? A. People will be able to fly to the moon in a spaceship. B. People will have more holidays. C. Many people will live and work under the sea. D. All the factories and farms will be built under the sea. Passage 1: 【难度分级】：A类Keys: DACBD Passage 2: People use money to buy food, books and hundreds of other things they need. When they work, they usually get paid in money. Most of the money used today is made of metal or paper. But in the time long ago, people used to use all kinds of things as money. One of the first kinds of money was shells. In China, cloth and knives were used as money. Elephant tusks（牙）, monkey tail and salt were used in some parts of the world. Rice was also a kind of money used by the people in some islands. Some animals were used as money, too. The first copper coins were made in China. They were round and had a square hole in the center. Different countries have used different metals for their money. Later, some countries began to make coins of gold and silver（银）. But gold and silver were heavy to carry when people needed a lot of coins to buy something expensive. The Chinese were the first to use paper money. The first paper money looked more like a note from one person to another than the paper money used today. Money has had an interesting story from the days of shell money till today. （ ）1. People usually use money . A. to buy gold B. to get something they want C. to buy shells D. to buy something expensive（ ）2. Long, long ago people all over the world used as money. A. the same metalB. the same paper C. the different metals D. all kinds of things（ ）3. In the past, the ancient Chinese used to have cloth and knives . A. as a tool B. as money C. as a gift D. as a kind of goods（ ）4. was also a kind of money used by the people on some islands A. Gold B. Animals C. Rice D. Knives（ ）5. The first paper money . A. looked like the same as the paper money used today B. looked interesting C. looked like a note D. had a square hole in the center Passage 2: 【难度分级】：B类Keys: BDBCC Passage 3:A man once had a dream about the Black Forest in Germany. In his dream he was walking in the forest when two men ran out and tried to throw him to the ground. He ran off as fast as he could, but they followed him. He reached a place where he saw two roads in front of him, one to the right and the other to the left. Which road should he take? He heard the two men behind him, getting nearer, and at the same time he heard a voice in his ear. It told him to go to the right, and he did so. He ran on and soon came to a small hotel. He was received there kindly and given a room, and he was saved from the two men. That was the dream.Twenty years later he was really in the Black Forest and, as happened in the dream long ago, two men ran out and tried to throw him down. He ran off, and came to a place with two roads, like in the dream. He remembered the dream and took the road to the right. He soon reached a small hotel, was taken in, and so was safe. His dream of twenty years before had saved his life.1. The Black Forest is _.A. a place in GermanyB. not a real placeC. invented by the writer D. a place in Britain2. When he was walking in the forest, _ ran after him.A. two dogs B. two tigers C. two men D. two women3. Finally he came to _.A. a forest B. another roadC. another dreamD. a small hotel4. It was _ that saved the mans life 20 years later.A. a voiceB. the dreamC. someone elseD. God5. The story tells us that _.A. a dream may come true some time later B. a dream is always a dreamC. people should not believe their dreams D. people should always believe their