2022-2023年考博英语-中国地质大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）第6期

2022-2023年考博英语-中国地质大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）1. 单选题1. Getting too little sleep for several nights in a row disrupts hundreds of genes that are essential for good health, including those linked to stress and fighting disease. Tests on people who slept less than six hours a night for a week revealed substantial changes in the activity of genes that govern the immune system, metabolism, sleep and wake cycles, and the bodys response to stress, suggesting that poor sleep could have a broad impact on longterm wellbeing.2. The changes, which affected more than 700 genes, may shed light on the biological mechanisms that raise the risk of a host of ailments, including heart disease, diabetes, obesity, stress and depression, in people who get too little sleep. The surprise for us was that a relatively modest difference in sleep duration leads to these kinds of changes, said Professor Dijk, director of the Surrey Sleep Research Centre at Surrey University, who led the study. “Its an indication that sleep disruption or sleep restriction is doing more than just making people tired.”3. Previous studies have suggested that people who sleep less than five hours a night have a 15% greater risk of death from all causes than people of the same age who get a good nights sleep. In one survey of workers in Britain more than 5% claimed to sleep no more than five hours a night. Another survey published in the US in 2010 found that nearly 30% of people claimed to sleep no more than six hours a night.4. Professor Dijks team asked 14 men and 12 women, all healthy and aged between 23 and 31 years, to live under laboratory conditions at the sleep centre for 12 days. Each volunteer visited the centre on two separate occasions. During one visit, they spent 10 hours a night in bed for a week. In the other, they were allowed only six hours in bed a night. At the end of each week, they were kept awake for a day and night, or around 39 to 41 hours. Using EEG (electroencephalography) sensors, the scientists found that those on the 10 hours-per-night week slept around 8.5 hours a night, while those limited to six hours in bed each night got on average 5 hours and 42 minutes of sleep.5. The time spent asleep had a huge effect on the activity of genes, picked up from blood tests on the volunteers, according to a report in the US journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Among the sleep-deprived, the activity of 444 genes was suppressed, while 267 genes were more active than in those who slept for a longer time.6. Changes in genes that control metabolism might trigger or exacerbate conditions such as diabetes or obesity, while disruption of other genes, such as those that govern the bodys inflammatory response, might have an impact on heart disease. Additional genes that were affected have been linked to stress and aging. Sleep loss also had a dramatic effect on genes that govern the bodys biological clock, suggesting that poor sleep might trigger a vicious cycle of worsening sleep disruption. The tests showed that people who slept for 8.5 hours a night had around 1, 855 genes whose activity rose and fell over a 24-hour cycle. But in the sleep-deprived, nearly 400 of these stopped cycling completely. The remainder rose and fell in keeping with the biological clock, but over a much smaller range. There is a feedback link between what you do to your sleep and how that affects your circadian clock. That will be very important in future investigations,” said Dijk.7. The researchers did not check how long it took for genes to return to their normal levels of activity in the sleep-deprived volunteers, but they hope to do so in later studies. Though scores of genes were disrupted in the sleep-deprived, the scientists cannot say whether those changes are a harmless short term response to poor sleep, a sign of the body adapting to sleep-deprivation, or are potentially harmful to health.8. James Home, professor of psychophysiology at Loughborough Universitys Sleep Research Centre, said: The potential perils of sleep debt in todays society and the need for eight hours of sleep a night are often overplayed and can cause undue worry. Although this important study seems to support this concern, the participants had their sleep suddenly restricted to an unusually low level, which must have been somewhat stressful We must be careful not to generalize such findings to, say, habitual six-hour sleepers who are happy with their sleep. Besides, sleep can adapt to some change, and should also be judged on its quality, not simply on its total amount.”1.Based on what is reported in text A, Prof. Dijk seems to have chosen the volunteers for his sleep experiments （ ）.2.The research described in text A（ ） .3.The use of the verb to claim in paragraph 3 indicates that the researchers （ ）.4.When the sleep researchers whose work is the focus of text A needed to find out how much sleep their human experimental subjects were getting, they（ ） .5.According to text A, Dr Dijks research indicates that obesity（ ） .6.Prof. Homes remarks (paragraph 8)（ ） .问题1选项A.primarily from among university undergraduates with a great deal of free time.B.from an age group in which physical growth had ended and major undetected health problems were unlikely to be present.C.from a random assortment of British people.D.from among the people most likely to suffer from interrupted sleep or other sleeping problems.问题2选项A.usefully confirms the work of earlier researchers but offers little that is new.B.offers biological clarification of research done earlier.C.contradicts the results of earlier research.D.is pioneering work of a kind never done before.问题3选项A.are sure that the sleep data are accurate.B.have no reason not to believe that the sleep data are correct.C.think that there is little reason to accept the sleep data.D.cannot be absolutely sure that the sleep data are accurate.问题4选项A.used technical means to work out how much the volunteers had really slept.B.watched the sleeping volunteers in the lab to see how long they slept.C.estimated the figures by averaging sleep data arrived at by various means.D.relied on statements made by the volunteers used in the experiments.问题5选项A.is the direct result of getting too little sleep.B.may be the direct result of not getting enough sleep.C.may result from or be worsened by alterations in the genes of people who get too little sleep.D.cannot be shown to have any reasonable direct or indirect connection with sleeping patterns.问题6选项A.caution readers not to conclude too much from Prof. Dijks findingsB.emphasize the importance for all human beings of getting 8 hours of sleep nightlyC.warn that dangerous stress is the inevitable result of getting too little sleepD.underline the importance and value of Prof. Dijks research【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:D第4题:A第5题:C第6题:A【解析】1.推理判断题。题干意思“基于文章A中的陈述，教授Dijk为自己的睡眠实验选择的自愿者似乎 ”定位至第四段“Professor Dijks team asked 14 men and 12 women, all healthy and aged between 23 and 31 years.教授 Dijk 的团队要求身体都健康且年龄介于23至31岁的14位男人和12位女人”,由此可知知B项“来自身体发育已停止且不太可能有主要的未被发现的健康问题的年龄群体”正确。2.细节事实题。由第二段中 “The changes, which affected more than 700 genes, mayshed light on the biological mechanisms that raise the risk of a host of ailments, including heart disease, diabetes, obesity, stress and depression, in people who get too little sleep.这些对超过700个基因有影响的变化可能让人明白睡觉过少的人患上如心脏病、糖尿病、肥胖、压力和抑郁等疾病风险增加的生物学机制。”及 第三段中 “Previous studies have suggested that people who sleep less than five hours a night have a 15% greater risk of death from all causes than people of the same age who get a good nights sleep.先前的研究显示，每晚睡眠少于5小时的人相比睡好觉的同龄人死于各种原因的风险增加了 15%。”的对应关系知B项“为 早些时候的研究提供了生物学上的阐明”正确。3.词义题。claim本意指“要求；声称”及它在第三段的主语分别是“英国工人”和“在美国接受调研的人”,由此推测claim这个词的使用表明研究者对睡眠对声称的睡眠数据不能确定，由此知D项“不能完全确定这些睡眠数据是精确的”正确。4.细节事实题。第四段指出: Using EEG (electroencephalography) sensors, the scientists found that those on the 10 hours-per-night week slept around 8.5 hours a night，.(通过使用脑电图传感器，科学家发现每晚睡觉十个小时的人每晚大约睡觉8.5个小时。由此可知A项“用技术方式去算出志愿者们真正睡眠时间是多久”正确。5. C细节事实题。第二段的第一句指出: 这些对超过700个基因有影响的变化可能让人明白睡觉过少的人患上如心脏病、糖尿病、肥胖、压力和抑郁等疾病 风险增加的生物学机制。第六段: Changes in genes that control metabolism might trigger or exacerbate conditions such as diabetes or obesity,.控制新陈代谢的基因发生的变化可能会引发或加剧如糖尿病或肥胖等情况,可知c项“可能被睡觉很少的人的基因变化引起或恶化”正确。6.细节事实题。根据题干定位至第八段: We must be careful not to generalize such findings to, say, habitual six-hour sleepers who are happy with their sleep(我们必须小心避免去推广这些发现，如不能将这些发现推广到习惯六小时睡眠而对自己睡眠满意人身上), 可知A项“告诫读者不要从教授Dijk的发现上推断太多”正确。2. 单选题As the article points out, one of the things that limit the appeal of this years new TV shows most damaginglv is that they lack of innovation.问题1选项A.points outB.limit the appeal of this yearsC.new TV shows most damaginglvD.they lack of innovation.E.没有问题【答案】D【解析】介词误用。去掉of。动词lack表示“缺乏“的意思时为及物动词。3. 填空题Chongqing（1） to be part of Sichuan, but it was（2） from the province in 1997 and made （3）self-governing municipality. The new political unit has a population （4）about 33 million people, but only 7.5 million of them live in the urban area. The （5）of them live in the nearby districts that are part of the municipality.【答案】1.used2.separated3.a4.of5.rest【解析】1.固定搭配。used to be 曾经是。2.固定搭配。be separated from 与分离3.语法分析。此处填不定冠词a, 表示 “一个”。4.语义题。Has a population of后面接具体人数表示 “有人”。5.语义题。Rest 其余的。4. 填空题My daughter is rather （1）to air pollution, so we make sure that she wears a （2）when she goes to school in the morning, （3）on days when the air quality index is bad. Thats something we unfailingly check on line while were eating breakfast.【答案】1.vulnerable;2.mask;3.especially/particularly【解析】1.固定搭配。第一空为固定搭配。Be vulnerable (to) 易遭受。2.语义题。第二空前面有一个a，因此此处应填名词, 结合句意可知mask(口罩)合适。3.语义题。第三空后面on days.是修饰句子she wears a mask的时间状语，所以此处填入一个副词起修饰作用，故particularly “尤其”符合句意。5. 填空题Ill be（1） if Martin and Silvia get married. They seem to quarrel all the time. I have trouble believing that any union of theirs would（2） .【答案】surprised; survive【解析】1.语义题。句意：如果马丁和希维亚结婚了，我会感到惊讶。2.语义题。句意: 他们好像一直在吵架。我不大相信他们这样的结合会持续长久。他们一直在吵架,我觉得可能很难维系下来,所以填survive。6. 填空题The （1）between Beijing and Tianjin is about 120 kilometers. On （2）, the intercity high-speed train（3） 30 minutes to transport passengers from one city to the other. Urban geographers predict that the two cities will （4）grow together to form one huge metropolis.【答案】distance; average; needs; soon; gradually【解析】1.语义题。句意: 北京和天津的距离是120公里。因此第一空填distance。2.固定搭配。on average 平均,大体。3.语义题。句意: 一般来说，城际高速列车需要（花费）30 分钟时间将乘客从一个城市运到另一个城市。第三空需要填谓语动词表示 “花费,需要”。4.语义题。此空后面有动词grow，因此此空为一个副词修饰grow，gradually符合句意。7. 单选题Yesterday Wang Weiguo was in a bar fight in which he hit a patrolman attempting to break it up; afterwards he was quite upset with the police, who let him stay in iail overnight问题1选项A.was in a bar fight in whichB.attempting toC.break it upD.let him stay in iailE.没有问题【答案】C【解析】动词误用。Let改成made。由关键词“stay in jail呆在监狱里”知这里的动词let “让；允许”在语境上不恰当，这里可以改成“made”(make的过去式)。8. 填空题You and I dont need anyone elses assistance. We can solve these problems by（ ） .句意: 我和你都不需要其它任何人的帮助。我们靠我们自己可以解决问题。【答案】ourselves【解析】固定搭配。by ourselves 依靠自己独立完成。9. 单选题The panel of distinguished scientists gathered in Cambridge to discuss the evidences in support of Dr. Thistlethwaites revolutionary hypothesis.问题1选项A.The panel of distinguished scientistsB.in CambridgeC.discuss the evidences inD.support ofE.没有问题【答案】C【解析】语法题。名词的单复数。evidences 改为 evidence。evidence:表示证据，只能用单数。10. 单选题9. If there is any endeavour whose fruits should be freely available, that endeavour is surely publicly financed science. Morally, taxpayers who wish to should be able to read about it without further expense. And science advances through cross-fertilization between projects. Barriers to that exchange slow it down.10. There is a widespread feeling that the journal publishers who have mediated this exchange for the past century or more are becoming an impediment to it. One of the latest converts is the British government. On July 16 it announced that, from 2013, the results of taxpayer-financed research would be available, free and online, for anyone to read and redistribute.11. Britains government is not alone. On July 17 the European Union followed suit. It proposes making research paid for by its next scientific-spending round - which runs from 2014 to 2020, and will hand out about 80 billion, or $100 billion, in grants - similarly easy to get hold of. In America, the National Institutes of Health (NIH, the single biggest source of civilian research funds in the world) has required open-access publishing since 2008. And the Wellcome Trust, a British foundation that is the worlds second-biggest charitable source of scientific money, after the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, also insists that those who receive its support make their work available free.12. Criticism of journal publishers usually boils down to two things, One is that their processes take months, when the internet could allow them to take days, The other is that because each paper is like a mini-monopoly, which workers in the field have to read if they are to advance their own research, there is no incentive to keep the price down. The publishers thus have scientists or, more accurately, their universities, which pay the subscriptions -in an armlock. That, combined with the fact that the raw material (manuscripts of papers) is free, leads to generous returns. In 2011 Elsevier, a large Dutch publisher, made a profit of 768m on revenues of 2.06 billion - a margin of 37%. Indeed, Elseviers profits are thought so egregious by many people that 12,000 researchers have signed up to boycott the companys journals.13. Publishers do provide a service. They organize peer review, in which papers are criticized anonymously by experts (though those experts, like the authors of papers, are seldom paid for what they do). They also sort the scientific sheep from the goats, by deciding what gets published, and where. That gives the publishers huge power. Since researchers, administrators and grant-awarding bodies all take note of which work has got through this filtering mechanism, the competition to publish in the best journals is intense, and the system becomes self-reinforcing, increasing the value of those journals still further.14. But not, perhaps, for much longer. Support has been swelling for open-access scientific publishing: doing it on line, in a way that allows anyone to read papers free of charge. The movement started among scientists themselves, but governments are now, as Britains announcement makes clear, paying attention and asking whether they too might benefit from the change.15. The British announcement followed the publication of a report by Dame Janet Finch, a sociologist at the University of Manchester, which recommends encouraging a business model adopted by one of the pioneers of open-access publishing, the Public Library of Science. This organization, a charity based in San Francisco, charges authors a fee (between $1,350 and $2,900, though it is waived in cases of hardship) and then makes their papers available over the internet for nothing. For PLoS, as the charity is widely known, this works well. It has launched seven widely respected electronic journals since its foundation in 2000. For reasons lost in history, this is known as the gold model.16. The NIHs approach is different. It lets researchers publish in traditional journals, but on condition that, within a year, they post their papers on a free repository website called PubMed. Journals have to agree to this, or be excluded from the process. This is known as the green model.17. Both gold and green models involve pre-publication peer review. But a third does away with even that. Many scientists, physicists in particular, now upload drafts of their papers into public archives paid for by networks of universities for the general good. (The most popular is known as arXivn, the middle letter being a Greek chi.) Here, manuscripts are subject to a ruthless process of open peer review, rather than the secret sort traditional publishers employ. An arXived paper may end up in a traditional journal, but that is merely to provide a public mark of approval for the research team who wrote it. Its actual publication and its value to other scientists date from its original arrival online.18. The success of PLoS, and the political shift towards open access, is encouraging other new ventures too. Seeing the writing on the wall, several commercial publishers are experimenting with gold-model publishing. Meanwhile, later this year a coalition of the Wellcome Trust, the Max Planck Institute (which runs many of Germanys leading laboratories) and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute will publish the first edition of eLife, an open-access journal with ambitions to rival the most famous journal of the lot, Nature. The deep pockets of these organizations mean that, for the first few years at least, this journal will not even require a publication fee.19. Much remains to be worked out. Some fear the loss of the traditional journals* curation and verification of research. Even Sir Mark Walport, the director of the Wellcome Trust and a fierce advocate of open-access publication, worries that a system based on the green model could become fragmented. That might happen if the newly liberated papers ended up in different places rather than being consolidated in the way the NIH insists on. But research just published in BMC Medicine (an open-access journal from Springer) suggests papers in open-access journals are as widely cited as those in traditional publications.20. A revolution, then, has begun. Technology permits it; researchers and politicians want it.If scientific publishers are not trembling in their boots, they should be .1.The opening paragraphs of text B seem to indicate that（ ）2.According to text B, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation（ ） .3.Text B states that people who are unhappy with publishers of scientific journals （ ）.4.When scientific papers pass through peer review,（ ） .5.The word egregious in paragraph 12 means（ ） .6.In the publication models described in text B, peer review occurs （ ）.7.Paragraph 18（ ） .8.Towards the end of text B, the author mentions the concerns of Sir Mark Walport,who（ ） .9.If one compares text A and text B, one can see that（ ） .问题1选项A.scientists are angered by the publication practices that they confront in their work.B.commercial publishers are increasingly seen as a negative factor in science.C.commercial publishers are needed more than ever in order to separate good research from poor research.D.less good research is appearing as a result of the control exercised by journal publishers.问题2选项A.is a very important provider of funding for scientific research.B.requires that researchers supported by the Foundation make their findings freely available to the public.C.follows the example set by the NIH in America.D.has a monopoly on any research results produced by scientists it supports.问题3选项A.object to their slowness and the high cost of the journals.B.think that such journals should be abolished as an obstacle to free speech.C.criticize above all the unfairness of choosing some articles for publication and not others.D.blame them for the slow pace of scientific progress in recent years.问题4选项A.they are being grad