2022年考博英语-湖南师范大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解3

2022年考博英语-湖南师范大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解1. 单选题Ours has become a society of employees. A hundred years or so ago only one of every five Americans at work was employed, i.e., worked for somebody else. Today only one out of five is not employed but working for himself. And when fifty years ago “being employed” meant working as a factory laborer or as a farmhand, the employee of today is increasingly a middle-class person with a substantial formal education, holding a professional or management job requiring intellectual and technical skills. Indeed, two things have characterized American society during these last fifty years; middle-class and upper-class employees have been the fastest-growing groups in our working populationgrowing so fast that the industrial worker, the oldest child of the Industrial Revolution, has been losing in numerical importance despite the expansion of industrial production.Yet you will find little if anything written on what it is to be an employee. You can find a great deal of very dubious advice on how to get a job or how to get a promotion. You can also find a good deal of work in a chosen field, whether it be the mechanists trade or bookkeeping. Every one of these trades requires different skills, sets different standards, and requires a different preparation. Yet they all have employeeship in common. And increasingly, especially in the large business or in government, employeeship is more important to success than the special professional knowledge or skill. Certainly, more people fail because they do not know the requirements of being an employee than because they do not adequately possess the skills of their trade; the higher you climb the ladder, the more you get into administrative or executive work, and the greater the emphasis on ability to work within the organization rather than on technical abilities or professional knowledge.1. It is implied that fifty years ago _.2. According to the passage, with the development of modem modern industry _.3. The word “dubious” (underlined in Para 2.) most probably means _.4. According to the writer, professional knowledge or skill is _.5. From the passage it can be seen that employeeship helps one _.问题1选项A.eighty per cent of American working people were employed in factoriesB.twenty per cent of American intellectuals were employeesC.the percentage of intellectuals in the total work force was almost the same as that of industrial workersD.the percentage of intellectuals working as employees was not so large as that of industrial workers问题2选项A.factory laborers will overtake intellectual employees in numberB.the proportion of factory laborers in the total employee population has decreasedC.employers have attached great importance to factory laborersD.there are as many middle-class employees as factory laborers问题3选项A.valuableB.usefulC.doubtfulD.helpful问题4选项A.as important as the ability to deal with public relationsB.less important than awareness of being a good employeeC.more important than employer employee relationsD.as important as the ability to co-operate with others in the organization问题5选项A.to be more successful in his careerB.to be more specialized in his fieldC.to solve technical problemsD.to develop his professional skill【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:C第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.推理判断题。根据题干可定位到文章第一段And when fifty years ago “being employed” meant working as a factory laborer or as a farmhand, the employee of today is increasingly a middle-class person with a substantial formal education, holding a professional or management job requiring intellectual and technical skills.（50年前，“被雇佣”的意思是作为工厂工人或农场工人工作，而今天的雇员越来越多地是中产阶级，接受过大量的正规教育，从事需要智力和技术技能的专业或管理工作。），由此可知50年前，当人们提到被雇佣时想到的是工厂或农场工人，而现在想到的是中产阶级，由此可推断出50年前，知识分子作为雇员工作的占比没有产业工人的大，所以D选项“知识分子作为雇员工作的百分比没有产业工人的百分比大”正确。A选项“百分之八十的美国工人受雇于工厂”和B选项“百分之二十的美国知识分子是雇员”对应文章第二句“大约一百年前，每五个在工作的美国人中只有一个被雇佣，即为别人工作。”，此处说的是一百年前，并不是五十年，且此处要表达的意思是一百年前百分之二十的美国工人受雇于工厂，所以A选项和B选项说法都不正确，属于反向干扰；C选项“知识分子在全体劳动力中的比例几乎与产业工人的比例相同”说法错误，文章第一段说到50年前，知识分子作为雇员工作的占比没有产业工人的大，所以C选项属于反向干扰。因此D选项正确。2.推理判断题。根据题干可定位到文章第一段Indeed, two things have characterized American society during these last fifty years: middle-class and upper-class employees have been the fastest-growing groups in our working populationgrowing so fast that the industrial worker, that oldest child of the Industrial Revolution, has been losing in numerical importance despite the expansion of industrial production.（事实上，在过去的50年里，美国社会有两个特点：中产阶级和上层社会的雇员一直是我们劳动人口中增长最快的群体增长如此之快，以至于工业革命时以体力为主的工人在数量上已经失去了重要性，尽管工业生产在扩大。），由此可推断出产业工人的数量减少了，所以B选项“产业工人在总雇员人口中的比例有所下降”正确。A选项“产业工人的数量将超过知识型员工”和D选项“中产阶级雇员和产业工人一样多”与原文表述不符，属于反向干扰；C选项“雇主非常重视产业工人”文章没有提到，属于无中生有。因此B选项正确。3.词汇推断题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段开头Yet you will find little if anything written on what it is to be an employee. You can find a great deal of very dubious advice on how to get a job or how to get a promotion.（然而，你会发现几乎没有任何关于如何成为一名员工的内容。但是你却可以找到很多关于如何获得工作或晋升非常_的建议。），根据第一句几乎没有什么文章写道应该如何成为一名员工，却有如何获得工作或晋升的建议，所以不难推测这种建议是不可信的，因此C选项“可疑的；不可信的”正确。A选项“有价值的”；B选项“有用的”；D选项“有帮助的”都与原文所表达的意思相反，属于反向干扰，因此C选项正确。4.推理判断题。根据题干可定位到文章最后一段Certainly, more people fail because they do not know the requirements of being an employee than because they do not adequately possess the skills of their trade（当然，更多的人失败是因为他们不知道作为一名员工的要求，而不是因为他们没有充分掌握自己的行业技能），由此可推断作者认为知道自己作为员工的要求，即做一名好员工比掌握专业知识技能更重要，所以B选项“不如意识到自己要做一名好员工那么重要”正确。A选项“与处理公共关系的能力同等重要”、C选项“比劳资关系更重要”和D选项“与组织中其他人合作的能力同样重要”文章都没有提到，属于无中生有。因此B选项正确。5.推理判断题。根据题干可定位到最后一段最后两句employeeship is more important to success than the special professional knowledge or skillthe higher you climb the ladder, the more you get into administrative or executive work, and the greater the emphasis on ability to work within the organization rather than on technical abilities or professional knowledge.（对成功来说，雇佣制度比特殊的专业知识或技能更为重要你的职位越高，你进入行政或管理工作的机会就越多，你就越重视在组织内的工作能力，而不是技术能力或专业知识。），由此可知雇佣制度有利于帮助一个人在他的职业生涯中取得较大成功，所以A选项“在他的事业上更成功”正确。B选项“在他的领域更专业”、C选项“解决技术问题”以及D选项“发展他的专业技能”都与文章表述不符，此处提到了雇佣制度中，知道自己作为员工的要求比任何专业知识、技术知识以及专业技能都更重要，B、C、D选项属于反向干扰。因此A选项正确。2. 单选题I _ the meeting yesterday, but some urgent matter prevented me from coming.问题1选项A.ought to attendB.was about to attendC.was to have attendedD.was to attend【答案】C【解析】考查谓语动词。A选项ought to attend“应该参加”；B选项was about to attend“即将参加，正打算参加”；C选项was to have attended“本来要参加（却结果没参加）”；D选项was to attend“将要参加（表示预先安排好的计划或约定）”。句意：我本来打算昨天参加会议的，但有一件紧急的事阻止我前往。根据urgent matter prevented me from coming“紧急的事阻止我前往”可知，我原本想参加会议，C选项was to have attended“本来要参加（却结果没参加）”符合题意。因此C选项正确。3. 单选题A violent thunderstorm was（ ）as dark clouds were collecting overhead.问题1选项A.eminentB.imminentC.instantaneousD.simultaneous【答案】B【解析】eminent杰出的；imminent即将来临的；instantaneous即时的；simultaneous同时的。句意：当乌云在头顶聚集时, 一场暴风雨即将到来。选项B符合句意。4. 单选题You and I agree to meet at four-thirty, I show up at 4: 33. I dont say anything, because thats close enough to satisfy our social contract. Only after five minutes do you expect me to say, “Sorry, Im late.” At ten minutes I owe you an explanation, “The freeway exit was closed. I had to go four miles out of my way.” After twenty minutes I have to make a full and serious apology. After forty minutes Id better not show up at all.That sort of thingformally observed and never explicitly stated drives people from other cultures crazy. Anthropologists list the toughest things to cope with in a foreign land. Second only to language is the way we deal with time.Now psychologists look at our view of time another way. They go into several countries and measure the pace of life. They measure the accuracy of bank clocks and how fast city dwellers walk. They time transactions in banks and post offices. They see how long people lake to answer questions.Japanese keep the fastest pace. Americans are a close second. Italians and Indonesians are at the bottom of the list. Italians give long answers to your questions. Indonesians dont give a fig about sting their bank clocks. Among American cities, Boston and Kansas City are fastest. New York is up there, of course, but we keep a faster pace here in Houston. Californias “laid back” reputation is deserved. The slowest pace of all is kept in Los Angeles.Finally, we look at heart disease. Thats tricky, because other factors are involved. Our hearts greatest enemy is tobacco. But heart disease also correlates with the pace we keep. Smokers who drive themselves are really asking for it.Now its 4:55. Im strolling, unhurried toward our 4:30 meeting. Im thinking something about Isaac Watts, the English poet, wrote:Time, what an empty vapour it is;And days how swift they are!Swift as an Indian arrow flies,Or like a shooting star.That tension soaks through our view of time. Can we see time as an empty vapor? Or do our technologies define time and bind us to in? In a technology-dense world, we too often let time turn into an Indian arrowone aimed at our heart.So the clock ticks, and we ask: Is time an arrow we must dodge or vapor we can ignore? If were smart, we live by the clock only when we have to. Otherwise, we sit back and play. We know how to let tine be only vapor, after all.1. In America you have to apologize sincerely if you are _.2. We know from the passage that _.3. In the United States, the pace of life is quite relaxed in _.4. Which sentence correctly restates “Smokers who drive themselves are reallyrally asking for it”?5. What the author wants to tell us is that _.问题1选项A.5 minutes lateB.20 minutes lateC.40 minutes lateD.10 minutes late问题2选项A.Indonesians do not measure the accuracy of bank clocksB.Japanese keep a fairly fast paceC.the pace of life in America is the fastestD.Italians lake their time in doing things问题3选项A.CaliforniaB.HoustonC.Los AngelesD.New York问题4选项A.Smokers should not drive cars because they get into accidents easily.B.Smokers who have heart disease should not drive themselves.C.Smokers who work too hard will soon find themselves down with heart trouble.D.Smokers who drive their own cars are really asking for trouble.问题5选项A.people with heart trouble should not smokeB.time is dangerous in that it is like an arrow aimed at our heartsC.living by the clock in our technology-dense world could be fatalD.we should avoid having every moment of our life ruled by the clock【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:C第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第一段After twenty minutes I have to make a full and serious apology. After forty minutes Id better not show up at all.（在迟到20分钟后，我必须真诚道歉。在迟到40分钟后，我最好不露面。），所以B选项“迟到20分钟”正确。A选项“迟到5分钟”对应文章第一段，此处提到在迟到五分钟后，我应该说“对不起，我来迟了”，与题干不符，属于出处错位；C选项“迟到40分钟”对应第二段“迟到40分钟后，我最好不露面”，与题干意思不符，属于出处错位；D选项“迟到10分钟”对应第二段“在迟到10分钟后，我欠你一个解释”，与题干意思不符，属于出处错位。因此B选项正确。2.推理判断题。根据题干可定位到文章第四段Japanese keep the fastest pace. Americans are a close second. Italians and Indonesians are at the bottom of the list. Italians give long answers to your questions. Indonesians dont give a fig about setting their bank clocks.（日本人回答问题的速度最快。美国人紧随其后。意大利人和印尼人排在最后。意大利人对你的问题回答很长。印尼人对设置银行时钟毫不在意。），由日本人回答问题的速度可推断出日本人的生活节奏很快，所以B选项“日本人的节奏相当快”正确。A选项“印度尼西亚人不会测量银行时钟的准确性”说法错误，此处只提到印度尼西亚人对银行设置的时钟不理会，并没有提到时钟的准确性测量，属于曲解原文；C选项“美国的生活节奏是最快的”说法错误，此处说到日本的生活节奏最快，美国第二，属于反向干扰；D选项“意大利人做事很费时”说法错误，此处只提到意大利人在银行回答问题的答案很长，并不意味着他们做所有的事情都费时，属于曲解原文。因此B选项正确。3.推理判断题。根据题干可定位到文章第四段Among American cities, Boston and Kansas City are fastest. New York is up there, of course, but we keep a faster pace here in Houston. Californias “laid-back” reputation is deserved. The slowest pace of all is kept in Los Angeles.（在美国城市中，波士顿和堪萨斯城的生活节奏是最快的。当然，纽约在这方面一直领先，但休斯敦的节奏比纽约更快。加利福利亚“悠闲”的名声当之无愧。最慢的是洛杉矶。），由此可知洛杉矶是美国生活节奏最轻松的，所以C选项“洛杉矶”正确。A选项“加利福利亚”，虽然此处提到了加利福利亚的生活很轻松，但不是最轻松的，故不选，属于出处错位；B选项“休斯顿”，此处说到纽约的生活节奏一直很快，休斯顿比纽约更快一点，而题干中问的是生活最轻松的地方，故B选项和D选项“纽约”都不选，属于反向干扰。因此C选项正确。4.推理判断题。根据题干可定位到文章第五段Finally, we look at heart disease. Thats tricky, because other factors are involved. Our hearts greatest enemy is tobacco. But heart disease also correlates with the pace we keep. Smokers who drive themselves are really asking for it.（最后，我们来看看心脏病。这很棘手，因为还涉及到其他因素。我们心中最大的敌人是烟草。但心脏病也与我们保持的节奏有关。自己开车的吸烟者真的是自找麻烦），由此可推断出患有心脏病的吸烟者不应该自己开车，所以B选项“患有心脏病的吸烟者不应该自己开车”正确。A选项“吸烟者不应该开车，因为他们很容易出事故”和D选项“自己开车的烟民真是自找麻烦”此处都有提到，但是吸烟者开车并不会有什么危险，除非他患有心脏病，A、D选项都没有体现这一点，属于曲解原文；C选项“努力工作的吸烟者很快就会发现自己患有心脏病”文章并没有明确提到，属于无中生有。因此B选项正确。5.推理判断题。根据题干可定位到文章最后两段尤其最后一段的第二句If were smart, we live by the clock only when we have to.（如果我们够聪明，我们只会在必要的时候按时间行事。），结合文章可知作者把时间比喻成蒸汽和指向我们心脏的利箭，但其实患心脏病也与生活节奏有关，所以可以推断作者认为生活节奏快对身体健康是不利的，我们的生活不应该完全受时间掌控，所以D选项“我们应该避免让时钟主宰我们生活的每一刻”正确。A选项“患有心脏病的人不应该吸烟”对应文章五段，文章只在该段提到了吸烟对心脏病有消极作用，但作者还提到了生活节奏太快也会导致心脏病发作，且全文都与生活节奏相关，所以A选项不足以概括作者的意图，属于以偏概全；B选项“时间是危险的，因为它就像一支指向我们心灵的箭”对应文章倒数第二段，此处提到我们的技术定义了我们对时间的看法，它可以是一把利箭，我们也可以把它当蒸汽，这都取决于人们自己的选择，属于以偏概全；C选项“在我们这个技术密集的世界里，按时钟生活可能是致命的”对应倒数第二段的最后一句，虽然该选项说法无误，但是不足以概括作者的意图，属于以偏概全。因此D选项正确。5. 单选题_, it is widely used in making flares and fireworks.问题1选项A.As the brilliant white light that burning magnesium producesB.Because of the brilliant white light of burning magnesiumC.The brilliant white light of burning magnesiumD.Burning magnesium produces a brilliant white light【答案】B【解析】考查连词。句意：由于镁燃烧时发出明亮的白光，它被广泛用于制造照明弹和烟花。A选项中as“因为”只能接句子，不能接名词性短语；B选项中because of“因为”可以接名词性短语，符合题意；C选项是名词性短语，放进来整个句子结构错误；D选项是完整的句子，放进来构成两个独立的句子且没有连词进行连接，语法错误。因此B选项正确。6. 翻译题1. If the young engineer didnt have all these qualities, he could never have done what he has done or have the chance of succeeding in what he is trying to do.2. Cloning doesnt necessarily make cells grow old, and can even act as a fountain of youth, say researchers who have been investigating a group of cloned calves.3. We often reach an impasse in our thinking, at that moment we are looking at a problem, and trying to solve it and it seems there is a dead end.4. The curriculum of the high school is similar to conventional school that provide preparation for college, complete with English, history, math and science, besides, all students are required to take performing arts and sports and provide a community service.5. In the Philippines, women were found to contribute about a third of households cash income, but 55 percent of household support if the economic value of their activities at home, such as growing food, or gathering hay to feed the family donkey, is included.【答案】1. 如果这位年轻的工程师没有所有这些品质，他就不可能完成他所做的事情，也不可能有机会在他所尝试的事情上取得成功。2. 一直在研究一组克隆小牛的研究人员说，克隆不一定会使细胞衰老，甚至还能起到不老泉的作用。3. 我们经常在思维过程中陷入僵局，当我们看到问题并试图解决时，似乎就会有一个死胡同。4. 这所高中的课程与传统学校的课程类似，都为升入大学做准备，包括英语、历史、数学和科学。但所有的学生都必须选修表演艺术和体育，还要提供社区服务。5. 研究发现，在菲律宾，妇女贡献了家庭现金收入的三分之一，但如果算上家务的经济价值，比如种植粮食或收集干草饲养家中的驴子，则为家庭贡献了55%。7. 单选题The child is _ all the evidence for his opinion.问题1选项A.not encourage either to be critical for his opinionB.encouraged either to be critical nor to examineC.either encouraged to be critical or to examineD.neither encouraged to be critical nor to examine【答案】D【解析】【试题解析】考查定语从句。句意：孩子_被鼓励批判，_被鼓励检验支持他的观点的所有证据。A、B选项用法错误；C选项eitheror“要么要么”；D选项neithernor“既不也不”。批判和检验都有判断是非对错的含义，属于同样的意思，D选项neithernor比较符合题意。因此D选项正确。8. 单选题One of the reasons for his popularity in our village is that he（ ）almost everyone every time when he comes back from the big city.问题1选项A.asks afterB.runs forC.brings upD.takes after【答案】A【解析】ask after探问, 问候；run for竞选；bring up提出；take after与相像。句意：他在我们村里受欢迎的原因之一是, 他几乎每次从大城市回来都会问候所有人。选项A符合语境。9. 单选题Competent researchers cite the most authoritative source, but what counts as authoritative again varies by field. Note the authorities whom researchers in your field cite most often, what procedures they trust, what records they regularly cite. If you are dealing with primary sources (original texts of books, plays, diaries, and so on), be sure that your edition is recent and published by a reputable press. There are on-line electronic editions of Shakespeare so sloppily edited that using them would label you as incompetent.When students are unfamiliar with or cant find authoritative secondary sources-scholarly journals and booksthey often resort to tertiary sources: textbooks, articles in encyclopedias, mass-circulation publications. If these are the only sources available, so be it, but never assume that they are authoritative. Be especially cautious about books on complex issues intended for mass audiences. Authors who write for the ordinary reader about brains or black holes are usually competent, sometimes distinguished researchers. But they must always simplify, sometimes oversimplify, and are always out of date. So if you start your research with a popular book, look at the dates of the journals cited in its bibliography.Authority also depends on being current, but again, different fields judge currency in different ways. In the sciences, out-of-data might be a month ago. In the humanities, a scholar might judge as reliable a book more than a century old. The best way to judge currency is to skim dates in bibliographies of recent journal articles. What seems to be the cutoff date? Assume that most textbooks and reference books are out-of-date.1.The authors purpose of writing this passage is to tell students（ ） .2.The authors would probably agree with which of the following statements?3.According to the authors, what are authoritative sources?4.Which of the following best paraphrases the sentence “what counts as authoritative again varies by field”？5.What can be inferred from the passage?问题1选项A.how to cite authoritative sourcesB.how to be competent researchersC.how to judge authoritative sourcesD.how to read authoritative journals问题2选项A.Competent researchers may not refer to on-line electronic editions.B.Scientific books might be regarded as out-of-date if they were cited a month ago.C.Students should not resort to tertiary sources even if they are unfamiliar with or cant find authoritative secondary sources.D.Original texts of books, plays, and diaries are not authoritative books.问题3选项A.On-line electronic editions.B.The edition that is recent and published by a reputable press.C.A reliable book more than a century ago.D.Books on complex issues intended for mass audiences.问题4选项A.Authoritative sources are considered important in some fields.B.The number of authoritative sources varies in different fields.C.The importance of authoritative sources is different in research fields.D.Authoritative sources are judged differently in different fields.问题5选项A.Out-of-date sources are not counted as authoritative.B.Students should not use popular books.C.Primary sources are the best authoritative sources.D.Secondary sources are hard to find【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:B第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.主旨大意题。结合全文内容可知, 本文主要讲的是如何判断资源的权威性, 选项C更符合原文。2.推理判断题。选项A明显错误；根据第二段第一句可知, 选项C表述错误；根据第一段第三句可知, 选项D表述错误；根据最后一段第一句“Authority also depends on being current.”可推断, 作者认为权威是有时效性的。所以选项B。3.细节事实题。根据第一段第三句“If you are dealing with primary sources (original texts of books, plays, diaries, and so on), be sure that your edition is recent and published by a reputable press.” 选项B与原文表述一致。4.推理判断题。句意指“什么才算权威又因领域而异”, 再根据原文内容可知, 作者指的是“不同领域对权威来源的判断是不同的。”选项D符合原文。5.推理判断题。根据最后一段的内容可知, 作者强调权威资料具有时效性, 说明过时的资料不具备权威性。选项A正确。10. 单选题Crops dies during the（ ）, resulting in famine throughout the country.问题1选项A.adversityB.disasterC.droughtD.calamity【答案】C【解析】adversity灾难，逆境，不幸；disaster灾祸；drought干旱；calamity 灾难，不幸事件。根据句意可知，庄稼应该是在旱季才会死亡，所以选项C符合语境。11. 单选题The second reason why