2022年考博英语-中国农业科学院考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解30

2022年考博英语-中国农业科学院考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解1. 单选题Such an incident fits into the larger pattern of calculated indoctrination. He emphasized sincerity and loyalty as the cardinal virtues and tried to soften some of the（ ）edges of Lis personality.问题1选项A.smoothB.roughC.evenD.uneven【答案】B【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项smooth“光滑的”；B选项rough“艰苦的，粗糙的；粗野的；猛烈的；充斥暴力的；危险的”；C选项even“平坦的”；D选项uneven“不平衡的，不公正的，不正直的”。由题干soften“使温和；使缓和；使变柔软”可知是使李性格中粗野的（或者说危险的）棱角。句意：这样的事件符合更大的有计划的灌输模式。他强调真诚和忠诚是李的基本美德，并试图抚平他性格中的一些棱角。因此B选项正确。2. 不定项选择题A type of cell that floats freely in the amniotic fluid of pregnant women has been found to have many of the same traits as embryonic stem cells, including an ability to grow into brain, muscle and other tissues that could be used to treat a variety of diseases, scientists reported yesterday.The cells, shed by the developing fetus and easily retrieved during routine prenatal testing, are easier to maintain in laboratory dishes than embryonic stem cells-the highly versatile cells that come from destroyed human embryos and are at the center of a heated congressional debate that will resume this week.Moreover, because the cells are a genetic match to the developing fetus, tissues grown from them in the laboratory will not be rejected if they are used to treat birth defects in that newborn, researchers said. Alternatively, the cells could be frozen, providing a personalized tissue bank for use later in life.The new cells are adding credence to an emerging consensus among experts that the popular distinction between embryonic and “adult” stem cells-those isolated from adult bone marrow and other organs-is artificial.Increasingly, it appears there is a continuum of stem cell types, ranging from the embryonic ones that can morph into virtually any kind of tissue but are difficult to tame, up to adult ones that can turn into a limited number of tissues but are relatively easy to control.The newly analyzed fetal stem cells, scientists said, have many of the advantages of both.“They grow fast, as fast as embryonic stem cells, and they show great pluripotentiality,” meaning they can become many kinds of tissues, said study leader Anthony Atala, director of the Institute for Regenerative Medicine at Wake Forest University School of Medicine in Winston-Salem, N.C. “But they remain stable for years without forming tumors,” he added, something that embryonic cells are not very good at.Atala and other scientists emphasized that they dont believe the cells will make embryonic stem cells irrelevant.“Theres not going to be one shoe that fits all,” said Robert Lanza, scientific director at Advanced Cell Technology in Worcester, Mass. “Were going to have to see which ones are most useful for which clinical conditions.”George Daley, a Harvard stem cell researcher, echoed that sentiment. “They are not a replacement for embryonic stem cells,” he said.But in the past, even hints that non-embryonic cells might have medical potential similar to embryonic ones have complicated the political push to expand federal funding for the controversial field. And accordingly, opponents quickly pounced on the new results.65.（ ）is not a trait of embryonic stem cells.66. The cells that are shed by the developing fetus are（ ）.67. Tissues grown from these cells in the laboratory will not be rejected as they are（ ）.68. Embryonic stem cells can（ ）.69. Robert Lanza said “Theres not going to be one shoe that fits all.” He meant（ ）.70. The word “retrieved” in the second paragraph can be best replaced by（ ）.问题1选项A.Growing into brain tissuesB.Using embryonic stem cells to treat a variety of diseasesC.Causing a variety of diseasesD.Growing into muscle tissues问题2选项A.at the center of a heated congressional debateB.more difficult to maintain in laboratory dishes than embryonic stem cellsC.difficult to retrieve during routine prenatal testingD.easily retrieved during routine prenatal testing问题3选项A.free of birth defectsB.easier to cultivateC.a genetic match to the donorD.can be frozen for use by anyone in need问题4选项A.turn into a limited number of tissues and are difficult to tameB.turn into a limited number of tissues but are relatively easy to controlC.can morph into virtually any kind of tissue and are relatively easy to controlD.can morph into virtually any kind of tissue but are difficult to tame问题5选项A.he does not believe these cells will make embryonic stem cells irrelevantB.he knows people have different size feetC.he will still need to see which ones are most useful for which clinical conditionD.even hints that non-embryonic cells might have medical potential has complicated things问题6选项A.taken out for testingB.collected for other usesC.sampled for testingD.used for testing【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:C第4题:D第5题:A第6题:A【解析】65.【试题答案】C【试题解析】细节事实题。根据文章第一段第一、二句A type of cell that floats freely in the amniotic fluid of pregnant women has been found to have many of the same traits as embryonic stem cells, including an ability to grow into brain, muscle and other tissues that could be used to treat a variety of diseases.（一种可以在孕妇羊水中自由漂浮的细胞被发现与胚胎干细胞有许多相同的特征，包括能够生长成大脑、肌肉和其他组织，用于治疗各种疾病），选项C“引起各种疾病”，文章没有提到此内容，C选项正确。A选项“在脑组织中生长”，文章提到，这种细胞可以生长大脑，A选项可排除。B“利用胚胎干细胞治疗多种疾病”，文章提到，这种细胞可以治疗各种疾病，B选项可排除。D选项“长成肌肉组织”，文章提到，这种细胞，可以长成肌肉组织，D选项可排除。因此C选项正确。66.【试题答案】D【试题解析】细节事实题。根据第二段第一句The cells, shed by the developing fetus and easily retrieved during routine prenatal testing（这些细胞由发育中的胎儿脱落，在常规的产前检查中很容易得到），D选项“在常规产前检查中很容易找回”，符合文章内容，D选项正确。A选项“处于激烈的国会辩论的中心”，文章没有提到此内容，可排除。B选项“比胚胎干细胞更难在实验室培养皿中保存”，文章没有提到这些细胞更难在实验室培养皿中保存，B选项可排除。C选项“很难在常规产前检查中恢复”，文章没有提到此内容，可排除。因此D选项正确。67.【试题答案】C【试题解析】细节事实题。根据第三段第一句because the cells are a genetic match to the developing fetus, tissues grown from them in the laboratory will not be rejected（因为这些细胞在基因上与发育中的胎儿相匹配，所以在实验室中从它们生长出来的组织不会被排斥），可推测，这些细胞在基因上与发育的胎儿相匹配，C选项“和捐赠者的基因匹配”正确。其余选项，A选项“无出生缺陷”，B选项“更容易培养”和D选项“可以冷冻起来供有需要的人使用”，不符合文章内容，可排除。因此C选项正确。68.【试题答案】D【试题解析】细节事实题。根据第五段第三句the embryonic ones that can morph into virtually any kind of tissue but are difficult to tame（胚胎细胞几乎可以变成任何一种组织，但很难驯服），可以推断出D选项“可以转化成几乎任何一种组织，但很难驯服”正确。A选项“变成数量有限的组织，很难驯服”，文章没有提到会变成数量有限的组织，A选项可排除。B选项“转化成数量有限的组织，但相对容易控制”，说法错误，可排除。C选项“可以转化成几乎任何一种组织并且相对容易控制”，文章中没有提到细胞容易控制，C选项可排除。因此D选项正确。69.【试题答案】A【试题解析】细节事实题。根据Atala and other scientists emphasized that they dont believe the cells will make embryonic stem cells irrelevant.（Atala和其他科学家强调，他们不相信这些细胞会使胚胎干细胞变得无关紧要）和“Theres not going to be one shoe that fits all,” said Robert Lanza（罗伯特兰扎(Robert Lanza)表示：“没有一双鞋是适合所有人的”），可知Robert Lanza，Atala and other scientists的观点是一致的，他不认为这种新型细胞是万能的，会代替胚胎干细胞的所有功能，使之变得不相干。所以题干中的这句话实际上是在支撑前面的科学家的那句话they dont believe the cells will make embryonic stem cells irrelevant.（他们不相信这些细胞会使胚胎干细胞变得无关紧要），A选项“他不相信这些细胞会使胚胎干细胞变得无关紧要”，符合文章内容，A选项正确；B选项“他知道每个人的脚大小都不一样”并不是Robert Lanza所暗示的含义；根据原文“Theres not going to be one shoe that fits all,” said Robert Lanza, scientific director at Advanced Cell Technology in Worcester, Mass. “Were going to have to see which ones are most useful for which clinical conditions.”（“没有一只鞋适合所有人”，Robert Lanza说，他是麻省Worcester先进细胞技术的科学总监“我们将不得不确定哪些药物对哪些临床情况最为有用”）可知C选项“他还需要看看哪些药物对哪些临床情况最有用”在文章中有提及，但这句话是补充说明前文，表达他不认为这种新型细胞是万能的，而是要对症下药；D选项“即使暗示非胚胎细胞可能具有医疗潜力，也会使事情变得复杂”并不是Robert Lanza的观点。因此A选项正确。70.【试题答案】A【试题解析】词义辨析题。根据题干可以定位到第二段第一句The cells, shed by the developing fetus and easily retrieved during routine prenatal testing（这些细胞由发育中的胎儿脱落，在常规的产前检查中很容易得到）。这句话表达的是“在常规产前检查中容易取出这种细胞做检查”。A选项“拿出来测试”，符合文章内容。B选项“收集作其他用途”，不符合文章内容，可排除。C选项“取样测试”，文章没有提到取样，可排除C选项。D选项“用于测试”，文章没有提到这种细胞用于测试，可排除。因此A选项正确。3. 单选题On the local level, tradition,（ ）through customs, rituals, education, and the countless forms of activity that constitute social behavior, bolstered stability and discouraged tendencies toward change.问题1选项A.spelled outB.manifestedC.givenD.explained【答案】B【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项spell out“讲清楚”；B选项manifest“呈现，显示”；C选项given“被给予”；D选项explain“解释”。根据空格后文的内容，传统通过这些形式进行呈现，可推测B选项符合题干内容。句意：在地方层面上，传统通过习俗、仪式、教育和无数形式的构成社会行为的活动，巩固了稳定，阻碍了变革的趋势。因此B选项正确。4. 单选题The history of Lis career took its special course because it occurred at the end of imperial times, when institutional problems of traditional Chinese history became（ ）new elements brought in by the impact of the West.问题1选项A.togetherB.separatedC.unitedD.merged with【答案】D【解析】考查形容词词义以及固定搭配辨析。A选项together“新潮的，情绪稳定的”；B选项separated“分开的，分居”；C选项united“一致的，统一的”；D选项merged with“与结合；与联合”。merged with与融合，结合，由题干可知，中国传统以及西方新元素会产生融合。排除A选项，B选项；空格处前是become，后面是new elements，宾语，根据语法结构，不能直接在空格处加入形容词，代入C选项无法组成完整的句子，不符合语法结构，空格处填入的词应和become一起构成谓语。句意：当中国传统历史的体制问题与在西方影响下引入的新元素相时，由于处于帝国时期的末期，李的职业历史便走向了一条特殊的道路。因此D选项正确。5. 翻译题2. Translate the following passage into English.和平与发展是当今世界的两大主题。维护世界和平，加强友好合作，促进共同发展是各国人民的共同愿望。当前，贫困、失业、难民、犯罪、人口膨胀、环境恶化、毒品泛滥、恐怖主义等问题仍然严峻，影响着全球的稳定与发展。中国与西方国家虽然国情不同，但在一系列重大国际问题上具有广泛一致的利益。我对中国同西方各国关系的改善与发展感到高兴。中国政府和人民愿在相互新生和平等互利的基础上，同包括西方国家在内的世界各国政府和人民一道，为和平与发展的崇高事业做出贡献。【答案】参考译文：Peace and development are the two major themes in todays world. The maintenance of world peace, strengthening friendship and cooperation and promoting common development are the common aspiration of all peoples. At present, poverty, unemployment, refugees, crime, a population explosion, environmental degradation, drug trafficking, terrorism and other issues are still severe and affect global stability and development. Although China and western countries have different national conditions, both sides have broadly consistent interests in a series of major international issues. I am delighted to see the improvement and development of the connection between China and west countries. The government and people of China would like to devote to the great peace and development on the basis of mutual trust and equality and mutual benefit with all the people and all the governments including west countries.6. 不定项选择题A finalist in a youth oratorical contest, Ceciles speech focuses on a history of Americans and the world turning their backs on injustice, losing sight of “our humanitarian obligation.” The unconscionable acts of history are repeating, but the world is “bickering over the terminology that is used to describe what Darfur is facing,” she said, with a swing of her hip and an indignant glare.How could the United States that bonded after Sept. 11, 2001, leave people on rooftops surrounded by floodwaters almost four years later, she questioned. It all comes down to “people neglecting people, ” she said matter-of-factly.“Everybody is part of Gods creation. Everybody deserves help. We all are going to need it eventually in our lifetime, and for us to neglect anyone from anywhere is just horrible,” Cecile said, shaking her head.Emoni draws parallels between the Holocaust and current events in Africa by citing a lack of guidance, understanding and compassion.“How can we say hope for those unseen when we do not help them have hope or believe there is hope because we cant see them?” the Godwin Middle School student asked, nearly making the walls shake with her emphasis on the word “we”.The world has a history of great leaders who brought international wrongs to light, she said, jabbing her index finger into the air in front of her. The situation in Darfur has primarily been ignored because the world lacks a powerful leader to get that message out, she said, furiously pacing the classroom floor.“I think if people learn about it and they hear about itif they understood it, then we can make a difference,” Emoni said, getting to the heart of her argument.All three students understand it could be their voice that motivates the masses tomorrow. Their speeches could bring the issues into the light as they follow the tradition of great orators before them on the day honoring one of the greatest.After careful, quiet consideration, Seth said the contest and celebration would have moved King.“It is the little people trying to make a difference, reciting speeches and all of this. He can feel happy that his work, like, what he left behind, is still going on as if he was here today,” he said.“And how did he start it? He started it through his voice, you know. Through just speaking up for what is right. And not being afraid of what people think of you, but knowing what is right and setting aside all other things,” an excited and boisterous Cecile said.53. The word “boisterous” in the last paragraph can be substituted by（ ）.54. In her speech, Cecile, a finalist in a youth oratorical contest accuses America of（ ）.55. Emoni, another contestant, compared the Holocaust to current events in Africa by not citing（ ）.56. Emoni said the world lacks（ ）.57. Emonis main points did not include（ ）.58. Seth, another contestant, said if Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. were there, he would（ ）.问题1选项A.loudB.quiteC.niceD.noisy问题2选项A.fulfilling humanitarian obligationsB.promoting justice worldwideC.neglecting peopleD.using terminology to describe what Darfur is facing问题3选项A.lack of foodB.lack of guidanceC.lack of understandingD.lack of compassion问题4选项A.a powerful leader to crush wrongB.a powerful leader to bring international wrong to lightC.someone who understands the problemD.someone who cares about injustice问题5选项A.only listening and learningB.hearing and learningC.understandingD.making a difference问题6选项A.be afraid of what people would thinkB.not know what is right in todays worldC.feel happy that his work was still going onD.want the student to study harder【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:A第4题:B第5题:A第6题:C【解析】53.【试题答案】D【试题解析】词义辨析题。根据题干，可以定位到文章最后一段最后一句an excited and boisterous Cecile said（兴奋而喧闹的塞西尔说），文章开头就提到了文章是辩论赛的决赛，那么辩论赛的现场应该是兴奋而又喧闹的，所以可推测boisterous指的应该是“喧闹的”。D选项“嘈杂的；喧闹的”，符合文章词义，D选项正确。A选项“大声的”，跟“喧闹”有一定的区别，可排除。B选项“相当”，不符合文章内容，可排除。C选项“精密的，美好的”，不符合文章内容，可排除。因此D选项正确。54.【试题答案】C【试题解析】细节事实题。文章第一段the world turning their backs on injustice, losing sight of our humanitarian obligation. The world is “bickering over the terminology that is used to describe what Darfur is facing,”（全世界对不公正置之不理，忽视了我们的人道主义义务。世界正在为描述达尔富尔所面临的问题的术语而争吵）这是Cecile对整个世界的控诉，不是对美国的控诉。第二段的内容才是对美国的控诉，即It all comes down to people neglecting people.（这一切都归结于人们忽视他人），C选项“忽视人民”符合文章内容，C选项正确。A选项“履行人道主义义务”，文章提到，忽视了我们的人道主义义务，A选项可排除。B选项“促进全球正义”，不符合文章内容，可排除。D选项“用术语来描述达尔富尔所面临的问题”，文章提到世界正在为描述达尔富尔所面临的问题的术语而争吵，并没有用术语解决问题，D选项可排除。因此C选项正确。55.【试题答案】A【试题解析】细节事实题。根据第四段Emoni draws parallels between the Holocaust and current events in Africa by citing a lack of guidance, understanding and compassion.（Emoni以缺乏指导、理解和同情为例，将大屠杀和非洲的当前事件进行了对比），A选项“食物的缺乏”，没有提及，可排除。B选项“缺乏指导”、C选项“缺乏理解”，D选项“缺乏同情心”，文章提到，Emoni以缺乏指导、理解和同情为例。可排除B、C、D选项。因此A选项正确。56.【试题答案】B【试题解析】细节事实题。根据第六段第二句The situation in Darfur has primarily been ignored because the world lacks a powerful leader to get that message out（达尔富尔的局势基本上被忽视了，因为世界缺乏一个强有力的领导人来传达这一信息），这句话中“get that message out”的意思是“将这个信息曝光，让人们知道”，等同“bring sth to light”。B选项“一个揭露国际错误的强大领袖”，符合文章内容。A选项“一个强有力的领导者，可以粉碎错误”，文章没有提到此内容，可排除。C选项“一个理解问题的人”，文章没有提到此内容，可排除。D选项“一个关心不公正的人”，文章没有提到此内容，可排除。因此B选项正确。57.【试题答案】A【试题解析】细节事实题。根据第七段“I think if people learn about it and they hear about it . . . if they understood it, then we can make a difference,” Emoni said, getting to the heart of her argument（我认为，如果人们了解它，听到它如果他们能理解，我们就能有所作为，埃莫尼说，直指她的核心论点），选项A“只听和学”，文章埃莫尼的论点，没有提到这个内容，可排除。B选项“听力和学习”，文章提到，人们听力和学习，可排除B选项。C选项“理解”，文章提到，他们能理解，可排除C选项。D选项“有所作为”，文章提到，如果他们能理解，就会有所作为，可排除D选项。因此A选项正确。58.【试题答案】C【试题解析】细节事实题。根据倒数第二段第二句He can feel happy that his work, like, what he left behind, is still going on as if he was here today（他会感到高兴，他的工作，他留下的东西，还在继续，就像他今天还在这里一样）。C选项“很高兴，他的工作还在继续”，符合文章的内容，C选项正确。A选项“害怕别人的想法”，文章没有提到，他会害怕别人的想法，可排除。B选项“不知道在当今世界什么是对的”，文章没有提到此内容，可排除。D选项“希望学生学习更加努力”，文章没有提到此内容，可排除。因此C选项正确。7. 单选题After centuries of self-enforced（ ）, China has gained for herself a place in world affairs that brings her into the current of modern history.问题1选项A.cooperationB.monopolyC.dictatorshipD.seclusion【答案】C【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项cooperation“合作，协作”；B选项monopoly“垄断”；C选项dictatorship“专政，专制”；D选项seclusion“隐居”。根据后文中国占据了一席之地，可推测，中国经过数百年的自我专制，到达今天的地位。句意：经过数百年的自我实施后，中国已经在国际事务上占有一席之地，并进入了现代历史的浪潮。因此C选项正确。8. 单选题He felt a repugnance for the city because it was heavily under the influence of foreigners, whom he considered to be corrupt and（ ）.问题1选项A.unscrupulousB.with principlesC.in principleD.out of principle【答案】A【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项unscrupulous“寡廉鲜耻，不讲道德的”；B选项with principles“符合原则的”；C选项in principle“大体上，原则上”；D选项out of principle“背离原则”。根据题干，可知此处应当填入一个形容词，且含有贬义，因此推测A选项正确。句意：他对这座城市感到厌恶因为这城市受外国人影响太严重了，而他眼中的外国人是堕落而又。因此A选项正确。9. 单选题Before it could be resolved through a new centralization of dynastic power under a new mandate, the intellectual crisis of the Confucian beliefs brought on by the impact of the West undermined the social order itself, which was made more vulnerable by the（ ）of its political institutions.问题1选项A.functionalB.malpracticeC.integrationD.disintegration【答案】D【解析】考查名词以及形容词词义辨析。A选项functional“功能的”；B选项malpractice“玩忽职守”；C选项integration“集成，综合”；D选项disintegration“瓦解，崩溃”。题干说到，西方冲击了孔子思想指示破坏了秩序的本事，可推测空中应该填入一个表示坏结果的词，A，C可排除。B选项在不符合题意，也可排除。句意：在它可以通过新的王朝权力集中来解决之前，西方影响所带来的儒家信仰的知识危机破坏了社会秩序本身，它因其政治机构的而变得更加脆弱。因此D选项正确。10. 单选题Between French friends, who have chosen each other for congeniality of their point of view, lively disagreement and sharpness of arguments are the breath of life.问题1选项A.coexistenceB.coincidenceC.correlationD.compatibility【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。congeniality表示“同性质；适意”。A项coexistence“共存”，B项coincidence“巧合，一致”，C项correlation“相关，关联”，D项compatibility“兼容”。句意：对于因为观点一致而选择对方成为朋友的法国人来说，活跃的争论和激烈的论断是他们生活中不可缺少的东西。根据句意，该题选D正确。11. 单选题The problem is that the loss of confidence among the soldiers can be highly contagious.问题1选项A.spreadingB.contemptibleC.contentedD.depressing【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。contagious在句中是“传染性的，会感染的”；A选项spreading“扩散的”；B选项contemptible“可鄙的”；C选项contented“满足的，心安的”；D选项depressing“沉闷的，阴沉的”。句意：问题是士兵们失去信心可能会传染。因此只有A项符合。12. 单选题The prodigal son spent his money extravagantly and soon after he left home he was reduced to a beggar.问题1选项A.lavishlyB.economicallyC.thriftilyD.extrovertly【答案】A【解析】考查副词辨析。extravagantly在句中是“挥霍无度地”；A选项lavishly“浪费地”；B选项economically“经济地，经济学地”；C项thriftily“节俭地”；D选项extrovertly“外向地”。句意：这个浪子挥霍钱财，离家不久就沦为乞丐。根据选项，只有A项符合。13. 不定项选择题(1) The natural environment has, of course, always conditioned technology. For example, the nature of an environment (polar, desert, jungle) engenders the development of technologies appropriate to that environment to enable man to adapt successfully to it. Further, emerging scarcity of some technological resource may ignite a research for, and gradual transition to, a new technology using resources present in the environment in greater abundance, as, for example, in the case of the gradual change from wood-based to coal-based technology in England that began in Elizabeth times and stretched until the end of the eighteenth century.(2) In modern Western society, environment has begun to condition technology in new ways, although admittedly more indirectly. The safety and quality of the environment and public perceptions of it have begun to translate into presidential politics and congressional mandates to regulatory agencies to protect or enhance environmental quality or safety, occasionally even at the cost of some perturbation of the tech-economic status-quo. In France, Italy, and recently the United States, political parties have been formed, organized around a complex of technology/