2022-2023年考博英语-江苏大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）第45期

2022-2023年考博英语-江苏大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）1. 不定项选择题We might marvel at the progress made in every field of study, but the methods of testing a persons knowledge and ability remain as primitive as ever they were. It really is extraordinary that after all these years, educationists have still failed to device anything more efficient and reliable than examinations. For all the pious claim that examinations text what you know, it is common knowledge that they more often do the exact opposite. They may be a good means of testing memory, or the knack of working rapidly under extreme pressure, but they can tell you nothing about a persons true ability and aptitude.As anxiety-makers, examinations are second to none. That is because so much depends on them. They are the mark of success of failure in our society. Your whole future may be decided in one fateful day. It doesnt matter that you werent feeling very well, or that your mother died. Little things like that dont count: the exam goes on. No one can give of his best when he is in mortal terror, or after a sleepless night, yet this is precisely what the examination system expects him to do. The moment a child begins school, he enters a world of vicious competition where success and failure are clearly defined and measured. Can we wonder at the increasing number of drop-outs: young people who are written off as utter failures before they have even embarked on a career? Can we be surprised at the suicide rate among students?A good education should, among other things, train you to think for yourself. The examination system does anything but that. What has to be learnt is rigidly laid down by a syllabus, so the student is encouraged to memorize. Examinations do not motivate a student to read widely, but to restrict his reading; they do not enable him to seek more and more knowledge, but induce cramming. They lower the standards of teaching, for they deprive the teacher of all freedoms. Teachers themselves are often judged by examination results and instead of teaching their subjects, they are reduced to training their students in exam techniques which they despise. The most successful candidates are not always the best educated; they are the best trained in the technique of working under duress.The results on which so much depends are often nothing more than a subjective assessment by some anonymous examiner. Examiners are only human. They get tired and hungry; they make mistakes. Yet they have to mark stacks of hastily scrawled scripts in a limited amount of time. They work under the same sort of pressure as the candidates. And their word carries weight. After a judges decision you have the right of appeal, but not after an examiners. There must surely be many simpler and more effective ways of assessing a persons true abilities. Is it cynical to suggest that examinations are merely a profitable business for the institutions that run them? This is what it boils down to in the last analysis. The best comment on the system is this illiterate message recently scrawled on a wall: I were a teenage drop-out and now I are a teenage millionaire.1. The main idea of this passage is _.2. The authors attitude toward examinations is _.3. The fate of students is decided by _.4. According to the author, the most important of a good education is _.5. Why does the author mention court?问题1选项A.examinations exert a pernicious influence on educationB.examinations are ineffectiveC.examinations are profitable for institutionsD.examinations are a burden on students问题2选项A.detestB.approvalC.criticalD.indifferent问题3选项A.educationB.institutionsC.examinationsD.students themselves问题4选项A.to encourage students to read widelyB.to train students to think on their ownC.to teach students how to tackle examsD.to master his fate问题5选项A.Give an example.B.For comparison.C.It shows that teachers evolutions depend on the results of examinations.D.It shows the results of court is more effective.【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:C第4题:B第5题:B【解析】1.【选项释义】1. The main idea of this passage is _. 1. 这篇文章的主要观点是_。A. examinations exert a pernicious influence on education A. 考试对教育有不良影响B. examinations are ineffective B. 考试是无效的C. examinations are profitable for institutions C. 考试对机构是有益的D. examinations are a burden on students D. 考试对学生来说是一种负担【考查点】主旨大意题。【解题思路】文章第一段最后一句点明“考试是测试记忆的好方法，是测试在巨大压力下快速工作的技巧的好方法，却测不出一个人的真正能力和水平”，然后第二段第一句“作为焦虑制造者，考试是首屈一指的”，和第三段第四句指出“考试不但没有促进学生广泛阅读，反而限制其阅读；考试不能使学生追求更多的知识，而是诱导学生进行应付考试的突击式学习”，接着最后一段首句指出“许多因素所依赖的考试结果只不过是某个匿名考官的主观评估”，综合理解可知，考试对于学生来说不是一件好事情，也不是检验学生真正的能力和水平的工具，甚至反而会制造焦虑，限制学生独立思考，也就是说考试对教育具有有害的影响，A项“考试对教育有不良影响”概括了本文的主要观点，故该题选择A项符合题意。【干扰项排除】B项“考试是无效的”、D项“考试对学生来说是一种负担”是进行考试的后果的其中一方面，这两项属于以偏概全；C项“考试对机构是有益的”也是考试的一方面，该项属于以偏概全。2.【选项释义】2. The authors attitude toward examinations is _. 2. 作者对考试的态度是_。A. detest A. 厌恶B. approval B. 称许的C. critical C. 批判的D. indifferent D. 漠不关心的【考查点】观点态度题。【解题思路】第一段中作者明确指出，考试方法不能测出人的能力和水平，第二段点明考试作为成功与失败的标志，成为了一个焦虑制造者，第三段说考试最成功的考试者经常不是最佳的受教育者，他们是在胁迫下获得最佳考试技巧者，而好的教育应能培养人的独立思考，然后第四段最后一句“我过去是一个是十来岁的辍学者，现在我是一个年轻的百万富翁”画龙点睛地指出，考试指挥下的教育的失败，这一切都说明作者对考试的批评态度；所以C项“批判的”符合题意。【干扰项排除】A项“厌恶”、D项“漠不关心的”根据解题思路可知，这两项都不能准确表达作者对考试的态度，属于曲解原文；B项“称许的”与作者对考试的态度相反，该项属于反向干扰。3.【选项释义】3. The fate of students is decided by _. 3. 学生的命运是由_决定。A. education A. 教育B. institutions B. 机构C. examinations C. 考试D. students themselves D. 他们自己【考查点】细节事实题。【解题思路】根据第二段第三、四内容“他们（考试）是我们社会中成功与失败的标志。你的整个未来可能在一个决定性的日子里被决定（Your whole future may be decided in one fateful day）。”理解可知，学生的命运是由考试决定的，该题选择C项“考试”符合题意。【干扰项排除】A项“教育”、B项“机构”和D项“他们自己”没有提到，这三项属于无中生有。4.【选项释义】4. According to the author, the most important of a good education is _. 4. 根据作者的观点，良好的教育最重要的是_。A. to encourage students to read widely A. 鼓励学生广泛阅读B. to train students to think on their own B. 培养学生独立思考的能力C. to teach students how to tackle exams C. 教学生如何应付考试D. to master his fate D. 掌握自己的命运【考查点】细节事实题。【解题思路】根据第三段第一句“良好的教育，除其他外，应该训练你独立思考”可知，良好的教育应该培养学生独立思考的能力，B项“培养学生独立思考的能力”符合题意。【干扰项排除】A项“鼓励学生广泛阅读”属于良好教育的其中一方面，该项属于以偏概全；C项“教学生如何应付考试”是考试的负面影响，与题干无关，该项属于出处错位；D项“掌握自己的命运”没有提到，该项属于无中生有。5.【选项释义】5. Why does the author mention court? 5. 为什么作者提到法院？A. Give an example. A. 举例。B. For comparison. B. 为了比较。C. It shows that teachers evolutions depend on the results of examinations. C. 表明教师的进化依赖于考试的结果。D. It shows the results of court is more effective. D. 表明法院的判决结果更为有效。【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干定位至最后一段第七句“在法官的裁决之后，你有上诉的权利，但在阅卷人给分后，学生却没有上诉权”，可知，作者在这里对比了法院和考试的区别，法院有上诉权，但考试没有；然后倒数第三句谈及“一想到考试只对进行考试的机构有利，未免太自私了”，综合理解可推断，作者提到法院就是为了与考试进行对比，B项“为了比较”符合题意。【干扰项排除】A项“举例”根据解题思路可知，该项表述不准确，属于曲解原文；C项“表明教师的进化依赖于考试的结果”是第三段的内容，与题干无关，该项属于出处错位；D项“表明法院的判决结果更为有效”，作者在文章末段提到法院是为了对比考试的不公平，并不是表明法院的判决更有效，该项属于本末倒置。2. 单选题If she is stupid, shes _ pleasant to look at.问题1选项A.at any rateB.by chanceC.at a lossD.by the way【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. at any rate无论如何，至少 B. by chance偶然；意外地C. at a loss困惑不解；不知所措 D. by the way顺便问一下【考查点】词组辨析。【解题思路】按照句意“虽然她很笨，但_她长得很好看”可知，空格处含有让步的意味，A项符合句意，故该题选择A项。【干扰项排除】B、C、D项都不符合句意。【句意】虽然她很笨，但至少她长得很好看。3. 单选题A comprehensive market system should be established to _ the flow of talent, funds and materials.问题1选项A.sufficeB.necessitateC.facilitateD.fabricate【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. suffice足够；足以 B. necessitate使成为必要C. facilitate促进；促使 D. fabricate编造；捏造【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】按照句意“应该建立一个全面的市场体系来_人才、资金和物资的流动”，根据空格后的单词flow可知，空格处表示“促进”符合句意，故该题选择C项。【干扰项排除】A、B、D项都不符合句意。【句意】应该建立一个全面的市场体系来促进人才、资金和物资的流动。4. 单选题Let us begin with two vignettes.问题1选项A.slogansB.maximsC.caveatsD.sketches【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. slogans口号 B. maxims格言；箴言C. caveats警告；告诫 D. sketches幽默短剧，小品；素描【考查点】名词辨析。【解题思路】vignette是表示“人物特征、局势等的简介；（表演）小品”，四个选项中只有D项词义与之相近，故该题选择D项。【干扰项排除】A、B、C项不符合划线单词词义。【句意】让我们从两个小品开始。5. 单选题The most successful way to solve the language problem while a foreign play is being performed is _ translation.问题1选项A.homogeneousB.simultaneousC.instantaneousD.spontaneous【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. homogeneous同种类的 B. simultaneous同时发生（或进行）的；同步的C. instantaneous立即的；立刻的 D. spontaneous自发的；非筹划安排的【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】根据关键信息while a foreign play is being performed（在外国戏剧上演时）和translation可推知，在看戏剧时，解决语言问题的办法就是同声传译，simultaneous translation表示“同声传译”，该题选择B项。【干扰项排除】A、C、D项不符合句意。【句意】在外国戏剧上演时，解决语言问题最成功的方法就是同声传译。6. 单选题Certainly every school _ high priority to the quality of teaching.问题1选项A.ascribesB.refersC.reconcilesD.accords【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. ascribes把归因于；认为是 B. refers提到，谈到C. reconciles调和；和解 D. accords（与）一致，符合【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】根据high priority（高优先级）和the quality of teaching（教学质量）可知，此句应该表示学校教学质量是高优先级，结合to可知，ascribe to表示“认为是；归因于”符合句意，故该题选择A项。【干扰项排除】B、C、D项不符合句意。【句意】当然，每个学校都对教学质量高度重视。7. 单选题The fear that the poor could not profit from economic interaction has now given way to a pessimism that trade with the developing world will impoverish todays rich countries.问题1选项A.restructureB.obsoleteC.paralyzeD.weaken【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. restructure调整结构；改组 B. obsolete淘汰的；废弃的C. paralyze使瘫痪；使麻痹 D. weaken虚弱，衰弱【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】根据关键词pessimism可知，impoverish是一个贬义词，结合第二个同位语从句中提到developing world（发展中国家）和rich countries（富裕国家）可推断，impoverish是指“使贫困”，也就是说和发展中国家的贸易会削弱富裕国家的经济，D项词义与之相近，故该题选择D项。【干扰项排除】A、B、C项不符合划线单词词义。【句意】对穷人无法从经济互动中获益的担忧，现在已被悲观情绪所取代，这种悲观情绪认为，与发展中国家的贸易将使今天的富裕国家变得贫穷。8. 单选题In the past decade, a lot of caloric power stations have been built, using coal as fuel.问题1选项A.hydraulicB.windC.solarD.thermal【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. hydraulic（通过水管等）液压的；水力的B. wind风C. solar太阳的 D. thermal热量的【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】根据关键信息using coal as fuel（以煤为燃料）可知，caloric power stations指的是热电站，caloric是“热量的”的意思，D项词义与之相近，故该题选择D项。【干扰项排除】A、B、C项词义不符合句中所选词汇。【句意】在过去的十年里，人们建造了许多以煤为燃料的热电站。9. 单选题And while the collapse of Russias financial system is devastating to Russians, Omsk isnt Omaha.问题1选项A.destroyingB.betrayingC.wolfishD.unrelenting【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. destroying摧毁的；毁灭的 B. betraying出卖的；背叛的C. wolfish似狼的 D. unrelenting不缓和的；势头不减的【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】devastating本意是“毁灭性的；令人震惊的”，由the collapse of Russias financial system（俄罗斯金融体系的崩溃）可知，devastating在句中表示“毁灭性的”，A项词义与之相近，故该题选择A项。【干扰项排除】B、C、D项不符合划线单词词义。【句意】尽管俄罗斯金融体系的崩溃对俄罗斯人来说是毁灭性的，但鄂木斯克并非奥马哈。10. 单选题America will never again have as a nation the spirit of adventure as it _ before the West was settled.问题1选项A.couldB.didC.wouldD.was【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. could能够 B. did助动词do的过去式C. would将要 D. was是【考查点】省略。【解题思路】根据asas可知，此处是比较级，比较的成分应该是相同的，所以第二个as后面的成分应该是as it had the spirit of adventure，但前面已经出现the spirit of adventure，所以后面用助动词did替代，故该题选择B项。【干扰项排除】A、C、D项不符合语法结构。【句意】作为一个国家，美国将不再具有开拓西部之前的那种冒险精神。11. 单选题Contagious yawning is thought to be an evolved mechanism for keeping groups alert so they remain vigilant against danger.问题1选项A.watchfulB.incontinentC.stifledD.vigorous【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. watchful注意的；警惕的 B. incontinent（大小便）失禁的C. stifled压制 D. vigorous充满活力的【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】分析句子可知，for和so都是表示原因，那么推知for keeping groups alert与so they remain vigilant against danger是相近的意思，alert在这表示“警觉，警惕”，同样vigilant也表示“警惕”，所以A项词义与之相近，故该题选择A项。【干扰项排除】B、C、D项词义不符合句中所选词汇。【句意】传染性打哈欠被认为是一种进化的机制，以保持群体的警惕，从而保持对危险的警惕。12. 翻译题中国将深化改革，促进应用型科研机构转制为企业，鼓励技术型企业的发展。这是一项使科技与经济相结合的重要举措。科研机构转制为企业后，将建立现代企业制度，适应市场需要，从而充分发展其研究、开发和创新的优势。【答案】China will deepen its reform to promote the transformation of applied scientific research institution system into enterprises and encourage the development of technology-based enterprises. It is an important measure to integrate science and technology with economy. Once transformed into enterprises, scientific research institutions shall establish a modern enterprise system, and orient themselves to the needs of the market, giving full play to their strength in research, development and innovation.13. 单选题The market had been priced at historic highs relative to benchmarks like corporate profits and individuals.问题1选项A.standardsB.touchstonesC.hallmarksD.norms【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. standards标准；水平 B. touchstones试金石；检验标准C. hallmarks特征；特点 D. norms行为标准【考查点】名词辨析。【解题思路】benchmark本意是“基准”，由relative to（相对于）可知，benchmark在这是指用已知的东西作标准，与其他事物进行比较，而touchstone也可指作为判断第二件事的测试或标准，含有比较的意味，故B项词义与之相近，故该题选择B项。【干扰项排除】A项指公认的、尤指可被接受的社会各个方面一般的标准、水准、度量衡标准、衡量品质、才度、价值、道德、规则、原则等的标准；C项不符合划线单词词义；D项指在特定社会中被认为正常的行为方式或组织期望达到的官方标准或水平。【句意】相对于企业利润和个人等基准，股市的定价一直处于历史高位。14. 单选题Since Mr. White died a year ago, there has been discord in the family about the division of the estate.问题1选项A.distinctionsB.disagreementsC.disadvantagesD.discussions【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. distinctions区别 B. disagreements分歧；争论C. disadvantages缺点 D. discussions讨论【考查点】名词辨析。【解题思路】分析句子可知，discord是一个名词，dis-前缀表示否定的，那么discord可能是一个贬义词，由关键信息the division of the estate（遗产分配问题）综合理解可推断，discord是指遗产分配上的分歧或不和，B项词义与之相近，故该题选择B项。【干扰项排除】A、C、D项不符合划线单词词义。【句意】自从怀特先生一年前去世以来，家里在遗产分配问题上一直不和。15. 单选题Radar is used to extend the _ of mans senses for observing his environment, especially the sense of vision.问题1选项A.validityB.liabilityC.capabilityD.intensity【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. validity（法律上的）有效；合法性B. liability（法律上对某事物的）责任，义务C. capability能力；才能 D. intensity强烈；紧张【考查点】名词辨析。【解题思路】根据关键信息mans senses for observing his environment（一个人观察环境的感官）可知，空格处指的是“感官能力”，故该题选择C项。【干扰项排除】A、B、D项都不符合句意。【句意】雷达被用来扩展人观察环境的感官能力，特别是视觉。16. 单选题At the wedding ceremony, the bridegroom and his bride exchanged rings as a_ of their love.问题1选项A.presentB.tokenC.markD.sign【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. present礼物；礼品 B. token象征；标志C. mark污点；污渍 D. sign迹象；征兆【考查点】名词辨析。【解题思路】根据the bridegroom and his bride exchanged rings（新郎和新娘交换了戒指）可推知，交换戒指是爱情的象征，故该题选择B项。【干扰项排除】A、C、D项不符合句意。【句意】在婚礼上，新郎和新娘交换了戒指作为他们爱情的象征。17. 不定项选择题Cell phone use has exploded in many countries, easing communication between individuals but causing social uneasiness as well. In the industrialized West, cell phone use has leapfrogged over conventional phone networks that relied on cumbersome telephone lines and expensive underground wiring. In Asian countries, especially poorer ones like Cambodia, such high infrastructure costs are being avoided by simply moving to wireless communication.However, even in the most modern countries, cell phone use has proved somewhat of a novelty, one that has required a redefinition of social conventions. The ability to always be connected with another person, no matter where one travels, has led to a friction of personal space and different perceptions on the value of communication. Today, cell phone users can talk to friends, workers and family members while catching a bus, walking along the street or climbing a flight of stairs.But what of the people around cell phone users? Often a loud cell call in a movie theater or a recital hall will bring sighs of annoyance by the audience as impatience with beeping and ringing increases. But should government step in to regulate the use of cell phones and restrict their use? Some argue that market forces are best suited to solving consumer dissatisfaction. Proponents of this perspective cite new rules in movie theaters and concert halls that require patrons to turn off their cell phones before the performance begins.Others, however, see a role for government in harnessing this new technology. In some states, it is now illegal to drive and talk on a mobile phone. As a response to these laws and because of the complications of performing more than one task while speaking on a cell phone, .companies have developed headsets so that users can talk “hands free”. Nevertheless, this solution has perhaps aggravated social friction by making cell phone use even more convenient. Many users are now seen talking to themselvesa sign not of mental instabilitybut of the rapid expansion of modern technology.Regardless of private or public restrictions on the use of cell phones, society still has a long way to go before it can truly accept and adapt to the burdens of cell phone use on third parties. Only when distinct social norms are created to deal with common cell phone use will the technology become more accepted and viewed less as an irritant.1. The example of Cambodia in the first paragraph is used to represent a county that _.2. The word “leapfrogged” in the first paragraph most probably means that _.3. In Paragraph 3, what is the authors position in regard to cell phone use restriction?4. According to the passage, one unforeseen consequence of hand free use has been _.5. According to the author, which of the following must be achieved before cell phone use can be truly accepted?问题1选项A.needs more phonesB.has a high percentage of cell phone usersC.uses cell phones to avoid high infrastructure costs of traditional phone systemsD.uses mail问题2选项A.cell phone technology is rapidly becoming out of dateB.cell phone users communicate by jumping over normal phone linesC.cell phone use is expanding at a rapid rateD.cell phone use has replaced and surpassed traditional phone use问题3选项A.A neutral stance.B.Firm support for restriction.C.Opposition to any restriction.D.Ambiguousness.问题4选项A.an increase in cell phone costsB.an increased incident of unusual behaviorC.an increase in traffic accidentsD.a decrease in brain cancer from cell phone use问题5选项A.Government must pass law stipulating the conditions of cell phone use.B.Social norms on normal cell phone use need to be adopted.C.Laws on cell phone use must be harmonized with social norms.D.Cell phone use should continue without restrictions.【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:A第4题:C第5题:B【解析】1.【选项释义】1. The example of Cambodia in the first paragraph is used to represent a county that _. 1. 第一段中柬埔寨的例子是用来代表_的一个国家。A. needs more phones A. 需要更多的手机B. has a high percentage of cell phone users B. 手机用户比例高C. uses cell phones to avoid high infrastructure costs of traditional phone systems C. 使用手机来避免传统电话系统的高基础设施成本D. uses mail D. 使用邮件【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干定位至第一段最后一句“在亚洲国家，特别是像柬埔寨这样较为贫穷的国家，只要改用无线通讯，就可以避免如此高昂的基础设施成本”，无线通讯是上文所指的手机的使用，综合理解可以推断，该段用柬埔寨举例是用来代表性地说明使用手机能避免高昂的基础设施成本，该题选择C项“使用手机来避免传统电话系统的高基础设施成本”符合题意。【干扰项排除】A项“需要更多的手机”，柬埔寨需要改用无线通讯，而不是需要更多无线通讯，该项属于曲解原文；B项“手机用户比例高”，柬埔寨还在使用传统的电话网络，该项与原文相反，属于反向干扰；D项“使用邮件”，文章没有提到邮件，该项属于无中生有。2.【选项释义】2. The word “leapfrogged” in the first paragraph most probably means that _. 2. 第一段中的单词“leapfrogged”很可能意味着_。A. cell phone technology is rapidly becoming out of date A. 手机技术正在迅速过时B. cell phone users communicate by jumping over normal phone lines B. 手机用户可以跳过普通电话线进行交流C. cell phone use is expanding at a rapid rate C. 手机的使用正在迅速扩大D. cell phone use has replaced and surpassed traditional phone use D. 手机的使用已经取代并超越了传统电话的使用【考查点】词义推测题。【解题思路】根据题干定位至第一段第二句“在西方工业化国家，手机的使用已经超越了（leapfrogged）传统的电话网络，后者依赖于笨重的电话线和昂贵的地下线路”，从这句话我们可知，手机的使用已经超过了传统电话网络的使用；结合第一句“在许多国家，手机的使用呈爆炸式增长”，也就是说许多国家已经开始使用手机了，综合理解可推知，leapfrogged指的是手机的使用取代并超越了传统电话，D项“手机的使用已经取代并超越了传统电话的使用”符合题意。【干扰项排除】A项“手机技术正在迅速过时”，是传统电话正在过时，而不是手机，该项属于曲解原文；B项“手机用户可以跳过普通电话线进行交流”，原文没有这种表述，该项属于无中生有；C项“手机的使用正在迅速扩大”表述不全，该项属于曲解原文。3.【选项释义】3. In Paragraph 3, what is the authors position in regard to cell phone use restriction? 3. 在第三段中，作者对于手机使用限制的立场是什么？A. A neutral stance. A. 一个中立的立场。B. Firm support for restriction. B. 坚决支持限制。C. Opposition to any restriction. C. 反对任何限制