2022年考博英语-沈阳药科大学考试题库及模拟押密卷86（含答案解析）

2022年考博英语-沈阳药科大学考试题库及模拟押密卷（含答案解析）1. 翻译题各学科的发展日新月异，令人称奇，但衡量知识、能力的方法却依然如故，非常原始。迄今为止，教育工作还没有找到比考试更有效、更可靠的方法，着实有点离奇。尽管有不少人认定，考试能衡量出一个人的知识水平，但实际情况恰恰相反，这是有目共睹的。要想考察一个人死记硬背的本事和在极大压力下快速答题的技巧，考试或许是个不错的方法。然而，要想了解一个人的禀赋资质和实际能力如何，考试是考不出名堂的。【答案】Various Disciplines evolve with astonishing speed, but the methods of measuring knowledge and competence remain as primitive as ever. It is a little weird that no more effective and reliable method than examinations has been found in education so far. Although many people believe that examinations can measure ones level of knowledge, it is obvious to all that the opposite is true. An examination might be a good way to test ones ability of rote memorization and skills of answering quickly under extreme pressure. However, it cannot tell you ones aptitude and practical capabilities.2. 单选题Senior citizens, especially those above 70, are _ to some privileges in many countries.问题1选项A.enforcedB.engagedC.enabledD.entitled【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. enforced 强制执行 B. engaged 从事；忙于C. enabled 使能够 D. entitled 使享有权利【考查点】动词辨析【解题思路】空格处填入的是动词，与其搭配的介词为to，其宾语为privileges“特权”，D选项entitled“使享有权利”能够满足语义搭配要求，且常搭配的介词为to，be entitled to sth“被赋予某种权利或享有某种资格”。【干扰项排除】A选项enforced “（enforce sth on/against sb/sth）强制执行”，与“特权”及介词to不搭配；B选项engaged “（be engaged in/on sth）从事；忙于”，与“特权”及介词to不搭配；C选项enabled “使能够”，与“特权”不搭配，语义不完整。【句意】在许多国家，老年人，尤其是70岁以上的老年人享有一些特权。3. 单选题At 18, Ashanthi Desilva of suburban Cleveland is a living symbol of one of the great intellectual achievements of the 20th century. Born with an extremely rare and usually fatal disorder that left her without a functioning immune system (the “bubble-boy disease,” named after an earlier victim who was kept alive for years in a sterile plastic tent), she was treated beginning in 1990 with a revolutionary new therapy that sought to correct the defect at its very source, in the genes of her white blood cells. It worked. Although her last gene-therapy treatment was in 1992, she is completely healthy with normal immune function, according to one of the doctors who treated her, W. French Anderson of the University of Southern California. Researchers have long dreamed of treating diseases from hemophilia to cancer by replacing mutant genes with normal ones. And the dreaming may continue for decades more. “There will be a gene-based treatment for essentially every disease,” Anderson says, “within 50 years.”Its not entirely clear why medicine has been so slow to build on Andersons early success. The National Institutes of Health budget office estimates it will spend $432 million on gene-therapy research in 2005, and there is no shortage of promising leads. The therapeutic genes are usually delivered through viruses that dont cause human disease. “The virus is sort of like a Trojan Horse,” says Ronald Crystal of New York Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical College. “The cargo is the gene.”At the University of Pennsylvanias Abramson Cancer Center, immunologist Carl June recently treated HIV patients with a gene intended to help their cells resist the infection. At Cornell University, researchers are pursuing gene-based therapies for Parkinsons disease and a rare hereditary disorder that destroys childrens brain cells. At Stanford University and the Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia, researchers are trying to figure out how to help patients with hemophilia who today must inject themselves with expensive clotting drugs for life. Animal experiments have shown great promise.But somehow, things get lost in the translation from laboratory to patient. In human trials of the hemophilia treatment, patients show a response at first, but it fades over time. And the field has still not recovered from the setback it suffered in 1999, when Jesse Gelsinger, an 18-year-old with a rare metabolic disorder, died after receiving an experimental gene therapy at the University of Pennsylvania. Some experts worry that the field will be tarnished further if the next people to benefit are not patients but athletes seeking an edge. This summer, researchers at the Salk Institute in San Diego said they had created a “marathon mouse” by implanting a gene that enhances running ability; already, officials at the World Anti-Doping Agency are preparing to test athletes for signs of “Gene doping.” But the principle is the same, whether youre trying to help a health runner run faster or allow a muscular-dystrophy patient to walk. “Everybody recognizes that gene therapy is a very good idea,” says Crystal. “And eventually its going to work.”41. The case of Ashanthi Desilva is mentioned in the text to _.42. Andersons early success has _.43. Which of the following is TRUE according to the text?44. The word “tarnish” (Paragraph 4) most probably means _.45. From the text we can see that the author seems _.问题1选项A.show the promise of gene-therapyB.give an example of modern treatment for fatal diseasesC.introduce the achievement of Anderson and his teamD.explain how gene-based treatment works问题2选项A.greatly speeded the development of medicineB.promised a cure to everyC.brought no immediate progress in the research of gene-therapy diseaseD.made him a national hero问题3选项A.Ashanthi needs to receive gene-therapy treatment constantly.B.Therapeutic genes are carried by harmless viruses.C.Despite the huge funding, gene researches have shown few promises.D.Gene-doping is encouraged by world agencies to help athletes get better scores.问题4选项A.affectB.stainC.troubleD.warn问题5选项A.troubledB.pessimisticC.optimisticD.uncertain【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:B第4题:B第5题:C【解析】41.目的意图题。题干“文章中提到Ashanthi Desilva的案例是为了_”，可定位到原文第1段。本文是围绕“基因治疗”来展开的，开篇第1段就举了Ashanthi Desilva通过基因治疗成功的例子。并且本段最后一句“There will be a gene-based treatment for essentially every disease,” Anderson says, “within 50 years.”（Anderson说：“未来50年内，几乎所有疾病都会有一种基于基因的治疗方法。”）由此可知，治好Ashanthi Desilva的医生Anderson对基因治疗的展望，并且后文接着就写了基因治疗的有关内容。A选项“（为了）展示基因治疗的前景”符合原文和题目要求。B选项“举一个现代治疗致命疾病的例子”，只表述了内容，没有表述举例的目的，排除；C选项“介绍Anderson和他的团队的成就”，没有围绕文章主题，不是举例的目的，排除；D选项“解释基因治疗是如何起作用的”，案例中并未解释基因治疗是如何起作用的，排除。因此，本题最佳选项为A。42.判断推理题。题干“Anderson的早期成就_”，可定位到原文第2段第1句Its not entirely clear why medicine has been so slow to build on Andersons early success.（目前还不完全清楚为什么医学在Anderson早期成功的基础上发展得如此缓慢。）由此可知，在Anderson早期成就的基础上，医学还是发展很慢，C选项“没有给基因治疗疾病的研究带来快速进展”表述正确，A选项“大大加快了医学的发展”表述错误。B选项 “承诺了一种治疗一切疾病的良方”，可定位到原文第1段最后一句“There will be a gene-based treatment for essentially every disease,” Anderson says, “within 50 years.”（Anderson说：“未来50年内，几乎所有疾病都会有一种基于基因的治疗方法。”）由此可知，他只是说未来几乎每一种疾病都可以有一种基因治疗的方法，但这并不是一定的，也不能说明基因治疗万能的，可以治好一切疾病，B选项表述过于绝对，排除；D选项“使他成为民族英雄”，原文并未提及，排除。因此，本题最佳选项为C。43.事实细节题。题干“根据课文，下列哪项是正确的？”A选项“Ashanthi需要不断接受基因治疗”，可定位到原文第1段第4句Although her last gene-therapy treatment was in 1992, she is completely healthy with normal immune function（尽管她在1992年才接受最后一次基因治疗，她非常健康，免疫功能正常）由此可知，Ashanthi在1992年接受了最后一次基因治疗，并且已经痊愈，不需要再接受基因治疗。选项表述错误，排除；B选项“治疗性基因由无害的病毒携带”，可定位到原文第2段第3句The therapeutic genes are usually delivered through viruses that dont cause human disease.（这种治疗性基因通常通过不引起人类疾病的病毒传递。）由此可知，B选项表述正确。C选项“尽管有巨额资金支持，基因研究却没有什么前景”，可定位到第2段第2句The National Institutes of Health budget office estimates it will spend $432 million on gene-therapy research in 2005, and there is no shortage of promising leads.（美国国家卫生研究院估计，2005年，将在基因治疗研究上花费4.32亿美元，而且不乏有前途的研究方向。）由此可知，政府的巨额资金支持的研究项目中有前途光明的研究，说明基因研究还是有前景的，选项表述错误；D选项“世界机构鼓励使用基因兴奋剂来帮助运动员取得更好的成绩”，可定位到原文最后一段倒数第3句already, officials at the World Anti-Doping Agency are preparing to test athletes for signs of “Gene doping.”（世界反兴奋剂机构的官员已经准备对运动员进行“基因兴奋剂”测试。）由此可知，世界机构对使用基因兴奋剂持否定态度，选项表述错误，排除。因此，本题最佳选项为B。44.词义推断题。根据题干可定位到原文第4段第4句Some experts worry that the field will be tarnished further if the next people to benefit are not patients but athletes seeking an edge.（一些专家担心，如果下一个受益的人不是病人，而是寻求优势的运动员，这个领域将会进一步_。）根据原文中further定位到前一句And the field has still not recovered from the setback it suffered in 1999, when , died after receiving an experimental gene therapy（该领域至今仍未从1999年的挫折中恢复过来，当时接受实验性基因治疗后去世。）由此可知1999年的事给基因治疗领域带来了不好的影响，破坏了该领域的名声，所以原文be tarnished further应该是指进一步带来不好的影响，进一步破坏基因治疗的声誉。B选项“玷污，败坏名声”最符合原文。A选项 “影响”是中性词，不能表达进一步带来坏的影响，排除；C选项“麻烦”、D选项“警告；通知”不符合句意。因此，本题最佳选项为B。45.观点态度题。本文围绕“基因治疗”展开。第1段举Ashanthi接受基因治疗痊愈的例子，说明基因治疗的光明前景；第2段介绍美国政府投入巨额资金进行基因治疗的研究，其中不乏有前途的研究；第3段介绍针对不同疾病的基因治疗研究，并且有很大的希望；前三段可以明显看出作者的态度是乐观的。第4段虽然介绍了两个给基因治疗带来不好影响的例子，但是最后一句“Everybody recognizes that gene therapy is a very good idea,” says Crystal. “And eventually its going to work.”（“每个人都认识到基因疗法是一个非常好的想法，”Crystal说，“最终会成功的。”）由此可知，作者最终还是持乐观态度的。C选项“乐观的”符合原文。A选项“困惑的”、B选项“悲观的”、D选项“不确定的”，均不符合原文，排除。因此，本题最佳选项为C。4. 单选题Why the inductive and mathematical sciences, after their first rapid development at the culmination of Greek civilization, advanced as slowly for two thousand yearsand why in the following two hundred years a knowledge of natural and mathematical science has accumulated, which so vastly exceeds all that was previously known that these sciences may be justly regarded as the products of our own timesare questions which have interested the modern philosopher not less than the objects with which these sciences are more immediately conversant. Was it the employment of a new method of research, or in the exercise of greater virtue in the use of the old methods, that this singular modern phenomenon had its origin? Was the long period one of arrested development, and is the modern era one of normal growth? Or should we ascribe the characteristics of both periods to so-called historical accidentsto the influence of conjunctions in circumstances of which no explanation is possible, save in the omnipotence and wisdom of a guiding Providence?The explanation which has become commonplace, that the ancients employed deduction chiefly in their scientific inquiries, while the moderns employ induction, proves to be too narrow, and fails upon close examination to point with sufficient distinctness the contrast that is evident between ancient and modern scientific doctrines and inquiries. For all knowledge is founded on observation, and proceeds from this by analysis, by synthesis and analysis, by induction and deduction, and if possible by verification, or by new appeals to observation under the guidance of deductionby steps which are indeed correlative parts of one method; and the ancient sciences afford examples of every one of these methods, or parts of one method, which have been generalized from the examples of science.A failure to employ or to employ adequately any one of these partial methods, an imperfection in the arts and resources of observation and experiment, carelessness in observation, neglect of relevant facts, by appeal to experiment and observationthese are the faults which cause all failures to ascertain truth, whether among the ancients or the moderns; but this statement does not explain why the modern is possessed of a greater virtue, and by what means he attained his superiority. Much less does it explain the sudden growth of science in recent times.The attempt to discover the explanation of this phenomenon in the antithesis of “facts” and “theories” or “facts” and “ideas”in the neglect among the ancients of the former, and their too exclusive attention to the latterproves also to be too narrow, as well as open to the charge of vagueness. For in the first place, the antithesis is not complete. Facts and theories are not coordinate species. Theories, if true, are factsa particular class of facts indeed, generally complex, and if a logical connection subsists between their constituents, have all the positive attributes of theories.Nevertheless, this distinction, however inadequate it may be to explain the source of true method in science, is well founded, and connotes an important character in true method. A fact is a proposition of simple. A theory, on the other hand, if true has all the characteristics of a fact, except that its verification is possible only by indirect, remote, and difficult means. To convert theories into facts is to add simple verification, and the theory thus acquires the full characteristics of a fact.25. The title that best expresses the ideas of this passage is?26. According to the author, one possible reason for the growth of science during the days of the ancient Greeks and in modern times is _.27. The underlined word “ascertain” in the third paragraph probably means _.28. The difference between “fact” and “theory”_.29. According to the author, mathematics is _.30. The statement “Theories are facts” may be called _.问题1选项A.Philosophy of mathematicsB.The Recent Growth in Science.C.The Verification of Facts.D.Methods of Scientific Inquiry.问题2选项A.the similarity between the two periodsB.that it was an act of GodC.that both tried to develop the inductive methodD.due to the decline of the deductive method问题3选项A.find outB.confirmC.announceD.make sure问题4选项A.is that the latter needs confirmationB.rests on the simplicity of the formerC.is the difference between the modern scientists and the ancient GreeksD.helps us to understand the deductive method问题5选项A.an inductive scienceB.in need of simple verificationC.a deductive scienceD.based on fact and theory问题6选项A.a metaphorB.a paradoxC.an appraisal of the inductive and deductive methodsD.a pun【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:B第4题:A第5题:C第6题:B【解析】25. 【选项释义】The title that best expresses the ideas of this passage is? 最能表达这篇文章观点的题目是？A. Philosophy of mathematics. A. 数学的哲学B. The Recent Growth in Science. B. 科学的最新发展C. The Verification of Facts. C. 事实的核实D. Methods of Scientific Inquiry. D. 科学探究的方法【考查点】主旨大意题。【解题思路】1）分析文章行文结构：本文的结构大致为“提出问题对已有的解释进行分析”。第一段提到“现代哲学家感兴趣的问题，为什么归纳和数学科学，在希腊文明达到顶峰时第一次快速发展（their first rapid development）之后，两千年来发展缓慢（slowly for two thousand years），以及为什么在接下来的二百年中，自然科学和数学的发展（so vastly exceeds）大大超过了以前所知道的一切”；第二段否定了解释1“古人在科学研究中主要采用演绎法（deduction），而现代人则采用归纳法（induction），这种解释过于狭隘（too narrow），经仔细考察，无法充分（fails）清楚地指出古代和现代科学学说和研究之间明显的对比”；第三段否定了解释2“没有使用或充分使用这些局部方法中的任何一种，在观察和实验的艺术和资源上的缺陷，在观察中粗心，忽视相关事实，诉诸于实验和观察”；第四段否定了解释3古人试图通过将“事实”与“理论”或“事实”与“观念”对立来解释这一现象；第五段肯定了第四段中将“事实”与“理论”进行区分的可取之处，即这种区分包含了真正方法的一个重要特征。2）提炼复现词：methods“方法”。综上所述，D选项“科学探究的方法”最适合做本文的标题。【干扰项排除】A选项“数学的哲学”，本文并未提及，属于无中生有；B选项“科学的最新发展”，只是在开头第一段引入问题时被提到，属于背景信息，并不能概括全文，不适合做本文标题，属于本末倒置；C选项“事实的核实”，只是本文第四、五段的内容，并不能概括全文，不适合做本文标题，属于本末倒置。26 【选项释义】According to the author, one possible reason for the growth of science during the days of the ancient Greeks and in modern times is _. 作者认为，古希腊和现代科学发展的一个可能原因是_。A. the similarity between the two periods A. 这两个时期的相似之处B. that it was an act of God B. 是上帝的杰作C. that both tried to develop the inductive method C. 他们都试图发展归纳法D. due to the decline of the deductive method D. 由于演绎法的衰落【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干关键词the growth of science during the days of the ancient Greeks and in modern times可定位到本文第1段最后一句，该句说到“或者，我们是否应该把这两个时期的特点归因于所谓的历史偶然性归因于环境中结合的影响？这种影响，除非以指导我们的上帝的全能和智慧（the omnipotence and wisdom of a guiding Providence）来解释，否则是无法解释的。”由此可知，作者认为上帝是一个可能的原因。“God”是“a guiding Providence”的同义替换。【干扰项排除】A选项“这两个时期的相似之处”，原文并未提及，属于无中生有；C选项“他们都试图发展归纳法”，原文虽然提到了归纳法，但并没有说这两个时期都试图发展归纳法，该选项属于无中生有；D选项“由于演绎法的衰落”，原文虽然提到了演绎法，但并没有说演绎法的衰落，该选项属于无中生有。27. 【选项释义】The underlined word “ascertain” in the third paragraph probably means _. 第三段中划线的单词“ascertain”的意思可能是_。A. find out A. 发现B. confirm B. 证实C. announce C. 宣布D. make sure D. 确保【考查点】词汇推测题。【解题思路】句中前后信息衔接：根据题干关键词the third paragraph定位到原文第3段。本段第1句破折号后ascertain所在部分的句意是“无论是古代还是现代，这些都是导致不能_真理/真相的错误。”2）上下文语义衔接：由第一题的解析可得，本文的主题是“科学研究的方法”，第3段第1句破折号前的句子是展开介绍在科学实验中犯的错误，那么此处的truth指的应该是科学真理，由此可知，ascertain是搭配“真理”的动词，“宣布真理”和“确保真理”不能搭配，由此可排除C、D选项；3）分析词汇本身：ascertain中certain是“确实，确信”的意思，因此B选项“证实”更符合题意。【干扰项排除】A、C、D三个选项均不符合原文。28. 【选项释义】The difference between “fact” and “theory”_. “事实”和“理论”的区别_。A. is that the latter needs confirmation A. 是后者需要证实B. rests on the simplicity of the former B. 在于前者的简单性C. is the difference between the modern scientists and the ancient Greeks C. 是现代科学家和古希腊科学家的区别D. helps us to understand the deductive method D. 帮助我们理解演绎法【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干关键词The difference between “fact” and “theory”定位到原文最后一段。该段最后两句提到“如果一个理论是正确的，它就具有事实的所有特征，只是它的证实（except that its verification）只能通过间接的、遥远的和困难的手段。”“将理论转化为事实就是增加了简单的验证（add simple verification），从而使理论获得了事实的全部特征。”由此可知，理论得到验证之后就会变成真理，因此，A选项“是后者需要证实”就是“事实”和“理论”的区别。【干扰项排除】B选项“在于前者的简单性”，可定位到原文最后一段第2句，该句说“事实是简单的命题”，原文虽然提到了“事实”很简单，但并没有说这是两者之间的区别，该选项属于无中生有；C选项“是现代科学家和古希腊科学家的区别”，原文并未提及，该选项属于无中生有；D选项“帮助我们理解演绎法”，原文并未提及，该选项属于无中生有。29. 【选项释义】According to the author, mathematics is _. 据作者介绍，数学是_。A. an inductive science A. 归纳科学B. in need of simple verification B. 需要简单的验证C. a deductive science C. 演绎科学D. based on fact and theory D. 以事实和理论为基础【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】原文并未直接介绍数学是什么科学，只在首段引入话题时提到了数学。根据原文第一段第1句“为什么归纳和数学科学（the inductive and mathematical sciences），在希腊文明达到顶峰时第一次快速发展之后，两千年来发展缓慢”，由此可知，数学是一种科学，根据作者将归纳科学（inductive science）与数学（mathematical science）并列可推断，作者认为两者非同类的科学，“归纳和演绎”是相对的两种科学方法分类，因此，作者认为数学是一种演绎科学。【干扰项排除】A选项“归纳科学”，根据【解题思路】可排除该选项；B选项“需要简单的验证”，可定位到原文最后一段最后一句，该句提到“理论变成事实需要简单的验证（To convert theories into facts is to add simple verification）”，由此可知，该选项表述的是一种科学方法，不是对数学的介绍，属于偷换概念；D选项“以事实和理论为基础”，原文在最后两段提到了“事实和理论”，但并未涉及数学，该选项属于无中生有。30. 【选项释义】The statement “Theories are facts” may be called _. “理论就是事实”这句话可以叫作_。A. a metaphor A. 比喻（暗喻）B. a paradox B. 悖论C. an appraisal of the inductive and deductive methods C. 对归纳和演绎方法的赞美D. a pun D. 双关【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干关键词Theories和facts定位到原文最后两段。倒数第2段第2句提到“事实和理论不是完全对立的（the antithesis is not complete）”，后一句又说“事实和理论不是协调的类别（not coordinate species）”由此可知，事实和理论不是完全对立又不是完全统一的。第4段最后一句说到“如果理论是正确的（Theories, if true），那么它就是一类特定的事实（a particular class of facts）”，由此可知，正确的理论是事实，错误的理论不是事实。因此题干中“理论就是事实”的表述是B选项“悖论”。（注：悖论是“如果其中一部分是正确的，那么另一部分就不可能是正确的”的陈述。）【干扰项排除】A、C、D三个选项均没有依据，属于无中生有。5. 单选题About four years ago, Kerry Sturgill found herself at a career crossroads: Should she stay in an industry populated by extroverts (外向型的人) or jump ship to a more reflective place where introverts like her were in the majorityCareer counselors had told her to get out of the highly extroverted public relations fields “so you can be happy and do what you are.” Among the less fast-paced areas they pointes to: art, scientific research, data analysis.Such a move is definitely the right road for many introverts struggling to fit into an extroverted workplace. So, just what is an introvert anyway? Its someone who is energized by thought and reflection, while extroverts are energized by socializing. Introverts naturally need to think before they speak. Extroverts use the speaking process to figure out what it is to say.And, needless to say, there are pluses and minuses to both personality types.Still, in the modern world where as many as two-thirds of the population may be extroverted, those who are the opposite can be misunderstood. They can be seen as antisocial, secretive, even territorial, because they can sometimes try to protect their “space” and quiet.Workplaces can actually benefit from having both types, says Deborah Barrett, program director of the Rice University MBA communications program.An introvert herself, she says she has the best of both worldsworking in an environment of professors, who tend towards introversion, yet getting to teach, which calls on her more “out there” skills.Heres her advice for those looking to follow the same path:Make good use of e-mail. If you dont get to make a point at a loud meeting, send a follow-up email sharing your thoughts.If you dont have an office and are easily distracted by ongoi