2022年考博英语-江苏大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第42期

2022年考博英语-江苏大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题A comprehensive market system should be established to _ the flow of talent, funds and materials.问题1选项A.sufficeB.necessitateC.facilitateD.fabricate【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. suffice足够；足以 B. necessitate使成为必要C. facilitate促进；促使 D. fabricate编造；捏造【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】按照句意“应该建立一个全面的市场体系来_人才、资金和物资的流动”，根据空格后的单词flow可知，空格处表示“促进”符合句意，故该题选择C项。【干扰项排除】A、B、D项都不符合句意。【句意】应该建立一个全面的市场体系来促进人才、资金和物资的流动。2. 单选题Since the couple could not _ their difference, they decided to get a divorce.问题1选项A.reconcileB.complyC.coincideD.resign【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. reconcile调和；使和解 B. comply遵从；服从C. coincide同时发生 D. resign辞职；辞去（某职务）【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】根据后半句“他们决定离婚”可推知，他们的分歧没有和解，空格处表示“和解”符合句意，故该题选择A项恰当。【干扰项排除】B、C、D项不符合句意。【句意】由于这对夫妇的分歧无法得到和解，他们决定离婚。3. 单选题What we call nature is, _, the sum of the changes made by all the various creatures and natural forces in their intricate actions and influences upon each other and upon their places.问题1选项A.in common senseB.from a senseC.by the senseD.in a sense【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. in common sense普通常识 B. from a sense从一种感觉C. by the sense凭感觉 D. in a sense在某种意义上【考查点】插入语。【解题思路】分析句子可知，句子结构意义完整，而空格处位于系动词和表语之间，且用逗号隔开，可推知空格处填入一个插入语，按照句意“我们所称的自然，_，就是一切不同的生物和自然力在其相互作用和相互影响的过程中所发生的变化的总和”可知，空格处填入D项符合句意，故该题选择D项。【干扰项排除】A、B、C项都不符合句意。【句意】从某种意义上说，我们所称的自然，就是一切不同的生物和自然力在其相互作用和相互影响的过程中所发生的变化的总和。4. 单选题When people are insane, they are put away in mental hospitals to be cured.问题1选项A.abnormalB.exhaustedC.crazyD.formidable【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. abnormal不正常的；反常的 B. exhausted筋疲力尽的；疲惫不堪的C. crazy不理智的；疯狂的 D. formidable可怕的；令人敬畏的【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】根据后半句句意“他们会被送到精神病院去治疗”可推知，insane是指“精神失常的”的意思，A项词义与之相近，故该题选择A项。【干扰项排除】B、C、D项词义不符合句中所选词汇。【句意】当人们精神失常时，他们会被送到精神病院去治疗。5. 单选题The fear that the poor could not profit from economic interaction has now given way to a pessimism that trade with the developing world will impoverish todays rich countries.问题1选项A.restructureB.obsoleteC.paralyzeD.weaken【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. restructure调整结构；改组 B. obsolete淘汰的；废弃的C. paralyze使瘫痪；使麻痹 D. weaken虚弱，衰弱【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】根据关键词pessimism可知，impoverish是一个贬义词，结合第二个同位语从句中提到developing world（发展中国家）和rich countries（富裕国家）可推断，impoverish是指“使贫困”，也就是说和发展中国家的贸易会削弱富裕国家的经济，D项词义与之相近，故该题选择D项。【干扰项排除】A、B、C项不符合划线单词词义。【句意】对穷人无法从经济互动中获益的担忧，现在已被悲观情绪所取代，这种悲观情绪认为，与发展中国家的贸易将使今天的富裕国家变得贫穷。6. 单选题The young woman was so beautiful that she _ every other woman at the ball.问题1选项A.belittledB.foiledC.offsetD.eclipsed【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. belittled贬低；小看 B. foiled挫败；阻止C. offset抵消；弥补 D. eclipsed使失色；黯然失色【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】根据sothat可知，此处是结果状语从句，根据前半句句意“那位年轻女子是如此漂亮”可推知，she _ every other woman是指“她令其他女子黯然失色”，故该题选择D项符合句意。【干扰项排除】A、B、C项都不符合句意。【句意】那位年轻女子太漂亮了，使舞会上的其他妇女黯然失色。7. 单选题David is trying to get that promotion by hook or by crook; he even spread rumors defaming other candidates.问题1选项A.scaringB.smearingC.squashingD.startling【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. scaring使害怕；使恐惧 B. smearing诽谤；弄脏C. squashing挤压 D. startling使惊吓；使吓一跳【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】根据关键信息spread rumors（散发谣言）可推知，defaming是指“诽谤”的意思，B项词义与之相近，故该题选择B项。【干扰项排除】A、C、D项词义不符合句中所选词汇。【句意】大卫为了得到提升不择手段；他甚至散布诽谤其他候选人的谣言。8. 单选题In 1911, the forces of Sun Yat-sen established the Chinese Republic, and Pu Yi, the last emperor of the Qing Dynasty, was forced to _.问题1选项A.accreditB.abdicateC.tossD.accede【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. accredit认为；委任 B. abdicate退位；失（职）C. toss（轻轻或漫不经心地）扔，抛 D. accede同意（请求、建议等）；就任【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】根据空格前的was forced to可知，be forced to do sth.是固定搭配，表示“被迫做某事”，空格处应该填入一个动词，由关键信息the forces of Sun Yat-sen established the Chinese Republic（孙中山的军队建立了中华民国）和the last emperor of the Qing Dynasty（清朝末代皇帝），结合历史常识可知，空格处表示“退位”符合句意，故该题选择B项。【干扰项排除】A、C、D项不符合句意。【句意】1911年，孙中山的军队建立了中华民国，清朝末代皇帝溥仪被迫退位。9. 单选题The talks have become _ with both sides refusing to compromise any further.问题1选项A.irrationalB.irreconcilableC.irreparableD.irreplaceable【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. irrational不合逻辑的；没有道理的 B. irreconcilable矛盾的；不可调和的C. irreparable无法弥补的；不能修复的 D. irreplaceable（因贵重或独特）不能替代的【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】根据关键信息with both sides refusing to compromise any further（双方都拒绝进一步妥协）可知，这次谈判是不可调和的，B项符合句意，故该题选择B项。【干扰项排除】A、C、D项不符合句意。【句意】由于双方都拒绝进一步妥协，谈判变得不可调和。10. 单选题Chinas resuming exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong and Macao is _ of Chinese prosperity.问题1选项A.indulgentB.indifferentC.indignantD.indicative【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. indulgent纵容的；放纵的 B. indifferent漠不关心；不感兴趣的C. indignant愤慨的；愤怒的 D. indicative陈述的；指示的【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】根据关键信息Chinas resuming exercise of sovereignty（中国恢复行使主权）和Chinese prosperity（中国繁荣）可推知，对香港和澳门的行使主权的恢复是繁荣的标志，而be indicative of表示“暗示，表示”，故该题选择D项符合句意。【干扰项排除】A、B、C项不符合句意。【句意】中国恢复对香港和澳门行使主权，标志着中国的繁荣。11. 不定项选择题Since we are social beings, the quality of our lives depends in large measure on our interpersonal relationships. One strength of the human condition is our tendency to give and receive support from one another under stressful circumstances. Social support consists of the exchange of resources among people based on their interpersonal ties.Those of us with strong support systems appear better able to cope with major life changes and daily hassles. People with strong social ties live longer and have better health than those without such ties. Studies over a range of illnesses, from depression to heart disease, reveal that the presence of social support helps people fend off illness, and the absence of such support makes poor health more likely.Social support cushions stress in a number of ways. First, friends, relatives, and co-workers may let us know that they value us. Our self-respect is strengthened when we feel accepted by others despite our faults and difficulties. Second, other people often provide us with informational support. They help us to define and understand our problems and find solutions to them. Third, we typically find social companionship supportive. Engaging in leisure-time activities with others helps us to meet our social needs while at the same time distracting us from our worries and troubles. Finally, other people may give us instrumental supporta financial aid, material resources, and needed servicesthat reduces stress by helping us resolve and cope with our problems.1. Interpersonal relationships are important because _.2. Research shows that peoples physical and mental health _.3. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word “cushions” (Para. 3)?4. Helping a sick neighbor with some repair work is an example of _.5. Social companionship is beneficial in that _.问题1选项A.they are indispensable to peoples social well-beingB.they waken peoples desire to exchange resourcesC.they help people to cope with life in the information eraD.they can cure a range of illnesses such as heart disease, etc.问题2选项A.relies on the social welfare systems which support themB.has much to do with the amount of support they get from othersC.depends on their ability to deal with daily worries and troublesD.is closely related to their strength for coping with major changes in their lives问题3选项A.Adds up to.B.Does away with.C.Lessens the effect of.D.Lays the foundation for.问题4选项A.instrumental supportB.informational supportC.social companionshipD.the strengthening of self-respect问题5选项A.it helps strengthen our ties with relativesB.it enables us to eliminate our faults and mistakesC.it makes our leisure-time activities more enjoyableD.it draws our attention away from our worries and troubles【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:C第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.【选项释义】1. Interpersonal relationships are important because _. 1.人际关系很重要，因为_。A. they are indispensable to peoples social well-being A. 它们对人们的社会福祉不可或缺B. they waken peoples desire to exchange resources B. 它们唤醒了人们交换资源的欲望C. they help people to cope with life in the information era C. 他们帮助人们应对信息时代的生活D. they can cure a range of illnesses such as heart disease, etc. D. 他们能治疗一系列的疾病，如心脏病等。【考查点】细节事实题。【解题思路】根据第一段第一句“由于我们是社会人，我们的生活质量在很大程度上取决于我们的人际关系”可知，人际关系对我们的生活质量很重要，A项“它们对人们的社会福祉不可或缺”与之相近，故该题选择A项符合题意。【干扰项排除】B项“它们唤醒了人们交换资源的欲望”，原文只提到资源交换是社会支持的一部分，文中没有提到人际关系促进交换资源，该项属于曲解原文；C项“他们帮助人们应对信息时代的生活”没有提到，该项属于无中生有；D项“他们能治疗一系列的疾病，如心脏病等”，根据第二段最后一句“社会支持的存在有助于人们抵御疾病”可知，人际关系只是帮助预防疾病，不能治愈疾病，该项属于曲解原文。2.【选项释义】2. Research shows that peoples physical and mental health _. 2. 研究表明人们的身心健康_。A. relies on the social welfare systems which support them A. 依靠支持他们的社会福利体系B. has much to do with the amount of support they get from others B. 和他们从别人那里得到的支持有很大关系C. depends on their ability to deal with daily worries and troubles C. 取决于他们处理日常担忧和烦恼的能力D. is closely related to their strength for coping with major changes in their lives D. 与他们应对生活中重大变化的能力密切相关【考查点】细节事实题。【解题思路】根据关键词research定位至第二段最后一句“对从抑郁症到心脏病等一系列疾病的研究表明，社会支持的存在有助于人们抵御疾病，而缺乏这种支持则更有可能导致健康状况不佳”理解可知，人们的身心健康和社会支持有很大的关系，B项“和他们从别人那里得到的支持有很大关系”符合题意。【干扰项排除】A项“依靠支持他们的社会福利体系”没有提到，该项属于无中生有；C项“取决于他们处理日常担忧和烦恼的能力”，第二段第一句提到有社会支持的人似乎更能应付日常的烦恼，和人们的身心健康无关，该项属于出处错位；D项“与他们应对生活中重大变化的能力密切相关”，根据第二段第一句“我们这些有强大支持系统的人似乎（appear）更能应付重大的生活变化和日常的烦恼”可知，应对生活中重大变化的能力并不是研究得出的结论，该项属于出处错位。3.【选项释义】3. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word “cushions” (Para. 3)? 3. 下列哪项在意思上最接近第三段的词“cushions”？A. Adds up to. A. 总计为B. Does away with. B. 消除C. Lessens the effect of. C. 减少的效果D. Lays the foundation for. D. 奠定基础【考查点】词义推测题。【解题思路】根据题干定位至第三段第一句“社会支持可以从很多方面cushion压力”，结合下文提到社会支持能加强自尊、提供信息支持、满足社会需求与分散我们的忧虑和烦恼、以及提供物质支持，综合理解可以推断，社会支持可以缓解压力，cushion表示的是“缓解”，C项“减少的效果”与之相近，故该题选择C项。【干扰项排除】A项“总计为”、B项“消除”、D项“奠定基础”词义都不符合，这三项属于曲解原文。4.【选项释义】4. Helping a sick neighbor with some repair work is an example of _. 4. 帮助生病的邻居做一些维修工作是_的一个例子。A. instrumental support A. 物质支持B. informational support B. 信息支持C. social companionship C. 社会交往D. the strengthening of self-respect D. 自尊加强【考查点】细节事实题。【解题思路】根据第三段最后一句“最后，其他人可能给我们提供物质支持经济援助、物质资源和所需服务通过帮助我们解决和处理问题来减轻我们的压力”可知，经济援助、物质资源和提供所需服务都是物质支持，帮助生病的邻居做一些维修工作是提供所需服务，属于物质支持，故该题选择A项“物质支持”符合题意。【干扰项排除】B项“信息支持”、C项“社会交往”和D项“自尊加强”都属于出处错位。5.【选项释义】5. Social companionship is beneficial in that _. 5. 社会交往是有益的，因为_。A. it helps strengthen our ties with relatives A. 它有助于加强我们与亲戚之间的联系B. it enables us to eliminate our faults and mistakes B. 它使我们能够消除我们的缺点和错误C. it makes our leisure-time activities more enjoyable C. 它使我们的休闲活动更加愉快D. it draws our attention away from our worries and troubles D. 它把我们的注意力从忧虑和烦恼中转移开【考查点】细节事实题。【解题思路】根据题干定位至最后一段倒数第二句和第三句“第三，我们通常会发现社会交往是有帮助的。与他人一起参加休闲活动能帮助我们满足社会需求，同时也能分散我们的忧虑和烦恼。”理解可知，社会交往能分散我们的忧虑和烦恼，该题选择D项“它把我们的注意力从忧虑和烦恼中转移开”符合题意。【干扰项排除】A项“它有助于加强我们与亲戚之间的联系”是社会支持其中一方面的好处，与题干无关，该项属于出处错位；B项“它使我们能够消除我们的缺点和错误”和C项“它使我们的休闲活动更加愉快”没有提到，这两项属于无中生有。12. 单选题Certainly every school _ high priority to the quality of teaching.问题1选项A.ascribesB.refersC.reconcilesD.accords【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. ascribes把归因于；认为是 B. refers提到，谈到C. reconciles调和；和解 D. accords（与）一致，符合【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】根据high priority（高优先级）和the quality of teaching（教学质量）可知，此句应该表示学校教学质量是高优先级，结合to可知，ascribe to表示“认为是；归因于”符合句意，故该题选择A项。【干扰项排除】B、C、D项不符合句意。【句意】当然，每个学校都对教学质量高度重视。13. 单选题You should have put the milk into the ice box, I expect it _ undrinkable.问题1选项A.becameB.had becomeC.has becomeD.becomes【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. became成为了 B. had become已经成为C. has become成为 D. becomes成为【考查点】时态。【解题思路】根据should have done可知，此处是虚拟语气，表示本应该做却没做，而牛奶已经变质不能喝了，是过去发生的动作对现在造成影响，所以空格处用现在完成时，故该题选择C项。【干扰项排除】A、B、D项时态不符合。【句意】你本应该把牛奶放进冰箱的，我想它已经不能喝了。14. 翻译题品德是由那些价值标准和行为标准组成。它们可以作为你的生活指南，能使你的生活充满意义和深刻内涵，并且是建立在“你是哪种人”的基础上。它们包含诸如正直、诚实、勇敢、公正和宽宏这些特点这些特点是在我们生活中经过一次次必要的艰难选择而形成的。【答案】Moralities consist of those standards of values and standards of conduct. They serve as a guide to life that fills life with meaning and profound content, and is based on “which one you are”. They have such characteristics as integrity, honesty, courage, justice and magnanimity. These characteristics are shaped by the necessary hard choices we make over and over in our lives.15. 翻译题Ive come to appreciate that life has its own timetable. It takes nine months to make a baby, 2l years to make an adult. It takes a long time to become a good violinist or downhill skier. It also takes time to become a successand even more time to become a success as a person.Perhaps the last thing for controlling impatience is to examine your own contribution to it. Are you unwilling to grant children time to learn, or slow people time to accomplish a task? If impatience is only occasional, your annoyance will pass. But if youre almost always irritable and abrupt, you may well feel that youre just too important to ever be kept waiting for anyone or anything.Youre not, of course; none of us are. If we can accept that the world is ours to enjoy but not made for our convenience, well be better able to move through it equably, more patient with the ordinary vicissitudes of life and a good companion to our fellow human beingsand to ourselves.【答案】我已经开始欣赏生活有它自己的时间表。9个月就能生个孩子，21年就能长大成人。要成为一名优秀的小提琴家或滑降选手需要很长时间。成功也需要时间，甚至要花费更多的时间来成为一个成功的人。也许控制不耐烦的最后一件事是检查你自己对它的贡献。你是不愿意给孩子学习的时间，还是不愿意给慢吞吞的人完成任务的时间？如果只是偶尔不耐烦，那么你的烦恼就会过去。但如果你几乎总是易怒和唐突，那么你很可能会觉得自己太重要，以至于不应该等待任何人或任何事。当然，你不是最重要的，我们都不是最重要的。如果我们能接受这个世界是我们享受的，而不是为我们的便利而创造的，我们就能更好地平静度过，对普通的生活变迁更有耐心，并成为我们人类同胞和我们自己的好伴侣。16. 单选题Some companies have introduced flexible working time with less emphasis on pressure _.问题1选项A.than more on efficiencyB.and more on efficiencyC.and more efficiencyD.than efficiency【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. than more on efficiency更强调效率 B. and more on efficiency更强调效率C. and more efficiency更多效率 D. than efficiency比效率【考查点】并列。【解题思路】less emphasis on pressure是名词短语，表示“强调少的压力”，with后面只能跟名词或名词短语，所以空格处不可能是比较级，而是并列名词短语，前面是emphasis on，空格部分同样要表示emphasis on，介词on不可以省略，所以空格处是and more on efficiency，故该题选择B项正确。【干扰项排除】A、C、D项不符合语法结构。【句意】有些公司采用弹性工作时间制，更注重效率而不是压力。17. 翻译题中国将深化改革，促进应用型科研机构转制为企业，鼓励技术型企业的发展。这是一项使科技与经济相结合的重要举措。科研机构转制为企业后，将建立现代企业制度，适应市场需要，从而充分发展其研究、开发和创新的优势。【答案】China will deepen its reform to promote the transformation of applied scientific research institution system into enterprises and encourage the development of technology-based enterprises. It is an important measure to integrate science and technology with economy. Once transformed into enterprises, scientific research institutions shall establish a modern enterprise system, and orient themselves to the needs of the market, giving full play to their strength in research, development and innovation.18. 单选题The Constitution guarantees that private homes will not be searched without a written warrant.问题1选项A.documentB.prescriptionC.receiptD.writ【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. document文件；公文 B. prescription处方；药方C. receipt收据；收条 D. writ（法庭的）令状，书面命令【考查点】名词辨析。【解题思路】根据The Constitution（宪法）可知，warrant应该与法律相关，根据宾语从句内容“私人住宅不会被搜查”可推知，written warrant是指书面的搜查令，warrant指“授权令”，D项词义与之相近，故该题选择D项。【干扰项排除】A、B、C项词义不符合句中所选词汇。【句意】宪法保证，在没有书面搜查令的情况下，私人住宅不会被搜查。19. 单选题The _ typist and secretary is very conscientious about correcting even the smallest errors.问题1选项A.imprudentB.meticulousC.potentialD.enticing【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. imprudent不明智的；不谨慎的 B. meticulous细心的；小心翼翼的C. potential潜在的；可能的 D. enticing诱人的；有吸引力的【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】根据关键信息is very conscientious about correcting even the smallest errors（非常认真地纠正即使是最小的错误）可推知，空格处表示“细心的，一丝不苟的”符合句意，故该题选择B项。【干扰项排除】A、C、D项不符合句意。【句意】那位一丝不苟的打字员兼秘书非常认真地纠正即使是最小的错误。20. 不定项选择题The stratospheric ozone layer is not a completely uniform stratum, nor does it occur at the same altitude around the globe. It lies closest to the Earth over the poles and rises to maximum altitude over the equator. In the stratosphere, ozone is continuously being made and destroyed by natural processes. During the day the Sun breaks down some of the oxygen molecules to single oxygen atoms, and these atoms, reacting with oxygen molecules that have not been dissociated, form ozone. However, the sunlight also breaks down ozone by converting some of it back to normal oxygen. In addition, naturally occurring nitrogen oxides enter into the cycle and speed the breakdown reactions. The amount of ozone present at any one time is the balance between the processes that create it and those that destroy it.Since the splitting of the oxygen molecules depends directly upon the intensity of solar radiation, the greatest rate of ozone production occurs over the tropics. However, ozone is also destroyed most rapidly there, and wind circulation patterns carry the ozone-enriched upper layers of the atmosphere away from the equator. It turns out that the largest total ozone amounts are found at high latitudes. On a typical day the amount of ozone over Minnesota, for example, is 30 percent greater than the amount over 900 miles farther south. The density and altitude of the ozone layer also change with the seasons, the weather, and the amount of solar activity. Nevertheless, at any one place above the Earths surface, the long term averages maintained by natural processes are believed to be reasonably constant.The amount of ozone near the Earth is only a small percent of the amount in the stratosphere, and exchange of molecules between the ozone layer and at the ground level is thought to be relatively small. Furthermore, the ozone molecule is so unstable that only a tiny fraction of ground-level ozone could survive the long trip to the stratosphere, so the ozone layer will not be replenished to any significant degree by the increasing concentrations of ozone that have been detected in recent years near the Earths surface. The long-term averages of ozone both near ground level and in the stratosphere are regulated by continuous processes that are constantly destroying and creating it in each of these places. This is why scientists are so concerned about human beings injection into the stratosphere chemicals like nitrogen oxides, which are catalysts that facilitate the breakdown of ozone. If the ozone layer is depleted significantly, more ultraviolet radiation would penetrate to the Earths surface and damage many living organisms.1. Whats the thematic question of the passage?2. According to the passage, what most resembles the processes that determine the amount of ozone in the upper stratosphere?3. Which of the following has the LEAST effect on the amount of ozone in the upper atmosphere?4. In terms of the amount of ozone in the stratosphere, natural processes are assumed to form _.5. What is the main idea of the passage?问题1选项A.How to deal with the relations between ozone layer and radiation damage?B.What is the average thickness of the stratospheric ozone layer?C.Why does increase exposure to ultraviolet radiation destroy many living organisms?D.How is stratospheric ozone created and changed?问题2选项A.Automobile emissions and seasonal fogs that create a layer of smog over a city.B.Planting and harvesting activities that produce a crop whose size is always about the same.C.Deposits and withdrawals made in a bank account whose average balance remains much the same.D.Assets and liabilities that determine the net worth of a corporation.问题3选项A.Weather.B.Latitude.C.Season.D.Ground-level ozone.问题4选项A.a chain of randomly occurring phenomenaB.an interactive relatio