2022研究生入学-英语一考试全真模拟卷28（附答案带详解）

2022研究生入学-英语一考试全真模拟卷（附答案带详解）1. 问答题：Lets start by revisiting Boris Johnsons interview with Deutsche Welle last month,on whether the poison used in the Salisbury attack came from Russia:Boris Johnson:Let me be clear with you.When I look at the evidence,I mean the people from Porton Down.the laboratory Deutsche Welle:So they have the samples Boris Johnson:They do.And they were absolutely categorical and I asked the guy myself,I said“Are you sure?”And he said theres no doubt Well,thats odd.I could have sworn Gary Aitkenhead of Porton Down told Sky News that the precise sourceof the poison could not be identified.One of these men is wrong.Could it be the scientist who deals in cold hard evidence for a living,or Britain,s Donald Trump complete with ludicrous hair,incomprehensible oratory and a casual relationship with the facts A functional British press would have investigated whether our foreign secretary may have lied to the world about the activities of another country,but alas the medias leading lights were too busy implying Jeremy Corbyns attempts at urging caution were evidence of some kind of fervent lack of patriotism Here we have two responses to foreign policy one is based on the careful examination of the evidence and employing diplomacy,the other involves rushing headlong into a contlict with a heavily armed superpower.The foreign secretary has opted for the second option,being careless with the facts in order to achieve it.The first-the one we can now perhaps agree is preferable-was derided by much of the media,the Tories,and Labours self-styled moderates as being disunited and unserious Inevitably,Russia has clutched its national pearls over the comments from Porton Down and accusations of such a heinous act,and tensions with Britain have escalated.and yet Boris Johnson,whowas gleefully stoking the fire just two weeks ago,remains in post.Surely one of the most basic requirements of being foreign secretary is not lying on the international stage and deteriorating relations with other countries?There are numerous possible reasons for Johnsons Teflon-like qualities.Perhaps the privilege of rich white men really is so pervasive that they can literally do whatever they feel like and not suffer any consequences.Perhaps the reason its so hard to shame Johnson is that he appears to lack the capacity to feel shame.In any case,a straw must surely break the camels back-and it may as well be this.If lying to the country about something so serious doesnt return Johnson to the back benches,what will it take?答案： 本题解析：如果在这么严重的事上对全国人民扯谎都不会撤约翰逊的职,那什么才会呢?本句为复合句。主干为what will it take,i引导的为条件状语从句,其主干为lying the countrydoesnt return Johnson to the back benches本句话翻译的时候,注意要根据汉语的习惯调整语序。由于英语句子是树式结构句子成分叠床架屋,层层叠叠,形成一个立体的空间构架,英语这种构造手法使得时间顺序的格式显示不出来。而汉语则不存在一个主千结构,它是从结构上对独立的单句连接而成的,整个复句呈现出平面线性延伸。尽管分句流放不拘,疏散铺排,但整个复句并不杂乱无章,而是贯通一气。这其中之章法就是定的顺序:一个个事件、一层层意思按照时间顺序排列,整个句子形散而神聚。例如:i put on my clothes by the light of a half-moon just setting,whose rays streamed through the narrow window near my crib译文:半轮晓月渐渐西沉,月光透过小床旁边一个窄窄的窗子射进来,我趁着月光穿上衣服。2. 问答题：Directions:Read the followig text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, a tide of emigrationone of the great folk wanderings of historyswept from Europe to America. 1. This movement, driven by powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.2. The United States is the product of two principal forcesthe immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits. Of necessity, colonial America was a projection of Europe. Across the Atlantic came successive groups of Englishmen, Frenchmen, Germans, Scots, Irishmen, Dutchmen, Swedes, and many others who attempted to transplant their habits and traditions to the new world. 3. But the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes. These changes were gradual and at first scarcely visible. But the result was a new social pattern which, although it resembled European society in many ways, had a character that was distinctly American.4. The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the 15th- and -16th-century explorations of North America. In the meantime, thriving Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico, the West Indies, and South America. These travelers to North America came in small, unmercifully overcrowded craft. During their six- to twelve-week voyage, they survived on barely enough food allotted to them. Many of the ships were lost in storms, many passengers died of disease, and infants rarely survived the journey. Sometimes storms blew the vessels far off their course, and often calm brought unbearably long delay.To the anxious travelers the sight of the American shore brought almost inexpressible relief. Said one recorder of events, “The air at twelve leagues distance smelt as sweet as a new-blown garden.” The colonists first glimpse of the new land was a sight of dense woods. 5. The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia. Here was abundant fuel and lumber. Here was the raw material of houses and furniture, ships and potash, dyes and naval stores.答案： 本题解析：原始森林资源丰富，树种多样，是一个真正的宝库，它从缅因州一直绵延到佐治亚州。结构分析：本句主语为The virgin forest was a real treasure-house，其中介词短语with its richness and variety of trees修饰主语the virgin forest，为符合汉语习惯，避免结构臃肿，可将其翻译为两个短句“资源丰富，树种多样”；定语从句which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia修饰表语treasure-house，因句子较长，不适合作为前置定语，因此可将其独立翻译为一句，置于句尾。内容要点分析：the virgin forest是“处女林，原始森林”的意思；treasure-house意思是“宝库”，直译即可；all the way down to意思是“一直”；美国州名Maine和Georgia要翻译准确。3. 问答题：Corporations and labor unions have conferred great benefits（ ）their employees and members as well as upon the general public.on答案： 本题解析：confer在此意为“施与，提供，赋予”，其搭配通常为confer sth.on/upon sb4. 问答题：The judge ruled that the evidence was inadmissible on the grounds that it was irrelevant（ ）the issue at hand.to答案： 本题解析：irrelevant（to sth.）“（与某事物）不相关的，无关系的，不切题”，为固定搭配。如：What you say is irrelevant to the subject.你说的话不切题5. 问答题： Directions: Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs (1-5). There are two extra subheadings. Mark your answers on the ANSER SHEET. (10 point) A Create a new image of yourself B Decide if the time is right C Have confidence in yourself D Understand the context E Work with professionals F Make it efficient G Know your goals No matter how formal or informal the work environment, the way you present yourself has an impact. This is especially true in first impressions. According to research from Princeton University, people assess your competence, trustworthiness, and likeability in just a tenth of a second, solely based on the way you look. The difference between todays workplace and the “dress for success” era is that the range of options is so much broader. Norms have evolved and fragmented. In some settings, red sneakers or dress T-shirts can convey status; in others not so much. Plus, whatever image we present is magnified by social-media services like LinkedIn. Chances are, your headshots are seen much more often now than a decade or two ago. Millennials, it seems, face the paradox of being the least formal generation yet the most conscious of style and personal branding. It can be confusing. So how do we navigate this? How do we know when to invest in an upgrade? And whats the best way to pull off one that enhances our goals? Here are some tips: (1) _ A an executive coach, Ive seen image upgrades be particular helpful during transitionswhen looking for a new job, stepping into a new or more public role, or changing work environments. If youre in a period of change or just feeling stuck and in a rut, now may be a good time. If youre not sure, ask for honest feedback from trusted friends, colleagues and professionals. Look for cues about how others perceive you. Maybe theres no need for an upgrade and thats OK. (2) _ Get clear on what impact youre hoping to have. Are you looking to refresh your image or pivot it? For one person, the goal may be to be taken more seriously and enhance their professional image. For another, it may be to be perceived as more approachable, or more modern and stylish. For someone moving from finance to advertising, maybe they want to look more “SoHo”. (Its OK to use characterizations like that.) (3) _ Look at your work environment like an anthropologist. What are the norms of your environment? What conveys status? Who are your most important audiences? How do the people you respect and look up to present themselves? The better you understand the cultural context, the more control you can have over your impact. (4) _ Enlist the support of professionals and share with them your goals and context. Hire a personal stylist, or use the free styling service of a store like J. Crew. Try a hair stylist instead of a barber. Work with a professional photographer instead of your spouse or frienD. Its not as expensive as you might think. (5) _ The point of a style upgrade isnt to become more vain or to spend more time fussing over what to wear. Instead, use it as an opportunity to reduce decision fatigue. Pick a standard work uniform or a few go-to options. Buy all your clothes at once with a stylist instead of shopping alone, one article of clothing at a time.答案： 本题解析：本段第一句话为主题句，“清楚提升形象想要达到的效果”。接着本段对此进行了具体阐述，比如，有的人是为了让自己看起来更加职业（enhance their professional image），有的是为了显得更加亲切（more approachable），或者更加现代时尚（more modern and stylish）。由此可知，本段的标题G项“知道自己的目标”最为合适。6. 问答题：Several people remarked（ ）the fine quality of the work.on答案： 本题解析：remark on（upon）“对发表评论”，如:Everyone remarked loudly on his absence.人人对他的缺席大声发表议论。7. 问答题：Directions: Write an email to all international experts on campus inviting them to attend the graduation ceremony. In your email you should include time, place and other relevant information about the ceremony.You should write about 100 words neatly on the ANSEWER SHEETDo not use your own name at the end of the email. Use “Li Ming” instead. (10 points)答案： 本题解析：Dear Sir or Madam,I am writing this letter in order to invite you to attend the forthcoming graduation ceremony.The ceremony will be hosted in the auditorium on our campus, at 10 oclock in the morning on next Monday, January 15. It is better for you to dress formal. Please let us know your decision whether to attend our ceremony as soon as possible so that we could send you further details about it. And here we sincerely hope you could accept this invitation and bring the graduates a wonderful memory that day.If you are available, it will be highly appreciated if you could give us an earliest favorable reply.Yours sincerely,Li Ming本文主要考察信件格式以及规范礼貌用语。依据要求，作文首句可以交代来信的主要目的，即邀请参加毕业典礼。第二段要交代清楚毕业典礼的时间地点，再增添一些礼貌用语委婉表达欢迎和期盼即可。最后一段再次礼貌地提出邀请。8. 问答题：Even accepting that translation is technically possible,there is still the matter of its place in the literary hierarchy.Darkening any gloss on translation is the shadow of the original text,towering uplike a lifeless block of resistance.The dividing line between original and translation has been one of the assumed constants of translation theory and commentary,as jealously guarded as the frontier between two hostile nations,and rarely challenged.This supposedly inviolable border,however,is not an eternal truth:for centuries,from the Romans down to Chaucer and Shakespeare,it was common for so-called original works to incorporate large portions of texts from other languages.Around the early seventeenth century,however,attitudes began to change.Not only did the distinction between original and translation harden,but the sacred authoritv of the original was established.One reason for this attitude js technological:the rise of the printing press and the printed book brought forward the identity of the books creator,which prioritized the notion of authorship and along with it the authors claim of copyright.Another is philosophical,stemming from both Biblical tradition and the Platonic notion of poetry as being divinely inspired and therefore levels above any attempt to replicate it.Finally,and regardless of the translators talent,perhaps the most resistant aspect of the divide between translation and original derives from the fact that translation,by introducing one or more additional actors into the process,poses an uncomfortable challenge to our most deep-seated and cherished notions of how art is created.If we consider a work of art to be the unique expression of the artists inner resources,then any adaptation of it,any reworking by an outside agency can only be seen as a pale imitation,more or less indicative of thereal thingbut by definition inferior to it.Rather than see this as a drawback,I recommend we consider it a liberation,an acknowledgment that the translator,freed from the unpleasant task of trying to establish exact equivalences,can now concentrate on the much more rewarding,and perfectly possible,task of doing justice to the source text by bringing her own talents to its cause.Again,this is not to say that theres no significant difference between a translation and its source.What we can question is the longstanding value system,by recognizing what the translators literary skills bring to the mix.To present a work as aptly as possible,to re-create it in all its beauty and ugliness,takes sensitivity,empathy,flexibility,attentiveness,and tact.And,perhaps most of all,it takes respect for ones own work,the belief that ones translation is worth judging on its own merits（or flaws）,and that,if done properly,it can stand shoulder to shoulder with the source text.答案： 本题解析：原作和译作的分界线已被翻译理论界和评论界认定为是一直存在的，如同两个敌对国家间的边界一般受到严格保护，极少遭人质疑。9. 问答题：Try our delicious threecourse meal,offering you superb value（ ）money.for答案： 本题解析：value for money表示“货真价实”，为固定搭配。10. 问答题：Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newtons laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work.(46) In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everythinga single generative equation for all we see.It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail, nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too. (47) Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification for if all humans share common origins, it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings.Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps the worlds languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. (48) To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate language-acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly.(49) The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints.Gray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages. (50) Chomskys grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it, whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations.Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lire age-specific and not governed by universals答案： 本题解析：46. 【答案】物理学中的一个理论把这种归一的冲动发挥到了极致，它探寻一种万有理论一个关于我们能看到的一切的生成方程式。【解析】本句结构比较简单，为简单句，句子主干为one approach takesand seeks，而破折号后的内容是对前面提到理论的进一步解释说明。其中taketo extreme意为“把发挥到极致，把推至极限”；theory of everything译为“万有理论”，即：适用于任何事物的理论；generative equation指“生成等式，生成方程”。47. 【答案】在这里，达尔文主义似乎提供了有力的理由，因为如果全人类有共同的起源，那么假设文化差异也能够追溯到更有限的源头好像就是合理的了。【解析】对本句理解的关键在于for引导的句子，此处for引导原因状语从句，该状语从句中又包含一个由if引导的条件状语从句。it seems reasonable to suppose that可翻为一个长句，也可分开翻译为：那么假设文化差异也能追溯到更为有限的源头，这种假设看上去便是合理的了。对于“cultural diversity”的理解，考生容易受备考中经常遇到的“cultural diversity”的影响，而将其直接译为“文化多样性”，但在本文，前文很多次提到了共性，所以这里将其翻译为“文化差异”更合适。48. 【答案】把差异性和独特性从共性中过滤出来也许能让我们理解复杂的文化行为是如何产生的，是什么从进化或认知领域指导着它。【解析】这句话的结构主要是对三个“what”从句的理解。第一个what引导的从句what is unique做filter out的宾语；第二个what引导的从句what is shared是介词from的宾语，from 是固定搭配filter out A from B中的介词；第三个what引导的what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms与how complex cultural behavior arose并列作动词understand的宾语。句子主干可看做：To filter out A from B enables us to understand C and D：A指的是what is contingent and unique；B指的是what is shared” how complex cultural behaviour arose；C指的是how complex cultural behaviour arose；D指的是what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms。49. 【答案】约书亚格林伯格为寻找语言的共性而付出努力提出了第二种理论。他采用了一个更实用的共性理论，做法是辨认出众多语言的共有特征（尤其是按照词序排列），这些特征被认为代表了由认知局限导致的偏差。【解析】本句结构较为清晰，关键是对句子前部分的理解，需结合前文。此处the second与上文中The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky相对应，所里应根据上下文和逻辑解释清楚，翻译为“第二种理论”，而不能单纯的翻译成“第二”。50. 【答案】乔姆斯基生成语法应该表明语言变化的模式，这些模式独立于族谱或贯穿其中的路径，然而格林伯格的共性理论预测词序关系的特殊类别之间（而不是其他）有着强烈的共存性。【解析】该句话结构较为简单，比较复杂的是其中出现的术语和不熟悉的词汇。本句主要结构为：Chomskys grammar should showwhereas Greenbergian。其中grammar指的是上文的“生成语法”，所以此处可把“生成语法”翻译出来；that引导定语从句that are independent of the family tree.修饰patterns；对于co-dependencies需根据上下词义及其词根词缀来猜测词义，由于下文指出两者关系，因此此处可将其翻译为“共存性”。