2022年考博英语-北京航空航天大学考试题库及模拟押密卷27（含答案解析）

2022年考博英语-北京航空航天大学考试题库及模拟押密卷（含答案解析）1. 单选题Under ethical guideline recently adopted by the National Institutes of Health, human genes are to be manipulated only to correct disease for which（ ）treatments are unsatisfactory.问题1选项A.similarB.dangerousC.uncommonD.alternative【答案】D【解析】形容词辨析。句意：根据国家健康研究机构最近通过的道德准则，人类的基因只有在 治疗方案无法满足需求的情况下才可以改变。similar相似的；dangerous危险的；uncommon不寻常的，罕有的；alternative可供选择的。选项D“可供选择的”符合题意。2. 单选题Picture-taking is a technique both for annexing the objective world and for expressing the singular self. Photographs depict objective realities that already exist, though only the camera can disclose them. And they depict an individual photographers temperament, discovering itself through the cameras cropping of reality. That is, photography has two antithetical ideals: in the first, photography is about the world and the photographer is a mere observer who counts for little; but in the second, photography is the instrument of intrepid, questing subjectivity and the photographer is all.These conflicting ideals arise from a fundamental uneasiness on the part of both photographers and viewers of photographs toward the aggressive component in “taking” a picture. Accordingly, the ideal of a photographer as an observer is attractive because it implicitly denies that picture-taking is an aggressive act. The issue, of course, is not so clear-cut. What photographers do cannot be characterized as simply predatory or as simply, and essentially, benevolent. As a consequence, one ideal of picture-taking or the other is always being rediscovered and championed.An important result of the coexistence of these two ideals is a recurrent ambivalence toward photographys means. Whatever the claims that photography might make to be a form of personal expression on a par with painting, its originality is inextricably linked to the powers of a machine. The steady growth of these powers has made possible the extraordinary informativeness and imaginative formal beauty of many photographs, like Harold Edgertons high-speed photographs of a bullet hitting its target or of the swirls and eddies of a tennis stroke. But as cameras become more sophisticated, more automated, some photographers are tempted to disarm themselves or to suggest that they are not really armed, preferring to submit themselves to the limits imposed by premodern camera technology because a cruder, less high-powered machine is thought to give more interesting or emotive results, to leave more room for creative accident. For example, it has been virtually a point of honor for many photographers, including Walker Evans and Cartier Bresson, to refuse to use modern equipment. These photographers have come to doubt the value of the camera as an instrument of “fast seeing”. Cartier Bresson, in fact, claims that the modern camera may see too fast.This ambivalence toward photographic means determines trends in taste. The cult of the future (of faster and faster seeing) alternates over time with the wish to return to a purer past when images had a handmade quality. This nostalgia for some pristine state of the photographic enterprise is currently widespread and underlies the present-day enthusiasm for daguerreotypes and the wok of forgotten nineteenth-century provincial photographers. Photographers and viewers of photographs, it seems, need periodically to resist their own knowingness.1.According to the passage, interest among photographers in each of photographys two ideals can be described as（）2.The author is primarily concerned with（）3.The author mentions the work of Harold Edgerton in order to provide an example of（）4.According to the passage, the two antithetical ideals of photography differ primarily in the（）5.Which of the following statements would be most likely to begin the paragraph immediately follow-ing the passage?问题1选项A.rapidly changingB.cyclically recurringC.steadily growingD.unimportant to the viewers of photographs问题2选项A.establishing new technical standards for contemporary photographyB.analyzing the influence of photographic ideals on picture-takingC.tracing the development of camera technology in the twentieth centuryD.describing how photographers individual temperaments are reflected in their work问题3选项A.how a controlled ambivalence toward photographys means can produce outstanding picturesB.how the content of photographs has changed from the nineteenth century to the twentiethC.the popularity of high-speed photography in the twentieth centuryD.the relationship between photographic originality and technology问题4选项A.value that each places on the beauty of the finished productB.emphasis that each places on the emotional impact of the finished productC.degree of technical knowledge that each requires of the photographerD.way in which each defines the role of the photographer问题5选项A.Photographers, as a result of their heightened awareness of time, are constantly trying to cap-ture events and actions that are fleeting.B.Thus the cult of the future, the worship of machines and speed, is firmly established in spiteof efforts to the contrary by some photographers.C.The rejection of technical knowledge, however, can never be complete and photography can-not for any length of time pretend that it has no weapons.D.The point of honor involved in rejecting complex equipment is, however, of no significance to the viewer of a photograph.【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:D第4题:D第5题:C【解析】1.第二段最后一句提到两种理想拍照方式中总会有一种在某段时间内被重新发现并占主要地位。所以说拍摄者的兴趣在两种理想模式间是循环往复的，故B项正确。2.作者最后说明了两种拍照理念对于摄影发展的影响。所以B项“分析拍摄理念对于摄影的影响”符合文意，B项正确。3.根据题干关键词定位至第三段：Whatever the claims that photography might . The steady growth of these powers has made possible the extraordinary informativeness and imaginative formal beauty of many photographs, like Harold Edgertons high-speed photographs of a bullet hitting its target or of the swirls and eddies of a tennis stroke”。作者以Harold Edgerton为例，说明了摄影师和机器设备之间的关系。D项正确。4.第二段第一句话 :“ These conflicting ideals arise from a fundamental uneasiness on the part of both photographers and viewers of photographs toward the aggressive component in taking a picture. ”。这两种对立的观念主要在于摄影师和旁观者在摄影时是否扮演着积极的角色。D项正确。5.题干问的是 “文章接下来将会讨论什么？”最后一句话为：Photographers and viewers of photographs, it seems, need periodically to resist their own knowingness（摄影师和旁观者似乎需要质疑自己对摄影的认知）。由此可推测，文章接下来将会继续讲解与拍照认知有关的内容。所以C项正确。 3. 单选题When a disease of epidemic proportions rips into the populace, scientists immediately get to work, trying to locate the source of the affliction and find ways to combat it. Oftentimes, success is achieved, as medical science is able to isolate the parasite, germ or cell that causes the prob- lem and finds ways to effectively kill or contain it. In the most serious of cases, in which the en- tire population of a region or country may be at grave risk, it is deemed necessary to protect the entire population through vaccination, so as to safeguard lives and ensure that the disease will not spread.The process of vaccination allows the patients body to develop immunity to the virus or disease so that, if it is encountered, one can ward it off naturally. To accomplish this, a small weak or dead strain of the disease is actually injected into the patient in a controlled environment, so that his bodys immune system can learn to fight the invader properly. Information on how to penetrate the diseases defenses is transmitted to all elements of the patients immune system in a process that occurs natural- ly, in which genetic information is passed from cell to cell. This makes sure that, should the patient later come into contact with the real problem, his body is well equipped and trained to deal with it, having already done so before.There are dangers inherent in the process, however. On occasion, even the weakened version of the disease contained in the vaccine proves too much for the body to handle, resulting in the immune system succumbing, and, therefore, the patients death. Such is the case of the smallpox vaccine, designed to eradicate the smallpox epidemic that nearly wiped out the entire Native American popula- tion and killed massive numbers of settlers. Approximately 1 in 10,000 people who receives the vac- cine contract the smallpox disease from the vaccine itself and dies from it. Thus, if the entire popula- tion of the United States were to receive the Smallpox Vaccine today, 30000 Americans would be left dead.Fortunately, the smallpox virus was considered eradicated in the early 1970s, ending the manda- tory vaccination of all babies in America. In the event of a reintroduction of the disease, however, mandatory vaccinations may resume, resulting in more unexpected deaths from vaccination. The process, which is truly a mixed blessing, may indeed hide some hidden curses.1.The best title for the text may be（ ）2.What does the example of the Smallpox Vaccine illustrate?3.The phrase “ward it off naturally” (Paragraph 2) most probably means（ ）4.Which of the following is true according to the text?5.The purpose of the author in writing this passage is（ ）问题1选项A.“Vaccinations: A Blessing or A Curse”B.“ Principles of Vaccinations”C.“Vaccines: Methods and Implications”D.“A Miracle Cure under Attack”问题2选项A.The possible negative outcome of administering vaccines.B.The practical use of a vaccine to control an epidemic disease.C.The effectiveness of vaccines in eradicating certain disease.D.The method by which vaccines are employed against the disease.问题3选项A.dispose of it naturallyB.fight it off with easeC.see to it reluctantlyD.split up properly问题4选项A.Saving the majority would necessarily justify the death of the minority.B.The immune system can be trained to fight weaker versions of a disease.C.Mandatory vaccinations are indispensable to the survival of the populace.D.The process of vaccination remains a mystery to be further resolved.问题5选项A.to comment and criticizeB.to demonstrate and argueC.to interest and entertainD.to explain and inform【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:B第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.主旨题。C选项“接种：方法和含义”概括全文大意。其他选项不够全面。2.细节题。文章中天花的举例是在第三段中出现的，第三、四段主要阐述使用疫苗可能带来的负面效果，而A选项“管理疫苗可能带来的负面后果”与文章相符。3.细节题。第二段讲述的是如果接种疫苗，身体可以自然对抗这种疾病，选项B（很轻松地与之对抗）正确。4.推理题。选项B（免疫系统能够被训练来抵抗较弱的疾病变体）符合原文中心思想。5.主旨题。本文是科普性文章。所以D项（为了解释和告知信息）正确。4. 单选题I think Kim would be great for the job. Her work record is（ ）.问题1选项A.impeccableB.enrichedC.rudimentaryD.tarnished【答案】A【解析】形容词辨析。句意：我认为Kim可以胜任这份工作。她的工作记录是（ ）。impeccable无瑕疵的，没有缺点的；enriched浓缩的，强化的；rudimentary基本的，残遗的未发展的；tarnished生锈的，有污点的。选项A符合句意。5. 单选题Everyone has a moment in history, which belongs particularly to him. It is the moment when his emotions achieve their most powerful sway over him, and afterward when you say to this person “the world today” or “life” or “reality” he will assume that you mean this moment, even if it is fifty years past. The world, through his unleashed （释放的）emotions, imprinted itself upon him, and he car-ries the stamp of that passing moment forever.For me，this moment four years in a moment in history was the war. The war was and is reality for me. I still instinctively live and think in its atmosphere. These are some of its characteris-tics.Franklin Delano Roosevelt is the president of the United States, and he always has been. Theother two eternal world leaders are Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin. America is not, never has been, and never will be what the song and poems call it, a land of plenty. Nylon，meat, gasoline, and steel are rare. There are too many jobs and not enough workers. Money is very easy to earn but rather hard to spend, because there isnt very much to buy. Trains are always late and always crowded with “service men”. The war will always be fought very far from America, and it will never end. Nothing in America stands still for very long, including the people who are always either leaving or on leave. People in America cry often. Sixteen is the key and crucial and natural age for a human being to be, and people of all other ages are ranged in an orderly manner ahead of and behind you as a har- monious setting for the sixteen-year-olds of the world. When you are sixteen, adults are slightly im- pressed and almost intimidated by you. This is a puzzle finally solved by the realization that they fore- see your military future: fighting for them. You do not foresee it. To waste anything in America is im- moral. String and tinfoil are treasures. Newspapers are always crowed with strange maps and names of towns, and every few months the earth seems to lurch （突然倾斜）from its path when you see some- thing in the newspapers, such as the time Mussolini, who almost seemed one of the eternal leaders, is photographed hanging upside down on a meat hook.1.Which statement best depicts the main idea of the first paragraph?2.Why does the author still clearly remember the war?3.Which statement best describes the authors feelings about the war?4.Why does the author think that adults are impressed with sixteen-year-olds?5.Why does the author say that string and tinfoil are treasures?问题1选项A.Reality is what you make of it.B.Time is like a river.C.Emotions are powerful.D.Every person has a special moment.问题2选项A.Franklin Delano Roosevelt was President.B.It was his personal reality and part of his life.C.There was not much to buy.D.The war would never end.问题3选项A.It was ever real for him, yet he was not actively involved.B.It was real for him because he was a soldier at that time.C.It was very unreal to him.D.The war was very disruptive to the people at home.问题4选项A.Adults would like to be young.B.Sixteen-year-olds do not waste things.C.Sixteen-year-olds read newspapers.D.They will be fighting soon for adults.问题5选项A.The war has made them scarce.B.They are useful to sixteen-year-olds.C.He liked them when he was sixteen.D.People are very wasteful.【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:A第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.第一段指出：everyone has a moment in his history, which belongs particularly to him （每个人在他的历史上都有一个属于他的时刻）, 选项D符合题意。2.文章第二段指出：the war was and is reality for me （战争对作者来说很真实），这是作者为何记住战争的原因，选项B符合题意。3.文章第二段指出：I still instinctively live and think in its atmosphere. These are some of its characteristics，由此推测战争对他来说是非常真实的，但是文章中并没有提到作者是一名战士，因此选项A符合题意。4.根据题干关键词“adults are impressed with sixteen-year-olds”定位至文章第三段：when you are sixteen, adults are slightly impressed and almost intimidated by you. This is a puzzle finally solved by the realization that they foresee your military future: fighting for them. 可知成年人之所有会对16 岁少年印象深刻是因为他们知道这些少年将来会为他们打仗，选项D符合题意。5.根据题干关键词“String and tinfoil are treasures”定位至第三段，第三段前面提到：Nylon, meat, gasoline, and steel are rare，因此推测当时战争使得物资匮乏，后面指出了“String and tinfoil are treasures”。故答案为A选项。6. 单选题They stood gazing at the happy（ ）of children playing in the park.问题1选项A.perspectiveB.viewC.landscapeD.scene【答案】D【解析】名词近义词辨析。句意：他们站在那儿，凝视着在公园里玩耍的孩子们的快乐场景。perspective远景，透视图；view视野，风景；landscape风景，风景画；scene特定地点的景色，场景。D项在表示场景时，场景中通常包括了其中的人物及其活动，所以本题选D。7. 单选题His ideas are invariably condemned as（ ）by his colleagues.问题1选项A.imaginativeB.ingeniousC.impracticalD.theoretical【答案】C【解析】句意：他的想法总是被同事们认为（ ） 。condemn意为“谴责，反对”，表明其后的形容词应为贬义词。A选项imaginative想象的，虚构的；B选项ingenious聪明的，精巧的；C选项impractical不切实际的，不实用的；D选项theoretical理论上的。C选项impractical符合句意和逻辑。8. 单选题Most people choose a（ ）lawyer on the basis of such consideration as his post, his field of expertise, and the fees he charges.问题1选项A.humanisticB.irrelevantC.personalD.pragmatic【答案】D【解析】形容词辨析。句意：大多数人会选择一个 的律师，基于他的岗位、专业经验和支付费用等进行考虑。humanistic人性的；irrelevant不相干的；personal私人的；pragmatic实际的，实用主义的。故选D。9. 单选题Childhood memoirs often gain their poignancy through a sense of displacement: each lesson is accompanied by a loss of（ ） .问题1选项A.perspectiveB.innocenceC.permissionD.veracity【答案】B【解析】名词辨析。句意：童年记忆经常由于取代感而更加哀伤，每一次教训都伴随着 的丢失。perspective 洞察力，看法；innocence 纯洁，纯真；permission 允许，许可；veracity 诚实，真实。故选B。10. 单选题It is necessary for the valuable species to（ ）itself in order to stay in existence.问题1选项A.inferB.propagateC.injectD.jerk【答案】B【解析】动词辨析。句意：为了能够使珍稀物种生存， 必须进行。infer 推论；propagate 繁殖；inject 注射；jerk 猛拉。因此，B项符合句意。11. 单选题They had a fierce（ ）as to whether their company should restore the trade relationshipwhich was broken years ago.问题1选项A.debateB.clashC.disagreementD.contest【答案】A【解析】名词辨析。句意：关于公司是否应该恢复数年前破裂的贸易关系，他们进行了一场激烈的 。debate讨论，辩论；clash 争论；disagreement 分歧；contest 竞争。因此，A项符合句意。12. 单选题In general, matters which lie entirely within state borders are the（ ）concern of state gov-ernments.问题1选项A.extinctB.excludingC.excessiveD.exclusive【答案】D【解析】形容词辨析。句意：一般来说，国家边境问题是政府 关心的问题。extinct灭绝的；excluding除外，不包括；excessive过度的，过分的；exclusive独有的，专一的。D项exclusive独有的，专一的符合句意，在这里表示“专门的，特别的”。13. 单选题Scientists have acknowledged that to interpret an animals thought processes in a sound manner re- quires a heavy dose of（ ）from our own mental patterns, which we access introspectively.问题1选项A.estimationB.calculationC.skepticismD.inference【答案】B【解析】名词辨析。句意：科学家已经承认，用声音的方式来翻译一个动物的思维进程，需要从我们使用内在的思维模式进行大量的 （ ） 。estimation 评价，估计；calculation 计算；skepticism 怀疑论；inference 推理。故选B。14. 单选题There is much I enjoy about the changing seasons, but my favorite time is the（ ）from fall to winter.问题1选项A.transmissionB.transformationC.transitionD.transfer【答案】C【解析】名词辨析。句意：我很喜欢季节变更，但是我最喜欢的时间是秋冬的 。transmission 传递；transformation 变形，转化；transition 转变，过渡时期；transfer 迁移、传递。因此，C项符合句意。15. 单选题The reception was attended by（ ）members of the local community.问题1选项A.excellentB.conspicuousC.prominentD.noticeable【答案】C【解析】C选项prominent意为“突出的；著名的”。句意：参加这次招待会的是当地社区的（ ） 人士。A选项excellent极好的；B选项conspicuous显而易见的；C选项prominent突出的；著名的； D选项noticeable引人注目的，C选项prominent符合句意。16. 单选题While admiring that this forecast was（ ）uncertain, the scientists warned against treating it as a cry of wolf.问题1选项A.anyhowB.somewhereC.somewhatD.anyway【答案】C【解析】副词辨析。句意：虽然承认这次预报 不确定，但科学家仍警告不要把它当作危言耸听。anyhow总之，无论如何；somewhere在某处，到某处；somewhat有点，稍微；anyway总之，无论如何。因此，C项符合句意。17. 单选题Mr. Smith became very（ ）when it was suggested that he had made a mistake.问题1选项A.ingeniousB.empiricalC.objectiveD.indignant【答案】D【解析】形容词辨析。句意：当史密斯先生被暗示犯了一个错误时，他变得非常（ ） 。ingenious灵敏的，聪明的；empirical以事实为依据的；objective客观的；indignant愤怒的。故选D。18. 单选题The wood was so rotten that, when we pulled, it（ ）into fragments.问题1选项A.broke awayB.broke offC.broke upD.broke through【答案】C【解析】短语辨析。句意：木头腐烂成那样了，我们拉它的时候，它就 片了。broke away脱离，放弃，裂开；broke off折断，突然停止；broke up分手，破碎；broke through 突破。后半句有一个“fragments（碎片）”,C项符合句意。虽然A项break away也可表示“弄碎”的意思，但后面一般不与“into（sth.）”连用。19. 单选题Printmaking is the generic term for a number of processes, of which woodcut and engraving are wo prime examples. Prints are made by pressing a sheet of paper (or other material) against an im-age-bearing surface to which ink has been applied. When the paper is removed, the image adheres to t, but in reverse.The woodcut had been used in China from the fifth century A. D. for applying patterns to tex-tiles .The proce