2022年考博英语-辽宁大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第160期

2022年考博英语-辽宁大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题A _ judge weighs all the evidence and excludes all personal feelings.问题1选项A.scrupulousB.restlessC.sarcasticD.resourceful【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项scrupulous“细心的；小心谨慎的；一丝不苟的；严格认真的”；B选项restless“焦躁不安的；不安宁的；得不到满足的”；C选项sarcastic“挖苦的；尖刻的，辛辣的”；D选项resourceful“足智多谋的；机智的”。句意：一位_法官会权衡所有的证据，排除所有的个人感情。一丝不苟，严格认真符合法官形象，权衡证据以及排除个人感情说明一丝不苟，不能体现机智，所以A选项正确。2. 翻译题Once the first laughter had been laughed by primitive man, with such apparently pleasurable effects all around, laughter began to take on an intrinsic value within the society of man. The person possessing the ability to communicate pleasure in a loud laugh began to enjoy social advantages over his more serious colleagues, he became a “good mixer” socially selected and liked by society. Thus the process of natural selection (the survival of the fittest) would tend to operate in favor of those able to express their pleasurable states in laugher, as compared with those not so able. Throughout the course of evolution, laughter would become established throughout the human species as a function of sociological and psychological value.Thus laughter gradually became established as a capacity among virtually all human beings. In addition, laughters infections quality helped distribute it as a characteristic common to all mankind. Laughter was advantageous; therefore it survived.【答案】【参考译文】原始人一旦第一次开口大笑了，笑声就因其对周围所产生的那些明显的愉快的效果，开始具有了人类社会所特有的价值。具有用爽朗的笑声来传播愉快能力的人，开始比他的较为严肃的同事更能享受到社会的优势。他成了个“善于交际的人”，在社交方面成了大家所推举的人，受到社会的喜爱。因此，自然选择（适者生存）的过程往往有利于那些能够在笑中表达快乐状态的人，而不是那些不这么做的人。在整个进化的过程中，根据其具有的社会学和心理学价值，笑声一直保持下来。这样，笑就逐渐成为全人类的一种能力。此外，笑的感染力有助于将其作为全人类共有的一种特性进行传播。笑是有益的，所以笑就流传了下来。3. 单选题Fifty volunteers were alphabetically divided into two equal groups, Group A to participate in a 7 week exercise program, and Group B to avoid deliberate exercise of any sort during those 7 weeks. On the day before the exercise program began, all 50 men participated in a step-test. This consisted of stepping up and down on a 16-inch bench at 30 steps a minute for 5 minutes. One minute after completion of the step-test, the pulse rate of each subject was taken and recorded. This served as the protest for the experiment. For the next 7 weeks, subjects in the experiment group (Group A) rode an exercycle (a motor-driven bicycle-type exercise machine) for 15 minutes each day. The exercise schedule called for riders to ride relaxed during the first days ride, merely holding on to the handle bars and foot pedals as the machine moved. Then, for the next 3 days, they rode relaxed for 50 seconds of each minute, and pushed, pulled, and pedaled actively for 10 seconds of each minute. The ratio of active riding was increased every few days, so that by the third week it was half of each minute, and by the seventh week the riders were performing 15 solid minutes of active riding.At the end of the 7 weeks, the step-test was again given to both groups of subjects, and their pulses taken. The post-exercise pulse rates of subjects in the experimental group were found to have decreased an average of 30 heart beats per minute, with the lowest decrease 28 and the highest decrease 46. The pulse rates of subjects in the control group remained the same or changed no more than 4 beats, with an average difference between the initial and final tests of zero.1.The step-test was given （ ）.2.When were pulse rates taken?3.The exercise schedule was planned so that the amount of active riding（ ）.4.What did Group A do in their program?5.The post-exercise pulse rates of Group B were found on the average to have（ ）.问题1选项A.after each exercise periodB.at the beginning and at the end of the seven-week periodC.only once, at the beginning of the seven week periodD.twice to the men in Group A and once to the men in Group B问题2选项A.After every exercise period.B.Every day.C.After the step-tests.D.Every time the ration of active riding was increased.问题3选项A.increased every few daysB.varied from day to dayC.increased until the third week and then was kept constantD.increased every exercise period问题4选项A.They stepped up and down on a bench each day.B.They pushed and pulled on exercise handles every day.C.They rode on an exercise every day.D.They refrained from any exercise问题5选项A.not changedB.gone down 28 beats per minuteC.gone down 30 beats per minuteD.gone down 4 beats per minute【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:A第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.细节事实题。由文章第一段中的On the day before the exercise program began, all 50 men participated in a step-test.（在锻炼项目开始的前一天，所有50名男子都参加了一次阶梯测试）和第二段的首句At the end of the 7 weeks, the step-test was again given to both groups of subjects, and their pulses taken.（在7周结束时，再次对两组受试者进行了逐步测试，并记录了他们的脉搏）可知B选项“在七周的开始和结束时”符合题意。2.细节事实题。由文章第一段中的 One minute after completion of the step-test, the pulse rate of each subject was taken and recorded.（在阶梯测试完成后1分钟，记录每一位受试者的脉搏率）可知选C。3.细节事实题。由文章第一段最后一句中的The ratio of active riding was increased every few days（主动骑行的比率每隔几天增加一次）可知选A。4.细节事实题。由文章第一段中的For the next 7 weeks, subjects in the experiment group (Group A) rode an exercycle for 15 minutes each day.（在接下来的7周中，A组实验者每天骑15分钟自行车）可知选C。5.细节事实题。由文章第一段中的Group B to avoid deliberate exercise of any sort during those 7 weeks（B组应避免在这7周内刻意进行任何形式的锻炼）和第二段中的The pulse rates of subjects in the control group remained the same or changed no more than 4 beats（对照组的脉搏率率保持不变或变化不超过4次）可知B组为对照组，没有进行任何锻炼，因此选A。4. 翻译题2.改革开放30年来，随着中国逐渐崛起成为政治经济强国，海外人士学习汉语的现象与日俱增，海外孔子学院也成了人们学习中国语言和中国文化的首选之地。通过学习汉语，他们对这个和自己文化大相径庭的古老文明产生了浓厚的兴趣，而且有机会了解中国的哲学、艺术、医学、饮食文化，亲身体验这个文明古国的风采。【答案】【参考译文】2.As China is rising as a political and economic world power thanks to its three-decade reform and opening up, more and more people in overseas countries start to learn Chinese and turn to a Confucius Institute in their own countries as their first choice learning Chinese language and Chinese culture. Through learning Chinese, they have a strong interest in this ancient civilization, which is quite different from their own culture. They also have the opportunity to learn about Chinese philosophy, art, medicine and food culture, and experience the elegant demeanor of this ancient civilization.5. 翻译题清洁的空气对于健康是至关重要的。如果空气中含有杂质，这些杂质就有可能被我们的身体吸收，使人生病。我们需要清洁的空气，但不幸的是，目前普遍存在着空气污染，尤其是在城市里。城市里有许多食品厂、服装厂和制造其他东西的工厂。每天这些工厂把千百万吨的烟灰排放到空气中。工厂产生的东西过一个时期就会损坏，然后就作为垃圾扔掉。我们烧掉许多垃圾，烟灰就增多了。还有工厂生产的汽车，一旦出厂在街上行驶，将会吸进空气，排出有毒气体，并增加空气中的烟尘。世界上没有任何一个地方可以彻底摆脱空气污染，我们必须采取措施来控制空气污染。现在越来越多的人正在认识到清洁空气的重要性。学校开设了关于污染问题的课程。企业开始帮着净化空气，他们安装了特别的设备来清除自己排放的烟雾。科学家和发明家正在努力开发更清洁的汽车和火车引擎。或许，人们在城市里能呼吸新鲜空气的日子终将到来。【答案】【参考译文】Clean air is vital to good health. If the air contains impurities, they may be absorbed by our bodies make us ill. We need clean air, but unfortunately, air pollution is generally present, especially in cities. There are many food factories, garment factories and factories for making other products in cities. Every day these factories discharge million tons of smoke and soot into the air. Things made in factories wear out after a while and are thrown away as trash. We burn a lot of trash, which produces more smoke and soot. Moreover, once the automobiles produced by factories are out on the street, they will take in air and replace it with poisonous gases, which again produce more smoke and soot.No area in the world can completely free of air pollution. We must take measures to control it. Now more and more people are realizing the importance of clean air. Schools have taught about the pollution problem. Industries are begun to help clean up, by installing equipment to clean up their smoke. Scientists and inventors are making efforts to develop cleaner automobiles and the engine of train.Perhaps the day when people are able to breathe fresh air in cities will come at last.6. 翻译题Can man be credited with choosing the right path when he knows only one? Can he be congratulated for his wise decision when only one judgment is possible? If he knows nothing of vice, is he to be praised for adhering to virtue?From the day when the first man tasted the forbidden fruit, he has been struggling with the choice between good and evil, but without his full awareness of the pleasing taste of that apple, or even of its existence, would he be worthy of praised for forbearing to eat it?Wisdom consists of the deliberate exercise of judgment; knowledge comes in the discrimination between those known alternatives. Weighing these alternatives is the way of maturity. Only then does man have the strength to follow his choice without wavering, since that choice is based firmly on knowledge rather than on an uncertain, dangerously shallow foundation of ignorance.【答案】【参考译文】当知道仅有一条路可以走的时候，一个人做出的抉择还能被称为正确吗？当眼前只有一个选择时，那个人所作的决定还能算是明智的吗？如果他根本不懂什么叫罪恶，那他又是否该为坚守道义而受到称赞？自从人类第一次偷尝禁果之后，就一直在善与恶之间的选择上作斗争，但是如果他对那禁果的可口味道，甚至于连它的存在都不知道，那他会因为克制自己不吃它而被称赞吗？智慧的获取得益于一次次慎重的评判，而知识则来源于对已知的选择进行鉴别。权衡这些选择才是成熟之道。只有这样，一个人才能有力量毫不动摇地坚持自己的选择，因为这种选择是基于知识，而不是不确定的，非常肤浅的愚昧无知。7. 单选题The Romans （ ）a large part of Europe and the Middle Fast.问题1选项A.submittedB.subduedC.oppressedD.predominated【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。submit意为“顺从，服从”；subdue意为“征服”；oppress意为“折磨，压迫”；predominate意为“占优势，占主导地位”。句意：罗马人征服了欧洲大部分地区以及中东地区。8. 单选题The American society is laid on an exceedingly shaky foundation of natural resources, which is connected with the possibility of a worsening environment.问题1选项A.established onB.affiliated onC.originated fromD.incorporated with【答案】A【解析】考查词组辨析。be laid on意为“被放置在上面”；be established on意为“被建立在上面”；没有be affiliated on这样的搭配，affiliate意为“使隶属，加入”；be originated from意为“源自于”；be incorporated with意为“与合并”。句意：美国社会建立在一个自然资源极其不稳定的基础上，这可能与环境的恶化有关。9. 单选题The young artist creates（ ）.问题1选项A.marble translucent sculpturesB.translucent marble sculpturesC.marble sculptures translucentD.translucent sculptures marble【答案】B【解析】考查形容词词序。当名词前有多个形容词做定语时，这些形容词的排序为：限定词（冠词、指示代词、物主代词、数词等）+表示观点的描述性形容词+形状、大小、长短、高低+年龄、新旧+颜色+国籍、地区+物质材料+中心词。translucent（半透明的）指颜色，marble（大理石）指物质材料，sculpture（雕像）是中心词，因此选B。句意：这位年轻的艺术家创造了半透明的大理石雕像。10. 翻译题当前，国际形势正在发生深刻而复杂的变化。和平、发展、合作是当今时代的主旋律。世界多极化和经济全球化的趋势深入发展，科技进步日新月异，区域合作方兴未艾，各国相互依存不断加深，这些都为世界各国带来了难得的发展机遇。同时，全球发展不均衡，南北差距拉大，传统安全威胁和非传统安全威胁相互交织，影响世界和平与发展的不稳定不确定因素增多，广大发展中国家实现可持续发展面临着严峻挑战。中国是最大的发展中国家，非洲是发展中国家最集中的大陆，中国和非洲的人口占世界人口三分之一以上。没有中国和非洲的和平与发展，就没有世界的和平与发展。【答案】【参考译文】At present, the international situation is undergoing profound and complex changes. Peace, development and cooperation are the themes of the present era. The trend of world multi-polarization and economic globalization is developing further, the progress in science and technology is changing with each passing day, the regional cooperation is making robust progress, and the interdependence between each nation goes further. All these have created rare development opportunities for the international community. At the same time, imbalance in global development, widening gap between North and South, the combination of traditional and non-traditional security threats as well as increasing factors of instability and uncertainty standing in the way of peace and development all pose a daunting challenge to developing countries in their pursuit of sustainable development.China is the largest developing country in the world, and Africa is home to the largest number of developing countries in the world. Our combined population accounts for over a third of the world total population. Without peace and development in China and Africa, there will be no global peace and development.11. 翻译题在网上购物尚未走俏的时候，在空调、个人计算机、视频游戏、英特网、手机、克隆技术、基因工程，以及其他一堆使这个人造世界越发诱人的发明出现之前，有人就表现出了忧虑。人造世界是为我们而建造的。它用美味佳肴供我们充饥，用精神粮食滋养我们的心灵。它给我们提供庇护，不受疾患和不适的侵害。它告知天下我们是如何聪颖；它满足了我们的虚荣，蜷缩在由钢铁和混凝土，硅以及塑料构筑的泡沫世界里，我们可以假装在驾驭这个星球。与之形成鲜明对照的是，自然世界的产生不是为了我们的舒适和方便。它在数十亿年前就存在了，而人类的诞生则是在数十亿年之后的事，但自然界的寿命却要比人类更长久。自然界嘲笑我们的虚荣，因为它超越了我们对它的理解和控制。【答案】【参考译文】Some people voiced these worries before the triumph of online shopping and before the advent of air-conditioning, personal computers, video games, the Internet, cell phones, cloning technology, genetic engineering and a slew of other inventions that have made the artificial world ever more seductive. The artificial world is made for us. It feeds our bellies and minds with tasty pabulum; it shelters us from discomfort and sickness; it proclaims our ingenuity; it flatters our pride. Snug inside bubbles fashioned from concrete and steel, from silicon and plastic and words, we can pretend we are running the planet.By contrast, the natural world was not made for our comfort or convenience. It precedes us by some billions of years, and human being comes into being billions of years later, but the natural world will outlast us; it mocks our pride, because it surpasses our understanding and control.12. 翻译题Translate the following into English随着年岁的增长，精力日减，效率渐低，作风渐延：激情有失，理智有增。看来，这样的互易不可能总是得失相当的。但是，一定的年龄总有一定的长处。因此，可以告慰的是，即使你已度过了部分盛年，在未来的经历中，依然会有另一种盛年期的出现。某些重要的盛年期似乎在人生后期才达到顶峰。原始人一旦由于周围的许多令人愉快的情景而第一次开口大笑了，又由于笑对周围所产生的那些明显的愉快的效果，笑就开始具有了人类社会所特有的价值。具有用爽朗的笑声来传播愉快能力的人，开始比他的较为严肃、古板的同事更能享受到社会的优惠，从而使自己处于有利的地位。他成了个“善于交际的人”，在社交方面成了大家所推举的人，受到社会的喜爱。当今的世界，即非丝绸之路的吋代，亦非马可波罗(Marco Polo)吋代。从上海去东京，只需两个多小时。从中国区地球另一端的美国，也能在日历的同一天到达。昔日遥远的地理距离，被现代科学技术一下缩短到令人难以置信的程度。这是人类文明的共同成果。【答案】As we age, we trade strength for ingenuity, speed for thoroughness and passion for reason. These exchanges may not always seem fair, but at every age, there are some advantages. So it is reassuring to note that even if youve passed some of your “primes”, you still have other prime years to experience in the future. It seems that some prime period will reach its peak later in our life. Once the primitive men burst out laughing for the first time because of something pleasant around them, and then the laugh brings the obviously pleasant effect around, the laugh has had value that the human beings is holding. The person who possesses the ability to spread happiness by bright and clear laugh will get more social benefits than his serious and stuffy colleagues, which gets him in an advantageous position. Thus he becomes a “good mixer” who is commended by others, especially gifted socially. The world today is neither the era of Silk Road, nor the age of Marco Polo. It just takes about two hours from Shanghai to Tokyo. On the same day on the calendar, you also can arrive in the United States on the other side of the earth from China. The far geographic distance of the old days has been shortened to an unbelievable extent by modern science and technology. Its the common achievements brought about by the progress of human civilization. 13. 单选题Even though he was guilty, the（ ）judge did not send him to prison.问题1选项A.mercifulB.impartialC.conscientiousD.conspicuous【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。merciful意为“仁慈的，宽恕的，温和的”；impartial意为“公正的，不偏不倚的”；conscientious意为“一丝不苟的，认真的”；conspicuous意为“明显的”。由前面even though（即使，纵然）引导的让步状语从句中的guilty和主句中的did not send him to prison表示the judge是仁慈的，因此选A。句意：即使他有罪，仁慈的法官也没有把他送进监狱。14. 单选题The show that we watched was so （ ）that we laughed loudly.问题1选项A.comicalB.laughableC.animatedD.attractive【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。comical意为“好笑的，滑稽的，有趣的”；laughable意为“可笑的，荒谬的，值得当真的”，含有贬义；animated意为“活跃的，生气勃勃的”；attractive意为“诱人的，吸引人的”。由we laughed loudly（我们大声笑）可推测the show（演出、节目）好笑，因此选A。句意：我们看的表演太好笑了，我们大笑起来。15. 单选题The choir slowly walked through the （ ）of the church as they sang.问题1选项A.passageB.laneC.isleD.aisle【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。passage意为“通道，走廊”；lane意为“(乡间)小路，小巷，胡同”；isle意为“岛，小岛”；aisle意为“(教堂、戏院、火车等座位间或超级市场货架间的)走道，过道”。由the church（教堂）可知选D。句意：唱诗班在唱诗的时候慢慢地穿过教堂的过道。16. 翻译题We have inherited a world of relative abundance, one where we can still for the most part meet our needs. We can be thankful for the wisdom of our forebears, who evidently took their responsibility for the future seriously. Yet, imagine a world without the amazing diversity of species from which we now benefit, a world without decent soil to farm, air to breathe, or water to drink. Such a world is one that any generation could inherit if its predecessor did not find wisdom in its responsibility to the future.What we are today depends to a great extent upon how we have been formed by the generations that have preceded us. When we look to future generations, our position toward them is analogous to the position of past generations toward us. We are the data out of which the future will be formed. What we are and do today will limit or create their options, and in this way we profoundly help to shape their destiny. What kind of world we leave to the future is essentially a question of moral responsibility.【答案】【参考译文】我们继承了一个相对富饶的世界，在这个世界里，我们仍能在很大程度上满足自己的需求。我们应该感谢我们祖先的智慧，他们显然认真地承担了他们对未来的责任。然而，想象一个没有我们现在受益的惊人物种多样性的世界，一个没有像样的土壤可以耕种、没有空气可以呼吸、没有水可以饮用的世界，那么在这样的世界中，如果前辈们没有从对未来的责任中发现智慧，任何一代人都能对其进行继承。我们今天是什么样子，在很大程度上取决于我们的前辈如何塑造我们。当我们对将来的几代人负责时，我们对他们的态度就类似于过去几代人对我们的态度。我们是构成未来的“数据”。我们今天的状况和所作所为将会限制或塑造他们的选择，而通过这种方式，我们在他们命运形成的过程中具有深远意义。我们留给未来什么样的世界，从本质上说，是一种道德责任的问题。17. 单选题The guests were in a jubilant mood as the wedding began.问题1选项A.exultantB.conciliatoryC.reverentD.receptive【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。a jubilant意为“喜庆洋洋的，欢欣鼓舞的”；exultant意为“狂喜的；兴高采烈的”；conciliatory意为“调解的，安抚的”；reverent意为“恭敬的，虔敬的”；receptive意为“乐于接受的”。句意：婚礼开始时，客人们都喜气洋洋。18. 单选题With time the memory faded into （ ）.问题1选项A.nourishmentB.realizationC.longevityD.oblivion【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。nourishment意为“营养，营养品”；realization意为“认识，领会，领悟”；longevity意为“长寿”；oblivion意为“遗忘，昏迷”。句意：随着时间的流逝，记忆渐渐淡忘了。19. 单选题The officer murmured his consent.问题1选项A.stutteredB.noddedC.mumbledD.uttered【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。murmur意为“低语，喃喃细语”；stutter意为“口吃，结结巴巴地说”；nod意为“点头”；mumble意为“嘟哝，低声说”；utter意为“说，出声”。句意：警官低声表示同意。20. 翻译题Confucius said, “Since the age of 15, I have devoted myself to learning; since 30, I have been well established; since 40, I have understood many things and have no longer been confused; since 50, I have known my heaven-sent duty; since 60, I have been able to distinguish right and wrong in other peoples words; and since 70, I have been able to do what I intend freely without breaking the rules.”The average life expectancy at the Spring and Autumn Periods and Warring States Periods was, according to some research, about 19 years. Confucius lived 72 to 73 years, a rare god of longevity in deed. It was even hard for those with power and leisure to reach such an age. Therefore, Confucius could be very well learned, far from what an ordinary person could expect at his times.The statistics in 2001 shows that the world life expectancy is 62.27 with the Japanese taking the lead to be 79.66 while China gaining a position surpassing all developing countries by its 69.98. However, the Chinese have not yet reached the age to do what they intend freely without breaking the rules. Thus, rules are hard not to be broken.Calculated in the terms Confucius set for us in learning, those of us who have been learning English for ten years still have a long way to go before reaching the time to be established. To have no confusion, one has to spend 25 years. To truly understand the purpose of English learning, one has to do it for 35 years. It takes 45 years if one wants to distinguish right and wrong in other peoples words, and 55 years to manipulate English language freely without breaking the rules.【答案】【参考译文】子曰“吾十有五而志于学，三十而立，四十而不惑，五十而知天命，六十而耳顺，七十而从心所欲，不逾矩。”根据一些研究，在春秋战国时人的平均寿命大约为19岁。孔子活到了72到73岁，是少有的寿星。在那时，即使是那些有权且生活闲暇的人也很难达到孔子的高寿。所以，孔子的修行是很高的，在当时，非一般人所能企及。2001年的统计数据显示，世界人口平均寿命为62