2022年考博英语-北京师范大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第99期

2022年考博英语-北京师范大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题Cultural norms so completely surround people, so permeate thought and action, that we never recognize the assumptions on which their lives and their sanity rest. As one observer put it, if birds were suddenly endowed with scientific curiosity they might examine many things, but the sky itself would be overlooked as a suitable subject; if fish were to become curious about the world, it would never occur to them to begin by investigating water. For birds and fish would take the sky and sea for granted, unaware of their profound influence because they comprise the medium for every fact. Human beings, in a similarly way, occupy a symbolic universe governed by codes that are unconsciously acquired and automatically employed. So much so that they rarely notice that the ways they interpret and talk about events are distinctively different from the ways people conduct their affairs in other cultures.As long as people remain blind to the sources of their meanings, they are imprisoned within them. These cultural frames of reference are no less confining simply because they cannot be seen or touched. Whether it is an individual neurosis that keeps an individual out of contact with his neighbors, or a collective neurosis that separates neighbors of different cultures, both are forms of blindness that limit what can be experienced and what can be learned from others.It would seem that everywhere people would desire to break out of the boundaries of their own experiential worlds. Their ability to react sensitively to a wider spectrum of events and peoples requires an overcoming of such cultural parochialism. But, in fact, few attain this broader vision. Some, of course, have little opportunity for wider cultural experience, though this condition should change as the movement of people accelerates. Others do not try to widen their experience because they prefer the old and familiar, seek from their affairs only further confirmation of the correctness of their own values. Still others recoil from such experiences because they feel it dangerous to probe too deeply into the personal or cultural unconscious. Exposure may reveal how tenuous and arbitrary many cultural norms are; such exposure might force people to acquire new bases for interpreting events. And even for the many who do seek actively to enlarge the variety of human beings with whom they are capable of communicating there are still difficulties.Cultural myopia persists not merely because of inertia and habit, but chiefly because it is so difficult to overcome. One acquires a personality and a culture in childhood, long before he is capable of comprehending either of them. To survive, each person masters the perceptual orientations, cognitive biases, and communicative habits of his own culture. But once mastered, objective assessment of these same processes is awkward since the same mechanisms that are being evaluated must be used in making the evaluations.1.The examples of birds and fish are used to （）2. The term parochialism (Line 3, Para. 3) most possibly means （）3. It can be inferred from the last two paragraphs that （）4.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?5. The passage might be entitled “（）问题1选项A.show that they, too, have their respective culturesB.explain humans occupy a symbolic universe as birds and fish occupy the sky and the seaC.illustrate that human beings are unaware of the cultural codes governing themD.demonstrate the similarity between man, birds, and fish in their ways of thinking问题2选项A.open-mindednessB.provincialismC.superiorityD.discrimination问题3选项A.everyone would like to widen their cultural scope if they canB.the obstacles to overcoming cultural parochialism lie mainly in peoples habit of thinkingC.provided ones brought up in a culture, he may be with bias in making cultural evaluationsD.childhood is an important stage in comprehending culture问题4选项A.Individual and collective neurosis might prevent communications with others.B.People in different cultures may be governed by the same cultural norms.C.Peoples visions will be enlarged if only they knew that cultural differences exist.D.If cultural norms are something tangible, they wont be so confining.问题5选项A.How to Overcome Cultural MyopiaB.Behavioral Patterns and Cultural BackgroundC.Harms of Cultural MyopiaD.Cultural Myopia-A Deep-rooted Collective Neurosis【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:C第4题:A第5题:D【解析】第1题:根据第一段的倒数第二句“Human beings, in a similarly way, occupy a symbolic universe governed by codes that are unconsciously acquired and automatically employed. ”，选项C符合原文。第2题:根据第三段的一、二句，似乎在任何地方，人们都渴望打破自己的经验世界的界限。他们对更广泛的事件和人民作出敏感反应的能力需要克服这种文化狭隘主义。“cultural parochialism”是指文化的狭隘主义，选项B更符合原文。第3题:根据最后两段的内容以及关键词“cultural parochialism”、“cultural myopia”可以推测，如果一个人长期生活在一种文化环境中，在做文化评论的时候会有偏见。选项C符合原文。第4题:根据第二段的最后一句“Whether it is .from others.”，它限制了我们所能体验到的，也限制了我们从他人身上学到的东西，也就是阻碍了与他人的沟通交流，选项A正确。第5题:根据全文内容，主要是讲文化局限的定义和背景，所以选项D更贴切。2. 翻译题Information processing is the acquisition, recording, organization, retrieval （检索）, display, and dissemination of information. In recent years, the term has often been applied to computer-based operations specifically. During the past few centuries great advances have been made in the human capability to record, store, and reproduce information, beginning with the invention of printing from movable type in 1450, followed by the development of photography and telephony, and culminating in the mass production of electronic digital computers in the latter half of the 20th century. New technologies for preserving and transmitting aural and visual information have further enhanced information processing.【答案】信息处理即对信息的获取、组织、检索、展示及传播。这个术语近年来一直经常专门用于电脑运行。从1450年发明了活字印刷技术开始，随后又开发出摄影技术和电话技术，最终于二十世纪下半叶批量生产电子计算机形成顶峰，人类信息记录、 信息存储及信息复制能力在过去的几百年间已经取得了巨大的进展。用于储存和传 输视频及音频信息的新技术已经进一步加强了信息处理能力。3. 单选题Extraordinary creative activity has been characterized as revolutionary, flying in the face of what is established and producing not what is acceptable but what will become accepted. According to this formulation, highly creative activity transcends the limits of an existing form and establishes a new principle of organization. However, the idea that extraordinary creativity transcends established limits is misleading when it is applied to the arts, even though it may be valid for the sciences. Differences between highly creative art and highly creative science arise in part from differences in their goals. For the sciences, a new theory is the goal and end result of the creative act. Innovative science produces new propositions in terms of which diverse phenomena can be related to one another in more coherent ways. Such phenomena as a brilliant diamond or a nesting bird are relegated to the role of data, serving as the means for formulating or testing a new theory. The goal of highly creative art is very different: the phenomenon itself becomes the direct product of the creative act. Shakespeares Hamlet is not a tract about the behavior of indecisive princes or the uses of political power, nor is Picassos painting Guernica primarily a propositional statement about the Spanish Civil War or the evils of fascism. What highly creative artistic activity produces is not a new generalization that transcends established limits, but rather an aesthetic particular. Aesthetic particulars produced by the highly creative artist extend or exploit, in an innovative way, the limits of an existing form, rather than transcend that form.This is not to deny that a highly creative artist sometimes establishes a new principle of organization in the history of an artistic field: the composer Monteverdi, who created music of the highest aesthetic value, comes to mind. More generally, however, whether or not a composition establishes a new principle in the history of music has little bearing on its aesthetic worth. Because they embody a new principle of organization, some musical works, such as the operas of the Florentine Camerata, are of signal historical importance, but few listeners or musicologists would include these among the great works of music. On the other hand, Mozarts The Marriage of Figaro is surely among the masterpieces of music even though its modest innovations are confined to extending existing means. It has been said of Beethoven that he toppled the rules and freed music from the stifling confines of convention. But a close study of his compositions reveals that Beethoven overturned no fundamental rules. Rather, he was an incomparable strategist who exploited limits-the rules, forms, and conventions that he inherited from predecessors such as Haydn and Mozart, Handel and Bach-in strikingly original ways.1.The author considers a new theory that coherently relates diverse phenomena to one another to be the（）2.The passage supplies information for answering all of the following questions EXCEPT:（）3.The author regards the idea that all highly creative artistic activity transcends limits with（）4.The author implies that an innovative scientific contribution is one that（）5. Which of the following statements would most logically conclude the last paragraph of the passage?问题1选项A.basis for reaffirming a well-established scientific formulationB.byproduct of an aesthetic experienceC.tool used by a scientist to discover a new particularD.result of highly creative scientific activity问题2选项A.Has unusual creative activity been characterized as revolutionary?B.Did Beethoven work within a musical tradition that also included Handel and Bach?C.Is Mozarts The Marriage of Figaro an example of a creative work that transcended limits?D.Who besides Monteverdi wrote music that the author would consider to embody new principles of organization and to be of high aesthetic value?问题3选项A.deep skepticismB.strong indignationC.marked indifferenceD.moderate amusement问题4选项A.is cited with high frequency in the publications of other scientistsB.is accepted immediately by the scientific communityC.does not relegate particulars to the role of dataD.introduces a new valid generalization问题5选项A.Unlike Beethoven, however, even the greatest of modern composers, such as Stravinsky, did not transcend existing musical forms.B.In similar fashion, existing musical forms were even further exploited by the next generation of great European composers.C.Thus, many of the great composers displayed the same combination of talents exhibited by Monteverdi.D.By contrast, the view that creativity in the arts exploits but does not transcend limits is supported in the field of literature.【答案】第1题:D第2题:D第3题:A第4题:D第5题:B【解析】第1题:根据第一段“ For the sciences.coherent ways. ”对于科学来说，新理论是创造行为的目标和最终结果。创新的科学产生新的命题，根据这些命题，不同的现象可以以更连贯的方式相互关联。所以，选项D符合原文。第2题:根据第二段的内容可知，只有选项D除了蒙特威尔第，还有谁写的音乐，作者认为它体现了新的组织原则，具有很高的审美价值，这个在文中没有提及。第3题:根据第一段的最后两句，具有高度创造性的艺术家所创作的美学细节，以一种创新的方式，扩展或利用现有形式的局限，而不是超越这种形式。由此推断是持怀疑的态度，选择A正确。第4题:根据第一段“Innovative science.a new theory.”创新的科学产生新的命题，根据这些命题，不同的现象可以以更连贯的方式相互关联。像明亮钻石或筑巢的鸟这样的现象被归为数据的作用，作为形成或测试新理论的手段。选项D引入一个新的有效的推广表述正确。第5题:根据第二段的内容可以推断出，选项B以类似的方式，现有的音乐形式被下一代伟大的欧洲作曲家进一步利用更能概括本段内容，所以，选项B正确。4. 翻译题In comparison with the human world of past times, our world is highly complex. Because of its highly developed communications, events in every part of the globe and of human society are closely interconnected. There are no isolated disasters and there is no progress that does not help the progress of all.This situation is reflected in the minds of men. The contents of mens minds have also become worldwide in scope and complexity. It is not enough for a man, seeking the welfare of his own people and country, to consider his domestic situation in relation to his immediate neighbors. World trends encompass every one of us,and it is by participating in them and contributing in them that we influence our own future. The highest task before mens minds today is to understand, to fight against the forces of regression and death, to strengthen and convert into reality the possibility which our world offers, as no previous world has offered, for a fuller life for all men.【答案】和过去的人类世界相比，我们今天的世界太复杂了。由于通讯高度发达，地球上每一个角落和人类社会的各个部分发生的事情都紧密相连。没有与世隔绝的荒原，也没有哪一项进步不有益于全世界的进步。这种情况反应到人的头脑中。人们思维的内容就其视野及复杂性来说也涉及世界范围。对于为自己的人民和国家谋福利的人来说，只把本国情况对照四周的近邻加以考虑是不够的。世界的潮流席卷着我们当中的每一个人，参加到这个潮流中并为之出一份力量，我们正是以这样的方式影响着我们自己的未来。人们思维所面临的最崇高任务，是以认识退化和死亡并与之斗争，加强以前世界未能提供、而我们今天的世界提供了的可能性并使之变为现实，以使所有人的生活内容更加丰富。5. 单选题In contrast to rock musicians, jazz players prefer to spend their time with their music and tend to measure success by that single standard, as a trombonist once put it: “A jazz musician would rather play a good concert for three people than a bad one for three thousand.” All the same, with their fellow players, jazzmen are collegiate and gregarious, exchange musical ideas in a spirit of mutual support or friendly competition, uniting in a collaborative effort to raise the level of their art. Even the greatest individuals have benefited from the talents of others.In this legendary band, Duke Ellington provided star soloists with the ideal framework for their abilities. At the same time, they inspired him with the rich material of their personal idioms and phrases, which found their way into his compositions. In fact, Ellington was so adept at recycling what he heard that one of them described him as not a composer but a compiler.Ellingtons creative gifts were genuine and vast, but for much of his life he did receive crucial assistance not only from the involvement of his band, but from an actual day-in, day-out collaborator. In 1938 he met Billy Strayhorn, a young pianist-composer who was immediately brought into the ducal fold. Strayhorn became Ellingtons altered ego, contributing scores to the band but functioning even more importantly as a silent partner, completing pieces Ellington left unfinished, reworking others and acting as all-purpose composer sometimes credited, more often not.Ellington provided Strayhorn with financial security, artistic respect and the creative medium of the Ellington band. Throughout their partnershipwhich lasted until Strayhorns death in 1967they never had a contract. Ellington simply paid all creative equal and friends, describing him as my favorite human being, Strayhorn, a homosexual bon vivant, brilliant but self-effacing, let Ellington take both the glory and the strain of stardom, while he relieved some of the artistic pressure with a talent comparable to the leaders own.Though occasionally there was discord over the matter of official composer credit in their joint works, Ellington always publicly acknowledged his colleagues contributions, and the many Strayhorn originals in Ellingtons book speak for themselves, including the bands famous theme and greatest hit, Take the Train. Thought the young man was adept at imitating the ducal style, his own unique voice, full of subtle impressionist colors, influenced a generation of later jazz composers.1.According to the article, jazzmen（）2.Which of the following statements is TRUE about Duke Ellington?3.Of the Strayhorn/Ellington relationship,the author believes（）4.The author feels jazz musicians（）5.It is indicated that Billy Strayhorn （）6.The title for this passage would be （）7. What is the possible meaning of the underlined word hit in the last paragraph?问题1选项A.compete fiercely with each otherB.are not sociable when they are with their fellow playersC.refuse to exchange ideas about music with their fellow playersD.collaborate a lot with their fellow players to improve the level of their art问题2选项A.He refused to collaborate with but a few talented musicians.B.He had little natural talent but rather used others genius for his own purposes.C.He entered into a collaborative relationship with Billy Strayhorn that suited both men.D.He often utilized material from lesser known musicians without proper acknowledgement.问题3选项A.both men were ultimately dissatisfied with their working arrangementB.Strayhorn was respected and well compensated for his contributions to the bandC.Strayhorn provided the bulk of the creative talent while Ellington received the public recognition for their effortD.while their professional relationship was productive, their personalities often clashed, putting a strain on their relationship问题4选项A.strive for commercial success over musical accomplishmentB.differ from rock musicians in their ability to raise the level of their musicC.are traditionally soloists who gain little from cooperative collaborationD.gain much through mutual collaboration, although often individualists问题5选项A.wrote many famous songs and often attributed to Duke EllingtonB.ended his work with Duke Ellington amid tension and frustrationC.struggled financially as he never received proper credit for his workD.was basically known for integrating different jazz themes into a larger compilation问题6选项A.Jazzmen Strayhorn and Ellington Walk AloneB.A Classic Collaborative Effort during Jazzs Finest HourC.Strayhorn and Ellington: an Unequal and Frustration CollaborationD.Jazz Is Never Played in Group: Ellington and Strayhorn Tell the World问题7选项A.A successful playB.Striking vigorouslyC.A song that was welcomed by the publicD.A headline printed prominently to draw the public attention【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:B第4题:D第5题:B第6题:B第7题:C【解析】第1题:细节推理题。根据题干关键词jazzmen定位到第一段的第二句“with their fellow players,.raise the level of their art.”爵士乐手与其他乐手合二为一，彼此交流音乐思想，互相支持，互相竞争，团结协作，共同提高自己的艺术水平。选项D符合原文。第2题:细节判断题。选项A在文中没有提及；根据第三段的第一句“Ellingtons creative gifts were genuine and vast.”Ellington的创造天赋是真实而且巨大的，可知选项B错误；根据第三段的“Strayhorn became Ellingtons altered ego.”可知Ellington和Strayhorn建立了良好的合作关系，选项C正确；选项D他经常在没有得到适当允许的情况下利用一些不知名音乐家的材料，与原文描述的他总是受到别人的启发，从而找到了自己作品的方向不符，所以选项D错误。第3题:细节推断题。根据原文第三四段的内容可知，两个人一直保持着良好的合作关系，所以选项A错误；根据第四段的第一句“Ellington provided Strayhorn with financial security, artistic respect and the creative medium of the Ellington band.”可知选项B符合原文；选项C与原文描述不符，选项D曲解了最后一段的第一句的原意。第4题:细节推断题。根据第一段的最后一句“Even the greatest individuals have benefited from the talents of others.”即便是最伟大的个人也能从别人身上受到启发。选项D符合原文。第5题:细节推断题。根据第四段的最后一句“let Ellington take both the glory and the strain of stardom, while he relieved some of the artistic pressure with a talent comparable to the leaders own.”选项B符合原文。第6题:主旨题。文章首段讲了爵士乐手的特性，提出一个主要观点：即使是最伟大的个人也能从他人的才能中获益。接下来便用Ellington和Strayhorn的经典例子论证了这一观点。选项B更符合全文主旨。第7题:语义题。根据原文意思，包括乐队的著名主题和最成功的 Take the Train。由此推断，hit应该指他们的作品，而且是著名和成功的作品，肯定受到了大众的喜爱，所以选项C正确。6. 翻译题发展中国家的人们若为移民问题操心，往往是想到硅谷或发达国家的医院和大学去创造自己最辉煌的未来。英国、加拿大和澳大利亚等国给大学毕业生提供的优惠移民政策，就是为了吸引这部分人群。诸多研究表明，发展中国家受过良好教育的人才往往可能有移民倾向。2004年，曾针对印度家庭进行过一次大型调查，结果发现，近40%有移民倾向的人受过中学以上教育，而25岁以上的印度人只有约3.3%受过中学以上教育。人才流失问题长期以来一直让发展中国家的决策者很苦恼，他们担心这种情况会危及其经济发展，夺去他们紧缺的技术人才，而这些人才本该在他们自己的大学任教，在他们自己的医院工作，为他们自己的工厂研发新产品。【答案】When people in developing countries worry about migration, they are usually concerned at the prospect of their best and brightest departure to Silicon Valley or to hospitals and universities in the developed world. These are the kind of workers that countries like Britain,Canada Australia try to attract by using immigration rules that privilege college graduates. Lots of studies have found that well-educated people from developing countries are particularly likely to emigrate. A big survey of India