2022年考博英语-中国矿业大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷9

2022年考博英语-中国矿业大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 单选题They used to quarrel a lot, but now they are completely（ ）with each other.问题1选项A.reconciledB.negotiatedC.associatedD.accommodated【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项reconcile“使一致；使和解；调停”；B选项negotiate“谈判；转让；越过”；C选项associate“联系；使关联”；D选项accommodate“使适应；容纳；调节”。句意：他们以前常常吵架，但现在完全了。由used to“以前常常”可知现在与过去完全不一样，以前常“quarrel”，则现在应该是reconciled with “和好了”，A选项正确的。2. 单选题He lived in a（ ） house, and for this reason he was easily accepted into his money-worshiping society.问题1选项A.shabbyB.raggedC.dingyD.decent【答案】D【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他住在一栋很体面的房子里，也因为这样他很快就被金钱至上的社会所接纳。shabby “破旧的”；ragged “粗糙的”；dingy “昏暗的”；decent “体面的”。根据句意，选项D符合题意。3. 单选题In Death Valley, California, one of the hottest, most arid places in North America, there is much salt, and salt can damage rocks impressively. Inhabitants of areas elsewhere, where streets and highways are slated to control ice, are familiar with the resulting rust and deterioration on cars. That attests to the chemically corrosive nature of salt, but it is not the way salt destroys rocks. Salt breaks rocks apart principally by a process called crystal prying and wedging. This happens not by soaking the rocks in salt water, but by moistening their bottoms with salt water. Such conditions exist in many areas along the eastern edge of central Death Valley. There, salty water rises from the groundwater table by capillary action through tiny spaces in sediment until it reaches the surface.Most stones have capillary passages that suck salt water from the wet ground. Death Valley provides an ultra-dry atmosphere and high daily temperatures, which promote evaporation and the formation of salt crystals along the cracks or other openings within stones. These crystals grow as long as salt water is available. Like tree roots breaking up a sidewalk, the growing crystals exert pressure on the rock and eventually pry the rock apart along planes of weakness, such as banding in metamorphic rocks, bedding in sedimentary rocks, or preexisting or incipient fractions, and along boundaries between individual mineral crystals or grains. Besides crystal growth, the expansion of halite crystals (the same as everyday table salt) by heating and of sulfates and similar salts by hydration can contribute additional stresses. A rock durable enough to have withstood natural conditions for a very long time in other areas could probably be shattered into small pieces by salt weathering within a few generations.The dominant salt in Death Valley is halite, or sodium chloride, but other salts, mostly carbonates and sulfates, also cause prying and wedging, as does ordinary ice. Weathering by a variety of salts, though often subtle, is a worldwide phenomenon. Not restricted to arid regions. Intense salt weathering occurs mostly in salt-rich places like the seashore, near the large saline lakes in the Dry Valleys of Antarctica, and in desert sections of Australia, New Zealand and central Asia.1.What is the passage mainly about?2.In lines 13-17, why does the author compare tree roots with growing salt crystals?3.The word “shattered” in line 20 is closest in meaning to（ ）.4.According to the passage, which of the following is true about the effects of salts on rocks?5.Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about rocks that are found in areas where ice is common?问题1选项A.The destructive effects of salt on rocks.B.The impressive salt rocks in Death Valley.C.The amount of salt produced in Death Valley.D.The damaging effects of salt on roads and highways.问题2选项A.They both force hard surfaces to crack.B.They both grow as long as water is available.C.They both react quickly to a rise in temperature.D.They both cause salty water to rise from the groundwater table.问题3选项A.arrangedB.dissolvedC.broken apartD.gathered together问题4选项A.Only two types of salts cause prying and wedging.B.Salts usually cause damage only in combination with ice.C.A variety of salts in all kinds of environments can cause weathering.D.Salt damage at the seashore is more severe than salt damage in Death Valley.问题5选项A.They are protected from weathering.B.They do not allow capillary action of water.C.They show similar kinds of damage as rocks in Death Valley.D.They contain more carbonates than sulfates.【答案】第1题:A第2题:A第3题:C第4题:C第5题:C【解析】1.主旨大意题。题目问的是“文章主要讨论什么”。文章主要讲述了加州死亡谷的盐对岩石的破坏作用（In Death Valley, California, one of the hottest, most arid places in North America, there is much salt, and salt can damage rocks impressively），由此可知选项A符合题意。2.细节事实题。题目问的是“在第13-17行中，作者为什么将树根与不断增长的盐晶体进行比较”。文章第二段提到“就像树根凿开人行道一样，不断生长的晶体对岩石施加压力，最终沿着岩石柔软的那面撬开”（Like tree roots breaking up a sidewalk, the growing crystals exert pressure on the rock and eventually pry the rock apart along planes of weakness），说明二者都能使坚硬的表面裂开，选项A符合题意。3.词义题。题目问的是“shattered与哪个词（组）意思最接近”。文章第二段最后一句话提到“在其他地区，一块岩石能够经受住很长时间的自然条件，但是它在几代人的时间内就可能被盐风化成碎片”（A rock durable enough to have withstood natural conditions for a very long time in other areas could probably be shattered into small pieces by salt weathering within a few generations），由此可知shattered有“砸碎、粉碎”的意思，选项C符合题意。4.细节判断题。题目问的是“根据文章内容可知，关于盐对岩石的影响下列哪个表述是正确的？”文章最后一段提到风化是一个世界性普遍的现象，不局限于某个地方(Weathering by a variety of salts, though often subtle, is a worldwide phenomenon. Not restricted to arid regions)，由此可知选项C“不同环境不同种类的盐都能引起风化”符合题意。5.推理判断题。题目问的是“关于在有冰的地方发现岩石，下列哪项能够从文章中获得”。文章最后一段提到“其他地方的盐，主要是碳酸盐和硫酸盐，也会像普通的冰一样导致侵蚀”（but other salts, mostly carbonates and sulfates, also cause prying and wedging, as does ordinary ice），选项C符合题意。4. 单选题With the increasing unemployment rate, female workers who are 45 to 55 years old are usually the first to be（ ）.问题1选项A.laid asideB.laid upC.laid outD.laid off【答案】D【解析】动词词组辨析题。lay aside “放弃（某种习惯），积蓄（金钱），把放 在一边”；lay up“放置不用，贮存，储蓄，使（某人）待在床上或室内”；lay out“设计; 展示，安排”；lay off “暂时解雇，裁员，停止工作”；根据句意随着失业率不断上升，45-55岁的女性工人通常最先被（ ）。确定D选项正确。5. 单选题The new shipping and receiving building is a(n)（ ） facility, large enough to meet our growing needs.问题1选项A.obsoleteB.meagerC.expansiveD.costly【答案】C【解析】形容词辨析题。obsolete“淘汰，废弃”；meager“贫乏的，缺少”；expansive “膨胀的，扩大的”；costly “昂贵的，代价高的”；根据句意新的货运大楼非常（ ），足够满足我们不断增长的需求。确定C选项正确。6. 单选题Every day, many people come to visit the（ ）of the old castle.问题1选项A.locationB.highlandC.siteD.desert【答案】C【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：每天都有人来参观城堡的遗址。location “场所”； highland “高低”；site “遗址”；desert “沙漠”。根据句意，选项C符合题意。7. 单选题Many young people believe that war is stupid and unnecessary. To them, to lose ones life on the battlefield is（ ）.问题1选项A.gloriousB.futileC.heroicD.courageous【答案】B【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：很多年轻人认为战争是愚蠢且没有必要的。对于他们来说，在战场上丢掉性命是徒劳的。glorious “光荣的”；futile “无用的”；heroic “英雄的”；courageous “有勇气的”。根据句意，选项B符合题意。8. 单选题Clearly if we are to participate in the society in which we live, we must communicate with other people. A great deal of communicating is performed on a person-to-person basis by the simple means of speech. If we travel in buses, buy things in shops, or eat in restaurants, we are likely to have conversations where we give information or opinions, receive news or comment, and very likely have our views challenged by other members of society.Face-to-face contact is by no means the only form of communication, and during the last two hundred years the art of mass communication has become one of the dominating factors of contemporary society. Two things, above others, have caused the enormous growth of the communication industry. Firstly, inventiveness has led to advances in printing, telecommunications, photography, radio and television. Secondly, speed has revolutionized the transmission and reception of communications so that local news often takes a back seat to national news, which itself is often almost eclipsed by international news.No longer is the possession of information confined to a privileged minority. In the last century, the wealthy man with his own library was indeed fortunate, but today there are public libraries. Forty years ago, people used to flock to the cinema, but now far more people sit at home and turn on the TV to watch a programme that is being channeled into millions of homes.Communication is no longer merely concerned with the transmission of information. The modern communication industry influences the way people live in society and broadens their horizons by allowing access to information, education and entertaining. The printing, broadcasting and advertising industries are all involved with informing, educating and entertaining.Although a great deal of the material communicated by the mass media is very valuable to the individual and to the society of which he is a part, the vast modern network of communications is open to abuse. However, the mass media are with us for better, for worse, and there is no turning back.1.In the first paragraph the writer emphasizes the（ ）of face-to-face contact in social settings.2.It is implied in the passage that（ ）.3.Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?4.From the last paragraph we can infer that the writer is（ ）.问题1选项A.natureB.limitationC.usefulnessD.creativity问题2选项A.local news used to be the only source of informationB.local news still takes a significant placeC.national news is becoming more popularD.international news is the fastest transmitted news问题3选项A.To possess information used to be a privilege.B.Public libraries have replaced private libraries.C.Communication means more than transmission.D.Information influences ways of life and thinking.问题4选项A.indifferent to harmful influence of the mass mediaB.happy about the drastic changes in the mass mediaC.pessimistic about the future of the mass mediaD.concerned about the wrong use of the mass media【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:B第4题:D【解析】1.推理判断题。题目问的是“第一段作者强调的是面对面交流在社会场景中的”。文章第一段提到如果我们要参与到所生活的社会中去的话，必须与他人交流，无论是做公车去旅行，在商店里买东西，去餐馆里吃饭都需要给他人提供自己的信息或者观点，接收新闻或评论，以上这些都说明了面对面交流在社会生活中的作用，因此选项C符合题意。2.推理判断题。题目问的是“文章暗示了”。文章第二段最后一句提到信息传播的速度已经彻底改变了通信的传输和接收方式，以至于地方新闻常常被置于国家新闻之后，而国家新闻又被国际新闻所淹没（Secondly, speed has revolutionized the transmission and reception of communications so that local news often takes a back seat to national news, which itself is often almost eclipsed by international news），由此可知选项D“国际新闻传播地最快”符合题意。3.推理判断题。题目问的是“下列哪项是错误的”。文章第三段第一句话提到“信息不再是少数人的专属”（No longer is the possession of information confined to a privileged minority），由此可知选项A说法正确，排除；文章第四段第一句提到“通信不仅仅涉及信息的传递”（Communication is no longer merely concerned with the transmission of information），由此可知选项C说法正确，排除；文章第四段第二句提到“现代通信产业影响着人们的社会生活方式，并通过信息、教育和娱乐来拓宽人们的视野”（The modern communication industry influences the way people live in society and broadens their horizons by allowing access to information, education and entertaining），由此可知选项D的说法正确，排除。综上，选项B符合题意。4.推理判断题。题目问的是“从文章最后一段，我们可以推测作者”。文章最后一段提到虽然大众传媒的发展对个人和社会都有很大价值，但是庞大的现代传播网络很容易被泛滥（the vast modern network of communications is open to abuse），由此可以看出作者对于滥用大众媒体表示担忧，选项D符合题意。9. 单选题It is no secret among athletes that in order to improve performance youve got to work hard. However, hard training breaks you down and makes you weaker. It is rest that makes you stronger. Improvement only occurs during the rest period following hard training. This adaptation is accomplished by improving efficiency of the heart and certain systems within the muscle cells. During recovery periods these systems build to greater levels to compensate for the stress that you have applied. The result is that you are now at a higher level of performance.If sufficient rest is not included in a training program, imbalance between excess training and inadequate rest will occur, and performance will decline. The “overtraining syndrome（综合症） is the name given to the collection of emotional, behavioral, and physical symptoms due to overtraining that has persisted for weeks to months. It is marked by cumulative exhaustion that persists even after recovery periods.The most common symptom is fatigue. This may limit workouts and may be present at rest. The athlete may also become moody, easily imitated, have altered sleep patterns, become depressed, or lose the competitive desire and enthusiasm for the sport. Some will report decreased appetite and weight loss. Physical symptoms include persistent muscular soreness, increased frequency of viral （病毒性的）illnesses, and increased incidence of injuries.The treatment for the overtraining syndrome is rest. The longer the overtraining has occurred, the more rest required. Therefore, early detection is very important, If the overtraining has only occurred for a short period of time （e.g. 3-4 weeks） then interrupting training for 3-5 days is usually sufficient rest. It is important that the factors that lead to overtraining be identified and corrected. Otherwise, the overtraining syndrome is likely to recur. The overtraining syndrome should be considered in any athlete who manifests symptoms of prolonged fatigue and whose performance has leveled off or decreased. It is important to exclude any underlying illness that may be responsible for the fatigue.1.The first paragraph of the passage tells us that（ ）.2.By “overtraining” the author means（ ）.3.What does the passage tell us about the “overtraining” syndrome?4.What does the phrase “level off (Line 7, Para, 4) most probably mean?5.The author advises at the end of the passage that（ ）.问题1选项A.the harder an athlete trains, the better his performance will beB.rest after vigorous training improves and athletes performanceC.strict systematic training is essential to an athletes top performanceD.improvement of an athletes performance occurs in the course of training问题2选项A.a series of physical symptoms that occur after trainingB.undue emphasis on the importance of physical exertionC.training that is not adequately compensated for by restD.training that has exceeded an athletes emotional limits问题3选项A.It occurs when athletes lose interest in sports.B.It appears right after a hard training session.C.The fatigue it results in is unavoidable in the athletes training process.D.It manifests itself in fatigue which lingers even after a recovery period.问题4选项A.Slow down.B.Become dull.C.Stop improving.D.Be on the decline.问题5选项A.overtraining syndrome should be treated as a serious illnessB.overtraining syndrome should be prevented before it occursC.an athlete with overtraining syndrome should take a lengthy restD.illness causing fatigue should not be mistaken for overtraining syndrome【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:D第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1.主旨大意题。这类题需要找段落中心句。第一段中心句出现在转折词however之后“However, hard training breaks you down and makes you weaker. It is rest that makes you stronger. Improvement only occurs during the rest period following hard training. 然而，艰苦的训练会让你崩溃，让你更虚弱。是休息使你更强壮。只有在艰苦训练之后的休息期间才会有进步。”浏览四个选项可知B选项中出现了关键词rest“剧烈训练后的休息能提高运动员的成绩”，因此B选项符合文意。2.语义推断题。由关键词定位到文章第二段“If sufficient rest is not included in a training program, imbalance between excess training and inadequate rest will occur, and performance will decline.如果在训练计划中没有充分的休息，就会出现过度训练和休息不足之间的不平衡，从而导致成绩下降。”紧跟着下一句就提到“the overtraining syndrome”，可知过度训练和休息不足就会产生“过度训练综合征”，这个症状就是休息不足所造成的，因此C选项“休息不能充分补偿的训练”符合题意。3.判断推理题。文章对于“the overtraining syndrome”的描述出现在第二段与第三段中。由上题可知，它发生在过度训练和休息不足之状态失衡时，因此A选项“它发生在运动员对运动失去兴趣的时候”和B选项“它出现在一次艰苦的训练之后。”排除；C选项“运动员在训练过程中产生的疲劳是不可避免的”在文章中并未正面提及。4.语义推断题。本句句意：过度训练综合症可能出现在任何表现出长期疲劳症状的运动员身上，也可能是在表现已经或下降的运动员身上。因为过度训练，可能造成运动员状态不佳，很难出现冒尖的运动表现，只可能下降decrease或表现平平，由此推测level off就表示“趋平”。C选项“停止进步”符合文意。5.观点态度题。A选项“过度训练综合症应该被视为一种严重的疾病”未在最后一段中体现，提到其治疗方法就是“rest”，可知也不应视为严重的疾病；B选项“过度训练综合症应该在发生之前预防”不符合段意，本段未提及预防的问题；C选项“患有过度训练综合症的运动员应该进行长时间的休息”不符合文意，文章讲到的是需要“sufficient rest足够的休息”而不是“长时间休息”。D选项“引起疲劳的疾病不应被误认为是过度训练综合症”，符合最后一句中“要排除可能造成疲劳的疾病存在的可能”，不要把所有的疲劳都归于“过度训练综合征”。10. 单选题Your blunt treatment of disputes would put other people in a negative frame of（ ）, with the result that they would not be able to accept your proposal.问题1选项A.mindB.ideaC.intentionD.wish【答案】A【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：你对争论的处理方式会让其他人心情糟糕，结果就是他们不会接受你的提议。mind “理智；精神”；idea “想法”；intention “意图，目的”；wish “希望，愿望”。11. 单选题A person with his head-in-the-clouds is a dreamer;（ ）mind is not in the real world.问题1选项A.whichB.thatC.whoseD.of whom【答案】C【解析】考查非限制性定语从句的用法。前后各有谓语动词部分，因此空格处需要填入关联词。后半句空格后是名词mind，是主语的一部分，因此只能填入C选项whose修饰，后半句是由whose引导的非限制性定语从句修饰先行词dreamer，整句句意：想入非非的人是梦想家，他的意识并不存在于现实世界中。12. 单选题Human relations have commanded peoples attention from early times. The ways of people dealing with their relations have been recorded in innumerable myths, folktales, novels, poems, plays, and popular or philosophical essays. Although the full significance of a human relationship may not be directly evident, the complexity of feelings and actions that can be understood at a glance is surprisingly great. For this reason psychology holds a unique position among the sciences. Intuitive knowledge may be remarkably penetrating and can significantly help us understand human behavior, whereas in the physical sciences such commonsense knowledge is relatively primitive. If we erased all knowledge of scientific physics from our modern world, not only would we not have cars and television sets, we might even find that the ordinary person was unable to cope with the fundamental mechanical problems of pulleys and levers. On the other hand if we removed all knowledge of scientific psychology from our world, problems in interpersonal relations might easily be coped with and solved much as before. We would still know how to avoid doing something asked of us and how to get someone to agree with us; we would still know when someone was angry and when someone was pleased. One could even offer sensible explanations for the whys of much of the selfs behavior and feelings. In other words, the ordinary person has a great and profound understanding of the self and of other people which, though unformulated or only vaguely conceived, enables one to interact with others in more or less adaptive ways. Kohler, in referring to the lack of great discoveries in psychology as compared with physics, accounts for this by saying that people were acquainted with practically all territories of mental life a long time before the founding of scientific psychology.Paradoxically, with all this natural, intuitive commonsense capacity to grasp human relations, the science of human relations has been one of the last to develop. Different explanations of this paradox have been suggested. One is that science would destroy the vain and pleasing illusions people have about themselves; but we might ask why people have always loved to read pessimistic, debunking writings, from Ecclesiastes to Freud. It has also been proposed that just because we know so much about people intuitively, there has been less incentive for studying them scientifically; why should one develop a theory, carry out systematic observations, or make predictions about the obvious? In any case, the field of human relations, with its vast literary documentation but meager scientific treatment, is in great contrast to the field of physics in which there are relatively few nonscientific books.1.According to the passage, it has been suggested that the science of human relations was slow to develop because（ ）.2.Which of the following claims supports the authors statement that psychology holds a unique position among the sciences?3.According to t