2022年考博英语-南京大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）套卷3

2022年考博英语-南京大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）1. 单选题Although this theory was never rigidly disproved, the doctrine was generally abandoned（ ） the opposing view.问题1选项A.in favor ofB.in place ofC.instead ofD.in terms of【答案】A【解析】介词词组辨析。in favor of “赞同，支持”；in place of “代替”；instead of “代替，而不是”；in terms of “在方面”。句意：尽管这一理论没有被严格地被反驳过，但是教条会被抛弃，而转向它的对立面。选项A符合题意。2. 单选题Two hours from the tall buildings of Manhattan and Philadelphia live some of the worlds largest black bears. They are in northern Pennsylvanias Pocono Mountains, a home they share with an abundance of other wildlife.The streams, lakes, meadows, mountain ridges and forests that make the Poconos an ideal place for black bears have also attracted more people to the region. Open spaces are threatened by plans for housing estates and important habitats are endangered by highway construction. To protect the Poconos natural beauty from irresponsible development, the Nature Conservancy named the area one of Americas “Last Great Places”.Operating out of a centuiy-old schoolhouse in the village of Long Pond, Pennsylvania, the conservancys Bud Cook is working with local people and business leaders to balance economic growth with environmental protection. By forging partnerships with people like Francis Altemose, the Conservancy has been able to protect more than 14,000 acres of environmentally important land in the area.Altemoses family has farmed in the Pocono area for generations. Two years ago Francis worked with the Conservancy to include his farm in a county farmland protection program. As a result, his familys land can be protected from development and the Altemoses will be better able to provide a secure financial future for their 7-year-old grandson.Cook attributes the Conservancys success in the Poconos to having a local presence and a commitment to working with local residents.“The key to protecting these remarkable lands is connecting with the local community,” Cook said. “The people who live there respect the land. They value quiet forests, clear streams and abundant wildlife. They are eager to help with conservation effort. ”For more information on how you can help The Nature Conservancy protect the Poconos and the worlds other “Last Great Places”，please call 1-888-5646864. Or visit us on the World Wide Web at www. tnc. org1.The purpose in naming the Poconos as one of Americas “Last Great Places” is to（ ）.2.We learn from the passage that（ ）.3.What is important in protecting the Poconos according to Cook?4.What does Bud Cook mean by “having a local presence”(Line 1，Para* 5)?问题1选项A.gain support from the local communityB.protect it from irresponsible developmentC.make it a better home for black bearsD.provide financial security for future generations问题2选项A.the population in the Pocono area is growingB.wildlife in the Pocono area is dying out rapidlyC.the security of the Pocono residents is being threatenedD.farmlands in the Pocono area are shrinking fast问题3选项A.The setting up of an environmental protection website.B.Support from organizations like the Nature Conservancy.C.Cooperation with the local residents and business leaders.D.Inclusion of farmlands in the regions protection program.问题4选项A.Financial contributions from local business leaders.B.Consideration of the interests of the local residents.C.The establishment of a wildlife protection foundation in the area.D.The setting up of a local Nature Conservancy branch in the Pocono area.【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:C第4题:D【解析】1.细节理解题。根据文章第二段，“To protect the Poconos natural beauty from irresponsible development”，主要目的使保护自然美景，选项B符合题意。2.信息推断题。根据文章第二段第一句，因为溪流、山脊等一些自然风貌吸引了很多人来到这里，推测人口是不断增加的。选项A符合题意。3.信息推断题。根据文章第六段，“The key to protecting these remarkable lands is connecting with the local community,” 文中提到了与当社区合作。选项C符合题意。4.信息归纳题。根据上下文语境，Bud Cook 认为大自然保护协会的成功离不开 “having a local presence”，在第四段也提及了农民受到了协会的支持，所以 having a local presence 应该是指一个组织或机构，选项D符合题意。3. 翻译题As an ecological approach to Translation Studies, Eco-translatology views translation as an entire translational eco-system, and focuses on the relationship between the translator and this translational eco-environment. A translational eco-environment is construed as a highly integrated entity that comprises the actual text, the cultural context and the human agents, as well as other tangible and intangible ingredients. In Eco-translatology, translation activities are described and interpreted in terms of such ecological principles as holism, relevance, dynamics, balance and harmony, together with ecological aesthetics. Some elements of classical Chinese or Oriental philosophies and cultural quintessence are projected in this nascent approach.【答案】作为翻译学研究的一种生态方法，生态翻译学把翻译看成是一个完整的翻译生态系统，非常注重译者与翻译生态环境之间的关系。翻译生态环境被看作是一个有实际文本、文化语境和人类构成的高度集成的实体，并且其中还包含其他一些有形和无形的成分。在生态翻译学中，翻译活动就是根据这些生态原则来描述和阐释的，比如整体论、相关性、动态论、平衡性、协调性，还有生态美学等。一些中国古典文学、东方哲学乃至文化精髓的因素都可以在这种新的方法中折射出来。4. 单选题In recent years, there has been a steady assault on salt from the doctors: Salt is bad for you regardless of your health. Politicians also got on board. “ There is a direct relationship，” US Congressman Neal Smith noted, between the amount of sodium a person consumes and heart disease, circulatory disorders, stroke and even early death. ”Frightening, if true! But many doctors and medical researchers are now beginning to feel the salt scare has gone too far. “All this hue and cry about eating salt is unnecessary,” Dr. Dustan insists. “For most of us it probably doesnt make much difference how much salt we eat. Dustans most recent short-term study of 150 people showed that those with normal blood pressure underwent no change at all when placed on an extremely low-salt diet, or later when salt was reintroduced. Of the hypertensive subjects, however, half of those on the low-salt diet did experience a drop in blood pressure, which returned to its previous level when salt was reintroduced.“An adequate to somewhat excessive salt intake has probably saved many more lives than it has cost in the general population，” notes Dr. John H. Laragh. “So a recommendation that the whole population should avoid salt makes no sense.”Medical experts agree that everyone should practice reasonable “moderation” in salt consumption. For an average person, a moderate amount might run from four to ten grams a day, or roughly 1/2 to 1/3 of a teaspoon. The equivalent of one to two grams of this salt allowance would come from the natural sodium in food. The rest would be added in processing, preparation or at the table. Those with kidney, liver or heart problems may have to limit dietary salt, if their doctor advises. But even the very vocal “low salt” exponent, Dr. Arthur Hull Hayes Jr. admits that “we do not know whether increased sodium consumption causes hypertension. In fact, there is increasing scientific evidence that other factors may be involved: deficiencies in calcium, potassium, perhaps magnesium, obesity (much more dangerous than sodium), generic predisposition, stress.“ It is not your enemy，” says Dr. Laragh. “Salt is the No. 1 natural component of all human tissue, and the idea that you dont need it is wrong. Unless your doctor has proven that you have a salt-related health problem, there is no reason to give it up. ”1.According to some doctors and politicians, the amount of salt consumed（ ）2.From Dr. Dustans study we can infer that（ ）3.In the third paragraph, Dr. Laragh implies that（ ）4.What is the main message of this text?问题1选项A.exhibits as an aggravating factor to people in poor health.B.cures diseases such as stroke and circulatory disorders.C.correlates highly with some diseases.D.is irrelevant to people suffering from heart disease.问题2选项A.a low-salt diet may be prescribed for some people.B.the amount of salt intake has nothing to do with ones blood pressure.C.the reduction of salt intake can cure a hypertensive patient.D.an extremely low-salt diet makes no difference to anyone.问题3选项A.people should not be afraid of taking excessive salt.B.doctors should not advise people to avoid salt.C.an adequate to excessive salt intake is recommended for people in disease.D.excessive salt intake has claimed some victims in the general population.问题4选项A.That the salt scare is not justified.B.That the origin of hypertension is now found.C.That the moderate use of salt is recommended.D.That salt consumption is to be promoted.【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:D第4题:C【解析】1.细节理解题。根据第一段的文章意思，以及第三句中的“direct relationship”，可以得出选项C最符合题意。2.信息推断题。根据文章第二段的内容，试验中一半的高血压患者在食用低盐食品时血压有所降低，可以推断出低盐饮食可以作为治疗高血压患者的一个方法。选项A符合题意。3.信息推断题。根据文章第三段，充足或者稍微过量的摄入盐，会拯救更多的人，而不是只会害死人，不可能建议所有人群都禁止食用食盐。选项D符合题意。4.信息归纳题。根据文章意思，A选项中的理论并未得到证实，B和D选项文中没有提及。用排除法可知，选项C符合题意。5. 单选题Some social critics took a dim view of the industrialism of the nineteenth century, believing that it （ ） a harsh, crude life-style.问题1选项A.eradicatedB.facilitatedC.releasedD.imagined【答案】B【解析】动词词义辨析。eradicate “根除，消灭”；facilitate “促进，助长”；release “释放，发行”；imagine “想象，猜想”。句意：一些社会批判家对19世纪的工业化持悲观态度，认为它助长了一种严酷粗糙的生活方式。选项B符合题意。6. 单选题Doctors say that moderate drinking can have a beneficial （ ）on your health.问题1选项A.impactB.generationC.dispositionD.dependence【答案】A【解析】名词词义辨析。impact “影响”;generation “一代，产生” ; disposition “性情，处置”;dependence “独立”。句意：医生说适当喝酒对你的健康有有利影响。选项A符合题意。7. 单选题The（ ）of computer technology has led to major changes in our social and family life.问题1选项A.fraudulenceB.arrivalC.dawnD.advent【答案】D【解析】名词词义解析。fraudulence “欺诈性”；arrival “到达”；dawn “黎明，开端”；advent “到来，出现”。句意：计算机技术的到来对我们的社会和家庭生活带来了主要的影响。选项D符合题意。8. 单选题A team of researchers（ ） the problem of diseases connected with contaminated milk.问题1选项A.addressB.interactC.wonderD.react【答案】A【解析】动词词义辨析。address “处理” ;interact “相互作用” ;wonder “想知道”; react “反应”。句意：一组研究人员把这种疾病和被污染的牛奶联系起来。选项A符合题意。9. 单选题The pioneers of the teaching of science imagined that its introduction into education would move the conventionality, artificiality, and backward-lookingness which were characteristic of classical studies, but they were gravely disappointed. So, too, in their time had the humanists) thought that the study of the classical authors in the original would banish at once the dull pedantry and superstition of mediaeval scholasticism. The professional schoolmaster was a match for both of them，and has almost managed to make the understanding of chemical reactions as dull and as dogmatic an affair as the reading of Virgils Aeneid.The chief claim for the use of science in education is that it teaches a child something about the actual universe in which he is living in, making him acquainted with the results of scientific discovery, and at the same time teaches him how to think logically and inductively by studying scientific method. A certain limited success has been reached in the first of these aims, but practically none at all in the second. Those privileged members of the community who have been through a secondary or public school education may be expected to know something about the elementary physics and chemistry of a hundred years ago, but they probably know hardly more than any bright boy can pick up from an interest in wireless or scientific hobbies out of school hours.As to the learning of scientific method, the whole thing is palpably a farce. Actually, for the convenience of teachers and the requirements of the examination system, it is necessary that the pupils not only do not learn scientific method but learn precisely the reverse，that is, to believe exactly what they are told and to reproduce it when asked, whether it seems nonsense to them or not. The way in which educated people respond to such quackeries as spiritualism or astrology, not to say more dangerous ones such as racial theories or currency myths, shows that fifty years of education in the method of science in Britain or Germany has produced no visible effect whatever. The only way of learning the method of science is the long and bitter way of personal experience, and, until the educational or social systems are altered to make this possible, the best we can expect is the production of a minority of people who are able to acquire some of the techniques of science and a still smaller minority who are able to use and develop them.1.The author implies that the professional schoolmaster” (line 6) has（ ）.2.The author blames all of the following for the failure to impart scientific method through the（ ）.3.If the author were to study current education in science to see how things have changed since he wrote the piece, he would probably be most interested in the answer to which of the following questions?4.All of the following can be inferred from the text except（ ）.问题1选项A.no interest in teaching scienceB.thwarted attempts to enliven educationC.supported the humanistsD.been a pioneer in both science and humanities.问题2选项A.lack of interest on the part of studentsB.poor teachingC.examination methodsD.the social and education systems问题3选项A.Do students know more about the world about them?B.Do students spend more time in laboratories?C.Can students apply their knowledge logically?D.Have textbooks improved?问题4选项A.at the time of writing, not all children received a secondary school educationB.it is relatively easy to learn scientific methodC.science teaching has imparted some knowledge of facts to some childrenD.the author believes that many teachers are authoritarian【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:C第4题:B【解析】1.细节理解题。根据文章第一段，“make the understanding of chemical reactions as dull and as dogmatic an affair as the reading of Virgils Aeneid.” 这些专业的老师使化学反应的理解变得乏味，使阅读变得教条化，所以教育越来越没有活跃度。选项B符合题意。2.细节理解题。根据文章第三段，因为老师们图方便和考试制度，使学生们没有更好地学习科学方法，直到教育制度或者社会制度发生了变化才能使学生们对科学方法的学习成为可能。所以作者没有提及学生们的兴趣问题。选项A符合题意。3.推断题。根据文章内容，作者最关心的是学生们有没有接受到科学方法教育，最后一段可以看出，“the production of a minority of people who are able to acquire some of the techniques of science and a still smaller minority who are able to use and develop them.”，一部分人能研究获得科学技术和方法，但是运用的人很少。由此可见，作者关心的学生能否用一些科学的方法获得知识。选项C符合题意。4.推断题。根据文章最后一段，“The only way of learning the method of science is the long and bitter way of personal experience”，学习科学方法是漫长而痛苦的，并不是简单的，选项B符合题意。10. 单选题Maisie had always thought of herself as being shy and （ ）,and was surprised that anyone should ask her opinion.问题1选项A.stutteringB.scatteringC.inarticulateD.inexpressive【答案】C【解析】形容词词义解析。stuttering “ 口吃，结巴”；scattering “分散的”；inarticulate “不善于表达的”；inexpressive “无表情的，无意义的”。句意：梅齐认为她是害羞而且不善表达的人，惊讶的是，竟然有人会问她的意见。选项C符合题意。11. 单选题We shall probably never be able to（ ） the exact nature of these sub-atomic particles.问题1选项A.assertB.impartC.ascertainD.notify【答案】C【解析】考查上下文动词词义解析。assert “维护，主张”；impart “给予，传授”；ascertain “确定，查明”；notify “通知，公布”。句意：我们也许永远不能确定这些亚原子粒子的确切性质。选项C符合题意12. 单选题The ambassador was accused of having（ ）on domestic affairs.问题1选项A.trespassedB.encroachedC.entrenchedD.invaded【答案】B【解析】近义词词义辨析。trespass “非法入侵，法律上的入侵”，encroach “蚕食，侵占”，entrench “侵犯，挖掘壕沟”，invade“侵略，侵袭”。句意：这个大使被指控干涉别国的内政。有侵犯别国权利意思的单词是 encroach，选项B符合题意。13. 单选题Perhaps the most striking quality of satiric literature is its freshness, its originality of perspective. Satire rarely offers original ideas. Instead, it presents the familiar in a new form. Satirists do not offer the world new philosophies. What they do is look at familiar conditions from a perspective that makes these conditions seem foolish, harmful, or affected. Satire jars us out of complacence into a pleasantly shocked realization that many of the values that we unquestionably accept are false. Don Quixote makes chivalry seem absurd； Brave New World ridicules the pretensions of science; A Modest Proposal dramatizes starvation by advocating cannibalism. None of these ideas is original. Chivalry was suspect before Cervantes, humanists objected to the claims of pure science before Aldous Huxley, and people were aware of famine before Swift. It was not the originality of the idea that made these satires popular. It was the manner of expression, the satire method, that made them interesting and entertaining. Satires are read because they are aesthetically satisfying works of art, not because they are morally wholesome or ethically instructive. They are stimulating and refreshing because with commonsense briskness they brush away illusions and secondhand opinions. With spontaneous irreverence, satire rearranges perspectives, scrambles familiar objects into incongruous combination, and speaks in a personal idiom instead of abstract platitude.Satire exists because there is need for it. It has lived because the readers appreciate a refreshing stimulus, an irreverent reminder that they live in a world of platitudinous thinking, cheap moralizing, and foolish philosophy. Satire serves to prod people into an awareness of truth, though rarely to any action on behalf of truth. Satire tends to remind people that much of what they see, hear, and read in popular media is hypocritical, sentimental, and only partially true. Life resembles in only a slight degree the popular image of it. Soldiers rarely hold the ideals that movies attribute to them, nor do ordinary citizens devote their lives to unselfish service of humanity. Intelligent people know these things but lend lo forget them when they do not hear them expressed.1.What does the passage mainly discuss?2.Why does the author mention Don Quixote, Brave New World and A Modest proposal in the first paragraph?3.Which of the following can be found in satiric literature?4.According to the passage, there is a need for satire because people need to be（ ）问题1选项A.Difficulties of writing satiric literature.B.Popular topics of satire.C.New philosophies emerging from satiric literature.D.Reasons for the popularity of satire.问题2选项A.They are famous examples of satiric literature.B.They present commonsense solutions to problems.C.They are appropriate for readers of all ages.D.They are books with similar stories.问题3选项A.Newly emerging philosophies.B.Odd combination of objects and ideas.C.Abstract discussion of morals and ethics.D.Wholesome characters who are unselfish.问题4选项A.informed about new scientific developmentB.exposed to original philosophies when they are formulatedC.reminded that popular ideas are often inaccurateD.told how they can be of service to their communities【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:B第4题:C【解析】1.主旨题。根据文章第一段，“presents the familiar in a new form”，可知首先讽刺作品以新的形式呈现熟悉的事物。后面提到了“It was not the originality of the idea that made these satires popularmade them interesting and entertaining.”表达方法和讽刺技巧让讽刺文学流行，所以主要讲到了讽刺文学的流行原因。选项D符合题意。2.细节理解题。根据文章第一段，作者用堂吉诃德、奇妙的新世界和温和的建议这三部小说举例子，这三部小说都是著名的讽刺小说，以独特的手法来呈现熟悉的事物，以此来论证自己的观点。选项A符合题意。3.细节理解题。根据文章第一段最后一句，“With spontaneous irreverence, satire rearranges perspectives, scrambles familiar objects into incongruous combination”，可知讽刺文学中是将熟悉的事物不协调地组合在一起，并不是奇怪的事物的组合。选项B符合题意。4.细节理解题。根据文章第二段，“remind people that much of what they see, hear, and read in popular media is hypocritical, sentimental, and only partially true.”。提醒人们在媒体上看到的听到的并不完全是真实的。选项C符合题意。14. 单选题The death of his father gave him a Whole new（ ）on life： now he spends more time with his family.问题1选项A.perspectiveB.euphemismC.conformationD.providence【答案】A【解析】名词词义辨析。perspective “观点”；euphemis