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Attributive clausesWHAT IS ATTRIBUTIVE?A lovely girlSomething new the boy in white 1. The girl _ is sitting in the chair is a good singer.2. The skirt _ Mary bought two years ago is old.3. Is this the novel _ you introduced to me?4. Where is the boy _ broke the window?5. Luckily none of the people_I know were killed in the earthquake.who/thatwhich/thatthat/whichwho/thatwho/whomAttributive Clause（定语从句）（定语从句）概念概念在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句叫做定语从句.被修饰的名词或代词叫被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词先行词。He is an English teacher who likes singing songs.定语从句先行词引导词引导词关系代词关系代词 :whowhomthatwhichwhose关系副词关系副词:wherewhenwhy注意：注意： 1 1 关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中都要关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中都要 充当充当句子成分句子成分。 2 2 当关系代词充当动词的当关系代词充当动词的宾语宾语时可省略，当时可省略，当关系代词充当介词的宾语且介词不在关系代词关系代词充当介词的宾语且介词不在关系代词之前的，关系代词也可省略。之前的，关系代词也可省略。 3 3 定语从句中的谓语动词要和先行词保持一定语从句中的谓语动词要和先行词保持一致。致。 4 4 定语从句分为限制性和非限制性两种。定语从句分为限制性和非限制性两种。 5 5 非限制性定语从句中的关系词不可以省略。非限制性定语从句中的关系词不可以省略。关系词先行词所指关系词在句中作用关系代词that人/物主、宾、表which物主、宾、who人主、宾whom人宾whose人/物定as人/物/事情主、宾、表关系副词when时间时间状语where地点地点状语why原因原因状语 关系词的作用：关系词的作用： 1 1、连接作用、连接作用 把主句和从句连接起来把主句和从句连接起来 2、替代作用、替代作用 在从句中代替在它前面在从句中代替在它前面 的先行词的先行词 3、成分作用、成分作用 在从句中充当一个成分在从句中充当一个成分例例 1. The man _ gave you the talk yesterday is our teacher.that/who指人: that/who (主语)例2: The boy_ the nurse is looking after is my friend.(who/whom/that)指人: who/whom/that(宾语,可省略)例3: The car_ is red was damaged yesterday.that/which指物: that/which (主语)例4: The question_ I dont understand is about grammar.(that/which)指物: that/which (宾语,可省略)Titanic is the ship _sank after hitting an iceberg.which/that_Ye Xin is a nurse died in the fight against SARS. a nurse/ die in the fight against SARSwho/that It used to be a small town. It is no longer a small town.=It is no longer the small town that it used to be.(作表语）作表语）Our hometown is no longer the one (that) it used to be. = Our hometown is not the same as it used to be. = Our hometown is different from what it used to be。 = Our hometown is not what it used to be. Which woman is a teacher?The woman who lives next door is a teacher.1 The woman is a teacher.2 The woman lives next door.1. The boys are from Grade one. The boys are playing basketball. The boys are from Grade One.who/that are playing basketballThe boys who/that are from Grade one are playing basketball.2. The nurse is kind. The nurse looks after my sister. The nurse is kind.who/that looks after my sister3. We watched the play “ Teahouse”. The play was written by Lao She.We watched the play “teahouse” which/that was written by Lao She.4.The young man is a famous writer. You saw the young man yesterday. The young man is a famous writer. whom/who/that you saw yesterday5.This is the house. Lu Xun once lived in the house. This is the house which/that Lu Xun once lived in.6. Where is the girl? You talked with her last Sunday.Where is the girl who/whom/that you talked with last Sunday? 关系代词的用法：关系代词的用法：一、由一、由who, whom, whose引导的定语从句。引导的定语从句。who用作主语，用作主语，whom用作宾语，用作宾语，whose用作定语。用作定语。whose + n. = the + n.+ of + whom / which This is the man who helped me. The doctor whom you are looking for is in the Room2E MrMr King, King, whosewhose legs were badly hurt, legs were badly hurt, was quickly taken to hospital.was quickly taken to hospital.Mr King was quickly taken to hospital.Her legs were badly hurt.HerWe shall make a decision about Ms King,We shall make a decision about Ms King,whosewhose story I have told you. story I have told you.We shall make a decision about Ms King.I have told you her story.herWhich house is mineWhich house is mine? ?房顶是棕色的房子是我的。The house is mine.whose roof is brownMy houseI know the doctor.His daughter studies abroad.I know the doctor whose daughter studies abroad.Have you seen my book?The books cover is red.Have you seen my book whose cover is red.whosewhose 在定语从句中作定语，表示引导词在定语从句中作定语，表示引导词与与 whose whose 后的名词为所属关系。后的名词为所属关系。 whosewhose多指人，也可指物，指物时可与多指人，也可指物，指物时可与 of whichof which互换使用。指人时可用互换使用。指人时可用of whom.of whom.This is the book This is the book whosewhose cover is blue.cover is blue.This is the book the cover This is the book the cover of whichof which is blue. is blue. Do you know the man whose name is Wang Yu? Do you know the man the name of whom is Wang Yu ? Mary lives in the house whose roof is red. Mary lives in the house the roof of which is red.Yesterday she talked with one woman _ husband died in that accident. A. which B. whose C. of which D. thatB Who 特殊情况特殊情况 先行词是先行词是all, everyone, one, ones, anyone且且做主语时用做主语时用who. Anyone who breaks the law should be punished. One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth. Everybody who were willing to see the film signed their names here. 先行词是先行词是those时，时， 用用who. Those who want to see the film sign up here. 注意：注意： whom, which 作介词宾语时，介词一般可放作介词宾语时，介词一般可放在关系代词之前，也可放在原来的位置上；但是在关系代词之前，也可放在原来的位置上；但是在含有在含有介词的动词固定词组介词的动词固定词组中，介词只能放在原中，介词只能放在原来的位置上。来的位置上。 This is the person whom you are looking for.= This is the person for whom you are looking. 1. Have you ever read the book _ _ there are many pictures? 2. The man _ _ he had a talk yesterday is a doctor. 3. The gentleman _ _ you just spoke is our headmaster. 4. This is the new bicycle _ _ I spent five hundred dollars. 5. Here are the table tennis players, some _ _ are our old friends. The school has 2600 students, two thirds _ _ are girls.in which三、由三、由thatthat引导的定语从句。引导的定语从句。that在从句中可以指在从句中可以指人或物人或物，在从句中做主语或谓语动词，在从句中做主语或谓语动词的宾语的宾语.但不能放在介词后面作介词的宾语。但不能放在介词后面作介词的宾语。This is the school in that you will study. ( )This is the school in which you will study. ()This is the school (which/that) you will study in. ()注意注意 在下面几种情况下必须用在下面几种情况下必须用that引导引导定语从句。定语从句。 先行词是不定代词先行词是不定代词all, few, little, much, all, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything something, nothing, anything 等。等。 All that we have to do is to practise every day. Something that we heard was of great truth. 先行词被序数词、先行词被序数词、the last或形容词的最高级或形容词的最高级所修饰。所修饰。 The first thing that I learned will never be forgotten. This is the most interesting film that I have ever seen. 先行词被先行词被all, any, every, each, few, little, no, some等修饰。等修饰。 I have read all the books that you gave me. 先行词被先行词被the only, the very 修饰。修饰。 This is the very pen that I am looking for. He is the only person that I want to talk to. 先行词既有人又有物时。先行词既有人又有物时。 They talked of things and persons that they remembered. 当句中已有当句中已有who who 或或whichwhich时，为避免重复。时，为避免重复。Who is the man that is talking to John? 如有两个定语从句，其中一个已经用了如有两个定语从句，其中一个已经用了whichwhich，则另一个用，则另一个用that.that.Edison built a factory which produced things that had never been seen.6. 当先行词为当先行词为way时，定语从句的关系词时，定语从句的关系词可以有三种情况可以有三种情况: that, in which 或不填。或不填。 I dont like the way you talked to your mother.（choose the one that is not proper for this blank） A. that B. which C. in which D. /B7. 7. 在在 Its time Its time 句型中，后面的从句也可以看成是定语从句型中，后面的从句也可以看成是定语从句，通常有下面几种句型。句，通常有下面几种句型。 It is (high / about) time that 主语主语 + 过去式过去式 It is 序数词序数词 time that 主语主语 + 谓语谓语 (现在完成时现在完成时) ( ) It is high time that I _to do the physics homework.A. go B. wentC. shall go D. have gone ( ) It is the first time _ he has been here.A. thatB. whenC. at whichD. whichBA8one of + 复数名词复数名词+who/which/that +复数复数谓语谓语 the (only) one of + 复数名词复数名词+ who/which/that +单数单数谓语谓语She is one of the students who _ praised at the meeting yesterday. A. was B. were C. isD. areHe is the only one of the students who _a winner of scholarship for three years. A. is B. areC. have beenD. has beenBD关系副词引导的定语从句：关系副词引导的定语从句：1、由where引导的定语从句。定语从句在修饰一个表示地点地点的名词时,常用where引导。A book office is a place where tickets are sold.Where 在从句中做状语，相当于一个介词短语。在本句中相当于in which，所以此句可以改为：A book office is a place in which tickets are sold.因此定语从句中关系副词where= 介词介词 +which .2、定语从句在修饰一个表示时间时间的名词时，常用when 引导。I still remember the year when we studied together.When在从句中时间状语，其作用相当于一个“介词+关系代词”I still remember the year (which/that) we studied in together.I still remember the year in which we studied together.This is the house where he lives.= This is the house _he lives.= This is the house _he lives in.in which(which/that)3、由、由why引导的定语从句。引导的定语从句。关系副词why 的先行词只有reason , 在从句中表示原因状语。Do you know the reason why I left early?Why 在从句中作原因状语，其作用相当于for which .Do you know the reason _I left early?但如果关系词在从句中不是作状语，而是作宾语时仍用that/which .The reason _ he gave us was unacceptable.for whichthat/which关系代词和关系副词的选用。关系代词和关系副词的选用。在定语从句中到底选用关系代词还是关系副词要看在定语从句中到底选用关系代词还是关系副词要看它们在从句中所充当的句子成分来决定，有时同一它们在从句中所充当的句子成分来决定，有时同一个先行词往往关系词却不同。个先行词往往关系词却不同。1.This is the factory which / that produces TV sets. This is the factory where my father once worked. (in which)2.Ill never forget the day that / which we spent together in the countryside. Ill never forget the day when his house was broken into. (on which) 介词介词+关系词引导定语从句关系词引导定语从句介词+关系代词引导的定语从句多用于正式文体中，这样的关系代词主要是which, whom , whose .This is the house in which my grandfather once lived .The film of which Im speaking is to be shown next week .This is the man from whom I learn the news.注意：注意： 这类句子中的介词也可以放在从句的末尾，这时这类句子中的介词也可以放在从句的末尾，这时关系代词可省略。关系代词可省略。 This is the person (whom) you are going to work with .如何选用结构中的介词根据从句中的谓语动词的搭配on which I spent five Yuan .for which I paid five Yuan This is the book from which I learnt a lotin which there are few new words about which Tom often talks 根据先行词的搭配习惯the day on which I joined the league.I still remember the days during which I lived in the country. the years in which I stayed there.四、四、as引导的定语从句引导的定语从句: as用作关系代词和关系副词引导限制性定语用作关系代词和关系副词引导限制性定语从句，并在从句中做主语、表语和状语，构成从句，并在从句中做主语、表语和状语，构成the same as, such as等结构。等结构。 I want to have such a dictionary as he has. I shall do it in the same way as you did. I like the same book as you do. as引导非限制性定语。在从句中做主语、表语或宾引导非限制性定语。在从句中做主语、表语或宾语，这个定语从句说明整个句子，可以放在主句之前、语，这个定语从句说明整个句子，可以放在主句之前、之中和之后。之中和之后。 The experiment is very important, as indeed it is. As is known to all, he studies very hard. As we all know, China is a developing country.常用于这种类似插入语的句式有常用于这种类似插入语的句式有as is said above, as is already mentioned above, as is known to all, as it is, as is often the case, as is reported in the newspaper注意：注意：which 和和 as 的区别是：的区别是：which不能放在句首，而不能放在句首，而as则可以；则可以；在句中时，在句中时，as有有“正如正如”、“就像就像”之意，之意，而而which 没有。没有。下列每句均有一处错误，请找出并改正。下列每句均有一处错误，请找出并改正。 1They talked for half an hour of the things and persons who they would deal with a few days later 2Who is the man who was praised at the meeting？ 3Is this the farm where you visited the other day？ 4Is this factory which you visited last week？ 5I want to buy the same dictionary that you have _that_that_that_as巩固练习：巩固练习：1. Finally the thief handed everything _ he had stolen to the police.A.Which B. whatC. whatever D. that2. He told me all _ he knew.A.whichB. whatC. that D. how3. He was very rude to the Customs officer, _ of course made things even worse.A.who B. whomC. whatD. which4. Is the river _ through that town very large?A.which flowsB. flowsC. that flowingD. whose flows5. The most important thing_ we should pay attention to is the first thing _I have said. A. which; that B. that; which C. which; which D. that; that 6. The songs _ she sang in the concert yesterday sounded _A. /, beautifullyB. that ,wonderfullyC. which , wellD./, nice7. The result of the experiment was very good, _we hadnt expected.A. when B. that C. whichD. what8. You may keep any _ you find Athat Bwhich Cwhat Dwhom9. In the dark street, there wasnt a single person_ she could turn for help.A.to whom B. whoC. from whomD. that10. The Great Wall is the last place _Mr. smith is going to visit before he leaves Beijing.A. whereB. which C. / D. what11.They study in a small classroom _ floor is broken Awhose Bwhich Cwhere Dthat12. Next Sunday is the only day _ he can spare to join us Athat Bwhich Cwhen Don which13. He isnt the man _ he used to be Athat Bwhom Cwho Dwhich14. Please pass me the dictionary _ cover is black Awhich Bwhich of Cits Dwhose15.Through practice we can learn a lot _ can not_ from books Awhich；be learned Bthat；learn Cwhich；learn Dthat；be learned4Is this factory which you visited last week？This is factory which you visited last week.This factory is which you visited last week.This is the factory which you visited last week.Is this the factory which you visited last week?This factory is the one which you visited last week.Is this factory the one which you visited last week? which引导的非限制性定语从句。引导的非限制性定语从句。 I have lost my pen, which I like very much. She was awarded a gold medal, which the whole family considered a great honor. She is always late for class, which makes the teacher angry.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句:限制性定语从句限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句和先行词关系密切（删去影响和先行词关系密切（删去影响整个意思表达）整个意思表达）和先行词关系不密切（一种补和先行词关系不密切（一种补充说明，删去不影响全句意思充说明，删去不影响全句意思的表达）的表达）不用逗号隔开不用逗号隔开一般用逗号隔开一般用逗号隔开可用关系代词可用关系代词thatthat不可用关系代词不可用关系代词thatthat关系代词可省略（但在从句中关系代词可省略（但在从句中作宾语）作宾语）关系代词不可以省略关系代词不可以省略只可修饰先行词，不可以修饰只可修饰先行词，不可以修饰主句或主句的一部分主句或主句的一部分除修饰先行词还可以修饰整个除修饰先行词还可以修饰整个主句或主句的一部分主句或主句的一部分暗示被修饰的先行词不是唯一暗示被修饰的先行词不是唯一的的表示被修饰的先行词是唯一的表示被修饰的先行词是唯一的翻译时先翻译从句在翻译主句翻译时先翻译从句在翻译主句 翻译时先译主句再译从句翻译时先译主句再译从句 People who take physical exercise live longer. 进行体育锻炼的人活得长些。(若把从句去掉句子就失去意义) His daughter, who is in Boston now, is coming home next week. 他女儿现在在波士顿，下星期回来。(若把从句去句子意义仍然完整) I have a sister who is a doctor. 我有一个医生的姐姐。(姐姐不止一个) I have a sister, who is a doctor. 我有一个姐姐，她是当医生的。(只有一个姐姐) Peter drove too fast, which was dangerous. 彼得开车很快，这是很危险的。(which指drive too fast) He changed his mind, which made me very angry. 他改变了主意，这使我很生气。(which指整个主句) Mr. Smith, who is our boss, will leave for Japan next week. 我们的老板史密斯先生下周要去日本。(先行词为专有名词，要用非限制性定语从句修饰) Her father, who has a lot of money, wishes her to study abroad. 她父亲很有钱，希望她出国学习。(先行词为表独一无二意义的普通名词，要用非限制性定语从句修饰)1. I have lost the pen which I like very much.（暗示不（暗示不止一个）止一个） I have lost the pen, which I like very much.（暗示只（暗示只有一支钢笔）有一支钢笔）2. I have two sisters, who are both students. I have two sisters, both of whom are students.4. This is our classroom, in the front of which there is a teachers desk.5. His father who is in Beijing will return to Yancheng next week.() His father ,who is in Beijing ,will return to Yancheng next week.()
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