母线槽的市场现状及发展趋势简化版

sistema motiu del 140 article comprovacions de seguretat s obra de protecci laboral dempresa de contingut principal un de, finalitat s comprendre empresa del sector i la branca de la situaci de la gesti laboral de protecci, lloc de producci es troben no seguretat (equips i eina i annex,) estatus, no de seguretat de lentorn de treball, no seguretat del comportament i la potencial carrera contra, per propici per prendre mesures oportuna corregits, millora les condicions de treball, prevenir accidents baixes i ocupacional de produt. 141th comprovaci punts seguretat buscar seguretat temporada comprovacions de seguretat, controls de seguretat abans i desprs del Festival, comprovaci diria i inspeccions complets sobre una base regular. continguts examen 142th: seguretat avaluaci llista de control, els mecnics criteris davaluaci Comit seguretat maquinria i planta i comprovaci de la taula de la planta. Dirigit pel Director i producci Director s responsable dequip departament tcnic, el Departament de seguretat, Departament, lorganitzaci General serveis unitat, feu clic a gesti, branca s responsable principi, per a predir i mesurar la seguretat de la planta, per complement i seguretat un cop la revisi quinquennal. Comprovacions de seguretat temporada , trets segons la temporada, comprovant per garantir la seguretat, organitzat per An Ji, seguretat, pot assistir a una vegada cada trimestre. controls de seguretat abans i desprs del Festival, Festival de planta seguretat, lluita contra incendis, seguretat, comprovaci completa del treball de producci, dirigida per la fbrica responsable dorganitzaci, Departament de seguretat, Departament dequipament, serveis generals del Departament, cotxes, unitats com lders sindicals, secci 51, apartat 11, de lany abans de lany nou i el Festival de primavera. D comprovaci diria, principal s treball comprovaci basat, comprovi el lloc i consultar en ocults i comprovar la gesti i comprovar el sistema i comprovar la situaci de rectificaci, de planta dequips especials (equips elctrics i caldera i soldadura de metalls, estampaci mquina i mecnics delevaci, fbrica en vehicles mbils, mquina de pressi buits i el recipient de pressi per a la comprovaci, centrar districte (sala de calderes i lhivernacle constant i magatzem i pintura entre i sala de fusteria i cinc branca muntadors pargraf,) per centrar per registre dentrada, tcnic en seguretat diria Ann comprovar membre i fbrica comprovacions deure personal de seguretat per a la comprovaci de la gira i comprovar els registres, Accident a no es resoldran durant la nit, pot ser notificat immediatament a An Ji i Director, proposar accions correctores i rectificaci. 143th totes les plantes cada dia hauria t una seguretat oficial del dia, aquesta planta era insegur i corregir les operacions illegals, violant, branca coll. Malalties i defectes de naixement. 2, lelectricista han dethe economic development in the new normalOf awareness errors, deep awareness economic development new normal of objective inevitability, prevent one-sidedness, and simplistic, cannot to whether on himself favourable to judge new normal bad; cannot put new normal as a basket, what are to in loaded; cannot put new normal as haven, put work bad do, and didnt dry good of reasons are due Yu new normal, for not officer, and not development find excuses. Actively promote the supply side of structural reforms and implement the CPC Central Committee defined five pillars of policy and five priorities, implement the major decisions and arrangements of the central support accelerated development of Fujian, a good grasp of the old Soviet areas, green development, precision significant opportunities to alleviate poverty. (4) lead to overcome difficulty, dare to play. Dare not sword, before major problems before not to grasp the nettle and on front, afraid to come forward before the crisis and error cant bear responsibility, not firmly fight these issues before the evil, strengthen the sense of responsibility, to take charge. Dont want to under the new situation, not as good as issues, enhance vigor, growing new skills, new, do dry dry dry active, do we want to do good, to take Shi Liuyin, grasping the iron mark strength and hard work together create a mental state of implementation, reform and development of the promoter and the doers. Insist on seeking truth, act according to the law, establish the correct achievements view, and strive to create a stand the inspection of practice, people and history of performance. (5) the lead in implementation of strictly administering the party responsible. For tube party rule party poor, and party consciousness indifference, and party work missing, for subject responsibility, and a gang double accountability implementation not in place, and put business work and party work fragmented from of problem, for those think are wind anti-corruption effect economic development, errors views, set full strictly rule party forever in road of thought, set grasp party is maximum achievement, and caught bad party is not competent, and not caught party is dereliction of of consciousness, insisted thought party and system rule party close combined, strengthened according to rules rule party consciousness, Take responsibility for the party the party. Exercise to consciously accept the partys political life, adhere to the principle of democratic centralism, seriously carry out criticism and self criticism, rigorous daily management and supervision of party members, cadres, and maintain pressure against corruption. To improve style, cultivating good family tradition, care of families of the children and staff, press , clear principle correctly handle the relationship between Government and business, to create fresh political ecology and the politics of environment. Grasping the learning content, the learning needs of more than at the same time, both party members and leading cadres, and also practice job practice study well General Secretary XI Jinping on local work in this field important speeches and directives, further unify their thinking and action, clear work objectives and direction. To control measures in the speech requirement, implementation analysis, identify gaps and weaknesses, target put forward specific measures to strengthen and improve the work, ensuring the spirit landing implementation. Third, learn about ways to highlight the features of regular education, stick with the party branch母线槽的市场现状及发展趋势北京华北长城母线槽有限公司、苏州华铜复合材料有限公司摘 要：本文论述了铜价飙升之后母线槽的市场现状，母线槽的发展趋势及新型节能母线槽的特点和截面选择关键词：母线槽 安全 能耗 截面 铜铝复合母线 低成本节能 母线槽的市场现状母线槽由于供电容量大，安全可靠，安装方便，自八十年代末期引入我国以来，二十多年得到了迅猛发展。生产企业发展到几千家，全国大中城市几乎都有，产品结构、材料不断更新，产品性能和使用可靠性不断提高，已成为配电设备中一个重要分支。广泛应用在高层建筑、大型商场、工矿企业、轨道交通等。 在母线槽中铜导体占据了成本的70%以上。2003年起，由于铜材大幅涨价，致使母线槽成本大幅上升。由于很多用户对母线槽的安全性能、使用寿命、产品质量认知不够，在工程招标和采购中，主要考虑一次性投资小，选用最低标采购，甚至低于成本价。迫使生产厂家无限制的减小铜排截面，甚至使用假冒伪劣材料（比如有些企业用铝排镀铜或者两端用铜排、中间用铝排焊接替代铜排），使绝缘加速老化，事故增多，威胁到供电安全，增大了线路能耗，扰乱了母线槽市场，严重破坏了母线槽的声誉和形象，造成了市场混乱，影响了用户使用信心。全世界铜的藏量仅5亿多吨，还不够用35年，我国藏量更少，仅占世界的5.5%，而我国年消耗铜材800多万吨，占世界年消耗铜材的50%还多，我国电力工业年消耗铜材近400万吨，又占我国消耗铜材总量的50%。电力、电气是消耗铜材最大的行业。我国人均用电量还处于世界低水平，电力工业还处于快速发展阶段，需要大量铜材来支持，也就是说，我国电力工业的发展受制于人，这个资源性矛盾，只会导致铜材价格不断上扬。母线槽成本不断升高。为了降低母线槽成本，必须减少对紧缺铜材的依赖。铝也是良好的导电材料，藏量丰富，价格低廉且稳定，但它表面极易氧化，在搭接处易出故障，不能直接代用，但铜、铝结合起来，把两种材料的优势集于一体，就可解决这一资源性矛盾，开发这种新材料，是母线槽导体发展的必然方向。铜铝复合导体母线槽是母线槽发展的必然趋势铜材价格不断上涨，铜排截面不断减小，电阻不断增大，使母线槽的安全运行受到威胁，能耗增大。铜铝复合排外层是铜，接触电阻和抗氧化性能和铜排完全相同，内芯是铝，重量轻，成本低，其载流量达到铜排的86%以上，机械性能完全满足成套电气设备的要求，选用时其截面比铜排大一个标准规格，温升还要略低一些。铜铝复合排做导体的母线槽大幅降低了母线槽成本，降低了能耗，已经过了三年多市场的考验，性能优异，使用可靠，深受用户欢迎。铜铝复合排的成本比铜排低50%，增大截面增加的成本并不多，但降低了温升，提高了运行的安全性，降低了线路压降，降低了能耗，是母线槽发展的必然趋势。如何选用铜铝复合排产品要符合相关标准，要有市场准入证一个产品要有质量保证，首先要符合相关行业的产品标准。目前，唯一有效的产品标准是中国电气工业协会标准CEEI B220-2010电工用铜铝复合母线，证明符合标准的文件就是检验报告，检验报告中的检验项目要按标准要求齐全，检验结果要全部合格。检验机构必须是经国家认监委认可的权威检验部门（报告上有CNAS标志）。此外，产品要经过国家认可的机构进行产品第三方认证，这是市场的准入证。比如CCC认证，中国电力认证（CECC认证）。要掌握铜铝复合排的关键参数铜层截面比例和界面结合强度是铜铝复合排最重要的两项参数，这两项参数决定了它的导电性能、机械性能、加工性能和使用性能。A、铜层截面占整个截面的比例20%时达到最佳性价比。 B、固液融合工艺制备的铜铝复合排界面结合强度最高，能承受大范围温差热胀冷缩产生的应力和加工要求，其界面不会受到电化腐蚀。为了规范母线槽市场，中国电器工业协会电控配电分会组织了母线槽全国联合设计，推出了新型节能母线槽。母线槽导体选用铜铝复合排，通过了型式试验和专家鉴定。新型节能母线槽具有如下特点和优势：1、 外形美观，采用带散热的铝型材外壳，经阳极氧化后有很强的抗腐蚀能力，能长期保持美观的外形。2、 载流能力高，导体采用铜铝复合排，截面选取比铜排大一个标准规格，型式试验结果，温升比原铜排母线槽低5-7K，非磁性的铝合金外壳不产生涡流和磁滞损耗，因而，整体载流能力也得到提高。3、 产品低阻抗、低压降、低损耗，运行安全可靠。为减小成本，减小铜排截面，只会增大阻抗，增大线路压降和能耗，不但给用户安全运行造成隐患，电费增加。而且，生产企业也要承担很大风险。用铜铝复合排做导体，用较低成本就可达到低阻抗、低压降、低能耗。4、 智能监控，采用物流网新技术，以很低成本自动监测接头处温升，并能把信号传输到值班室超温报警，保证母线槽运行的绝对安全。5、 生产效率高，铝合金型材只需下料，钻孔就可装配，而钢板要经成型加工（折弯，辊压等）镀锌，喷粉，能节省一半的工时和工人。采用外壳无螺钉组装技术，不但外形美观，防护等级提高，而且，装配时间大幅缩短，生产效率大幅提高。6、 大幅降低成本，不但降低用户投资，提高市场竞争能力，而且，生产企业利润空间也加大，有良好的经济效益。7、 材料和绝缘件，零部件供应商经过了调研和严格的考察，是具备生产实力的企业，产品质量有保证，全国共用，大批量生产，价格最低。8、 成本低于普通铜电缆，但比电缆安全可靠，安装简便，这块市场容量也很可观。9、 行业共推，易于形成宣传优势，产品推广速度快，力度大。10. 风电母线槽，我国风电事业正处于一个快速发展阶段，风电母线槽需求量也在与日剧增。风电母线槽要求重量轻、抗腐蚀、耐低温、抗震动，目前导电排采用铝排，铝排固有的缺陷会降低它的安全性能，采用铜铝复合排做导体，比铝排有无法比拟的优越性。本次联合设计推出的铜铝复合排风电母线槽是一个很有市场潜力的产品。新型节能母线槽节能、降成本，是性价比最高的母线槽我国导体截面的选择一直套用1956年水电部颁布的经济电流密度数值，已不符合目前实际情况，从开发商的利益出发，初期投资越少越好，只要母线槽不发生过载的截面，就是最经济的截面，从用户利益出发，投入运行后，母线槽上损耗越小越好，截面越大越经济。因此，国际上不提“经济截面”，而提出“最佳截面”。最佳截面的定义是：不是初期投资最少，而是要使初始投资和整个母线槽经济寿命中的损耗费用之和达到最小。节能是我国基本国策，从节能要求来说，截面越大母线槽的能耗越小。在上世纪八、九十年代，母线槽导体都选用T2铜，其电流密度一般不超过2A/mm2,2500A以上更小一些，选1.7-1.8A/mm2，比如1000A的截面选6*85,2000A的选6*175。到2004年以后，由于铜材的大幅涨价，大部分厂家把电流密度取在2.2-2.5A/mm2，1000A的截面取5*80；还有个别厂家，无限制的减小截面，电流密度取到3A/mm2以上，比如1000A的截面取6*50、3*100，2000A的选6*125,3*220.截面减小，势必造成温升增高，就算温升满足要求，压降增大，能耗增大，用户运行成本增高是必然的。中国电器工业协会电控配电设备分会2009年统计，根据全国92家企业上报资料，2009年生产母线槽307799.6米，产值127357.18万元，平均每米4137元，相当于2000A的单价。如按2000家生产企业计算，2009年产量669.13万米，产值276.86亿元，（实际上超过300亿元）。2000A的截面原选6*175，每米能耗约203.16W。如果截面取3*220，不考虑电阻率的增大引起的能耗增加，能耗323.22w，增大了120W，增加了60.1%。按全国669.13万米，一年5000小时用电计算，增大电耗40亿度。若一个用户安装2000A母线槽1000米，导体截面选3*220，一年耗能达120KW；一年用电按5000小时计算，每度电费1元，一年多交电费60万元。虽然一次投资少一点，两年多交的电费就超过了省下的投资，很不合算。下面计算和比较铜母线槽与铜铝复合排母线槽的成本、能耗及节铜数量。铜的密度8.9g/cm3，20时直流电阻率0.01777mm/m，电解铜每吨7.5万元，铜排每kg按79元计算；铜铝复合排密度是3.94g/cm3，20时直流电阻率0.02369mm/m，每kg按90元计算；母线槽每米用导体4.5m。按前面所述，为简化计算，不考虑电抗及其他因素的影响，在同等条件下比较，每米母线槽消耗的电能P=3*IR。每米母线槽导体成本M=截面*密度*4.5*每kg单价*10-3，2000A母线槽2000年前选铜排截面6*175,目前大部分企业选用6*150，铜铝复合排可选8*200（空气型），6*200（密集型）。铜铝复合排中铜重量占45%，比较如下：表1截面规格每米能耗每米成本全国按669.13万米用电5000h计算W元总能耗（亿KWh）总成本（亿元）耗铜（万吨）铜排6*175203.6332268.18222.2828.14复合排8*200177.682553.1259.4170.838.54下降12.5%下降23.15%减小8.78减小51.45减小19.6表2截面规格每米能耗每米成本全国按669.13万米用电5000h计算W元总能耗（亿KWh）总成本（亿元）耗铜（万吨）铜排6*1502372847.5579.29190.5424.12复合排6*200236.91914.8479.26128.136.4下降0%下降32.75%减小0减小62.41减小17.72表3截面规格每米能耗每米成本全国按669.13万米用电5000h计算W元总能耗（亿KWh）总成本（亿元）耗铜（万吨）铜排6*1502372847.5579.29190.5424.12复合排8*200177.682553.1259.4170.838.54下降25%下降10%减小19.89减小19.17减小15.58由此可见，新型节能母线槽是性价比最高的母线槽，不但降低了成本，提高了运行的安全性，而且还有较大的节能空间。是值得推广的母线槽。sistema motiu del 140 article comprovacions de seguretat s obra de protecci laboral dempresa de contingut principal un de, finalitat s comprendre empresa del sector i la branca de la situaci de la gesti laboral de protecci, lloc de producci es troben no seguretat (equips i eina i annex,) estatus, no de seguretat de lentorn de treball, no seguretat del comportament i la potencial carrera contra, per propici per prendre mesures oportuna corregits, millora les condicions de treball, prevenir accidents baixes i ocupacional de produt. 141th comprovaci punts seguretat buscar seguretat temporada comprovacions de seguretat, controls de seguretat abans i desprs del Festival, comprovaci diria i inspeccions complets sobre una base regular. continguts examen 142th: seguretat avaluaci llista de control, els mecnics criteris davaluaci Comit seguretat maquinria i planta i comprovaci de la taula de la planta. Dirigit pel Director i producci Director s responsable dequip departament tcnic, el Departament de seguretat, Departament, lorganitzaci General serveis unitat, feu clic a gesti, branca s responsable principi, per a predir i mesurar la seguretat de la planta, per complement i seguretat un cop la revisi quinquennal. Comprovacions de seguretat temporada , trets segons la temporada, comprovant per garantir la seguretat, organitzat per An Ji, seguretat, pot assistir a una vegada cada trimestre. controls de seguretat abans i desprs del Festival, Festival de planta seguretat, lluita contra incendis, seguretat, comprovaci completa del treball de producci, dirigida per la fbrica responsable dorganitzaci, Departament de seguretat, Departament dequipament, serveis generals del Departament, cotxes, unitats com lders sindicals, secci 51, apartat 11, de lany abans de lany nou i el Festival de primavera. D comprovaci diria, principal s treball comprovaci basat, comprovi el lloc i consultar en ocults i comprovar la gesti i comprovar el sistema i comprovar la situaci de rectificaci, de planta dequips especials (equips elctrics i caldera i soldadura de metalls, estampaci mquina i mecnics delevaci, fbrica en vehicles mbils, mquina de pressi buits i el recipient de pressi per a la comprovaci, centrar districte (sala de calderes i lhivernacle constant i magatzem i pintura entre i sala de fusteria i cinc branca muntadors pargraf,) per centrar per registre dentrada, tcnic en seguretat diria Ann comprovar membre i fbrica comprovacions deure personal de seguretat per a la comprovaci de la gira i comprovar els registres, Accident a no es resoldran durant la nit, pot ser notificat immediatament a An Ji i Director, proposar accions correctores i rectificaci. 143th totes les plantes cada dia hauria t una seguretat oficial del dia, aquesta planta era insegur i corregir les operacions illegals, violant, branca coll. Malalties i defectes de naixement. 2, lelectricista han deas the basic unitThree lessons the Organization as the basic form of the party, to carry out the daily management of party members such as democratic appraisal system for basic support, well, into the school, education and training of the party School of the channel, into regular, everyday work on a better objective world and remolding of subjective world. You want to combine studying the partys history, and make good use of the gutian meeting, caixixiang survey, Gu Wenchang spirit, Zhan Hongli old story and the County of Sue area, Ushida against encirclement site of the forward command post, Fujian and Jiangxi provinces East County Soviet government site, continents, such as site of the negotiations between the KMT and a wealth of resources, carry forward the partys fine tradition and style, making it a spiritual power for party members and cadres. To contact focus on party members and cadres ideological and practical work, persist in combining positive education and the reverse side warning, to advanced models as a mirror, to negative examples as a warning. To local conditions, one policy, preventing the pot, one size fits all, and flood irrigation to prevent formalism and the motions to prevent routine aside, preventing easy to open, how many notes do to judge study results. 1. grasp the self-study. Party members according to their actual work and need to develop learning plans, choose their own learning content and methods, really educate yourself. Party leading cadres should read, learn, and understanding of the original principle, with conviction, with affection, with a mission to learn, with issue. All party branches to strengthen the party members to learn specific guidance proposed learning requirements, preparation of simple, popular study materials published making Pocket Books, micro-micro-video animation, using micro-party lectures, meet party members diverse needs of different groups. Through reading activities and knowledge competitions, learning outcomes, and stimulate the enthusiasm of party members to study and initiative. 2. improve intensive discussions. 1 thematic focus on each branch per quarter. Collective learning branch to organize party members, each study to determine on the topic, every party member must make presentations and discussions around topics. Authorities and institutions of the party where the party members to participate in collective learning time of 12 days, total of 6 days of other party members. Party groups organize regular party members to focus on. First topic is belief and faith, strengthen four kinds of consciousness, the time in 4-6 months; the second theme is commitment to a disciplined bottom line, lofty sentiment time in 7-9 months; the third topic is party members adhere to the fundamental purpose, play time in 10-12 months. Each branch can be practical, for further refinement and discussion topics can also be adjusted according to the needs, reflecting the characteristics of different groups of party members, party members, and on the. Party discussion should close service development, and improving government organs style, enhance the efficiency of authorities, to create first-class performance topic, non-public economic organizations and institutions party discussion should stick to to become business development pioneer, love Dedicated pioneers, integrity pioneer, promote harmony pioneer, pioneer love theme. 3. tell a good party lecture. Party members and leading cadres should take the lead in to the branch give a Party lecture. 71, branch in