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句子成分 主语（subject）、 谓语（predicate）、 表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、 定语（attribute）、 状语(adverbial)。 主语和谓语是句子成立的充分且必要的条件，两者缺一不可。定语：定语：定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用的表示。 定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。若修饰some, any, every, no构成的复合不定代词时，（如：something、nothing）；或不定式、分词短语作定语、从句作定语时，则定语通常置后。副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。 形容词作定语：形容词作定语：The little boy needs a blue pen.(little修饰名词boy；blue修饰名词pen.）/小男孩需要一支兰色的钢笔。Tom is a handsome boy./Tom是个英俊的男孩。There is a good boy./有个乖男孩。 数词作定语相当于形容词：数词作定语相当于形容词：Two boys need two pens./两个男孩需要两支钢笔。The two boys are students./这两个男孩是学生。There are two boys in the room./房间里有两个男孩。 代词或名词所有格作定语：代词或名词所有格作定语：His boy needs Toms pen./他的男孩需要Tom的钢笔。His name is Tom./他的名字是汤姆。There are two boys of Toms there./那儿有Tom家的两个男孩。 介词短语作定语：介词短语作定语：The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours./教室里的男孩需要你的一支钢笔。The boy in blue is Tom./穿兰色衣服的孩子是汤姆。There are two boys of 9,and three of 10./有两个9岁的，三个10岁的男孩。 名词作定语：名词作定语：The boy needs a ball pen./男孩需要一支圆珠笔。It is a ball pen./这是一支圆珠笔。There is only one ball pen in the pencil box./这铅笔盒里只有一支圆珠笔。 副词作定语：副词作定语：The boy there needs a pen./那儿的男孩需要一支钢笔。The best boy here is Tom./这里最棒的男孩是Tom。 不定式作定语：不定式作定语：The boy to write this letter needs a pen./写这封信的男孩需要一支钢笔。The boy to write this letter is Tom./将要写这封信的男孩是汤姆。There is nothing to do today./今天无事要做。 分词（短语）作定语：分词（短语）作定语：The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother./那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔。The pen bought by her is made in China./她买的笔是中国产的。There are five boys left./有五个留下的男孩。 定语从句：定语从句：The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday./那个在阅读的男孩需要你昨天买的钢笔。The boy you will know is Tom./你将认识的男孩叫汤姆。There are five boys who will play the game./参加游戏的男孩有五个。简单句类型 英语五种基本句型列式如下：1 （主谓）2 （主谓表）3 （主谓宾）4 （主谓间宾直宾）5（主谓宾宾补）主语+系动词+表语表语 表语是表述主语的特征、状态和身份等。 I am a teacher.主语+不及物动词Thesunwasshining.Themoonrose.Whocares?Whathesaiddoesnotmatter.主语+及物动词+宾语 I like popular music. She knows what to do next. I usually do my homework at home in the evening. He began learning English ten years ago. He has decided to work harder at English.主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语直接宾语和间接宾语 有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，如：give给，pass递，bring带，show显示。这两个宾语通常一个指人，为间接宾语；一个指物，为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。 一般的顺序为：动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语。如：Give me a cup of tea, please.强调间接宾语顺序为：动词 + 直接宾语 + to + 间接宾语。如：Show this house to Mr. Smith.若直接宾语为人称代词：动词+ 代词直接宾语 + to + 间接宾语。如：Bring it to me, please. 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语不足语宾语补足语：宾语补足语：位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系，它们一起构成复合宾语。 名词/代词宾格 + 名词The war made him a soldier./战争使他成为一名战士. 名词/代词宾格 + 形容词New methods make the job easy./新方法使这项工作变得轻松. 名词/代词宾格 + 介词短语I often find him at work./我经常发现他在工作. 名词/代词宾格 + 动词不定式The teacher ask the students to close the windows./老师让学生们关上窗户. 名词/代词宾格 + 分词I saw a cat running across the road./我看见一只猫跑过了马路. 同位语：同位语： 同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。如： We students should study hard. / (students是we的同位语，都是指同一批学生） We all are students. / (all是we的同位语，都指同样的我们） THERE BE +主语+状语There is a book on the desk.There are many reasons for animals dying out.状语：状语：状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等 状语在句子中的位置很灵活，常见情况为：通常在句子基本结构之后，强调时放在句首；修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰的词之前；表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首，地点状语一般须在时间状语之前；一些表示不确定时间（如：often）或程度（如：almost）的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，动词之前。 副词（短语）作状语：副词（短语）作状语：The boy needs a pen very much./男孩非常需要一支钢笔。（程度状语）The boy needs very much the pen bought by his mother./男孩非常需要他母亲买的那支钢笔。（宾语较长则状语前置）The boy really needs a pen./男孩真的需要一支钢笔。（程度状语）The boy needs a pen now./Now,the boy needs a pen./The boy,now,needs a pen./男孩现在需要一支钢笔。（时间状语） 介词短语作状语：介词短语作状语：In the classroom,the boy needs a pen./在教室里，男孩需要一支钢笔。（地点状语）Before his mother,Tom is always a boy./在母亲面前,汤姆总是一个男孩子.(条件状语)On Sundays,there is no student in the classroom./星期天,教室里没有学生.(时间状语) 分词（短语）作状语：分词（短语）作状语：He sits there,asking for a pen./他坐在那儿要一支笔。（表示伴随状态）Having to finish his homework,the boy needs a pen./因为不得不完成作业，男孩需要一支笔。（原因状语）Frightened,he sits there soundlessly./（因为）受了惊吓，他无声地坐在那儿。（原因状语） 不定式作状语：不定式作状语：The boy needs a pen to do his homework./男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业。（目的状语）To make his dream come true,Tom becomes very interested in business./为实现梦想,汤姆变得对商业很有兴趣. 名词作状语：名词作状语：Come this way!/走这条路！（方向状语） 状语从句：状语从句：（状语从句）（状语从句）DIFFERENT KINDS OF ADVERBIAL CLAUSES:1.Adverbial Clauses of Time:（时间状语从句）（时间状语从句）2.Adverbial Clauses of Reason(原因状语从句）原因状语从句）3.Adverbial Clauses of Conditions(条件状语从句）条件状语从句） 4.Adverbial Clauses of Place (地点状语从句）地点状语从句）5.Adverbial Clauses of Purpose (目的状语）目的状语）6.）7.Adverbial Clauses of Comparison（比较）（比较）8.Adverbial Clauses of Concession(让步）让步）9.Adverb Clauses of Manner(方式状语从句方式状语从句 )1.Adverbial Clauses of Time:（时间状语从句）（时间状语从句） when, while, as, before, after, since, until, as soon as, every time, each time, the moment, by the time , immediately , the minute , the second.1)When he comes here tomorrow, I”ll call you. (at that time)I.when2)Henry is in charge of the office when Mr.Smith is away. (during the time that) 1)While he was walking in the street, he met Tim. (分词短语）分词短语）While walking in the street,he met Tim. Walking in the street ,he met Tom. 2)He learned to speak English while he was here. 3)I like tea while she likes coffee.II.whileIII. as (一边.一边,随着） 1)As they were picking tea,the girls were singing happily. 2) She sang as she worked.IV. Before1)It wont be long before he finishes his writing. V. After1)After he (had) finished his work,he left there. He (had) finished his work before he left here.After finishing his work,he left here. Having finished his work,he left here. VI. since (from the time that) 1)I have known him ever since he was a boy. 2)I have worked here since I graduated from the university.*3)It is (has been)two years since he came here.VII. until (till) (up to the time that)1)He will not go to bed until(till) his mother comes.2)Until she told me, I had no idea of what they had said.3)It is not until his mother comes home that he will go to bed.(强调结构）强调结构）VIII .as soon as1)As soon as she got home,she began to cook.On getting home,she began to cook. *IX. every time,each time,the moment 1)Every time/each time I catch a cold,I have pain in my back. 2)There was an applause the moment (as soon as) she appeared on the stage.X. by the time1)By the time he arrived,the train had already gone.2)By the time he comes,we will already have left. Exercises:1.They walked out of the room _the meeting was over.2.They must stay in school _they are sixteen.3.Take the medicine _you go to bed.as soon asby the timebefore4.I knew nothing about it _he told me.5.It is more than five years _we started to learn English.6._he talked on, he got more and more excited.7.We should strike _the iron is hot.untilsinceAswhile2.Adverbial Clauses of Reason(原因状语从句） because, since, as, now that, for I. because1)The ship changed its course because there was a storm.The ship changed its course because of the storm.2)Because he was ill,he didnt go to school. He was ill ,so he didnt go to school.Being ill, he didnt go to school. II.since 1)Since you are ill,youd better go to see the doctor. 2)Since you do not understand ,I will explain again. III.as 1)As she was late for class,she had to say sorry. 2)As Jane was the oldest in this family, she had to look after the others.IV. now that 1)Now that class is over,lets go to play football.V.for He must be ill, for he is absent today.Exercises:1.The teacher must be strict with you _ they want you to make great progress.2._your father is well again,you no longer have anything to worry about.3.The day breaks,_the birds are singing.3.Adverbial Clauses of Condition (条件状语从句）I.if1)If he had worked harder,he would have passed the exam.2)If you work harder,you will succeed. Work harder, and you will succeed.Work harder,or you wont succeed.Working harder,you will succeed.II.unless1)We cant write to Mary unless she tells us her address.We cant write to Mary if she doesnt tell us her address.*III.as long as(只要 ) 1)I will never give up learning as long as I live. 2)You may borrow the book as long as you keep it clean. *IV.on condition that（条件是） Well let you use the room on condition that you keep it tidy.*V.in case(万一）Youd better take your raincoat with you in case it rains.4.Adverbial Clauses of Place (地点状语从句） You may find him where his parents live.5.Adverbial Clauses of Purpose (目的状语从句） so that /in order that They set out early so that (in order that) they might arrive there in time. They set out early in order to( so as to)arrive there in time.6. sothat,suchthat1) It is so good a story that Ill never forget it. It is such a good story that Ill never forget it.2)such+adj.+名词 +that clauseMike is such an honest worker that we all believe him.3)so +adj./adv. +that clauseMike is so honest a worker that we all believe him.4)so + many/few + 复数名词+that clause much/little+不可数名词He earned so little money that he couldnt support his family.7.Adverbial Clauses of Comparison（比较） asas,not as(so)as, more/-erthan,lessthan1)He doesnt work so hard as you do.2)There is as much ink in bottle A as in bottle B.3)The more you worry,the less youll succeed.4) Gold is much heavier than any other metal. 8.ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF CONCESSION(让步） 1)Although(Though) he is old ,he works hard. He is old,but he works hard. *2)Even though (even if)you say so,I dont believe it. (即使 )*3. Difficult as the work is,well finish it on time. Though the work is difficult,well finish it on time.4.Whenever(No matter when) you come to our country,you will be warmly welcomed.5.Wherever(No matter where) he goes,he always brings two bodyguards with him. 让步状语从句通常用让步状语从句通常用 though, although, no matter, even if, if, even though, however, whatever等引起。等引起。 让步状语从句可以前置，也可以后置；前置时强调主句内容，后让步状语从句可以前置，也可以后置；前置时强调主句内容，后置时强调从句内容。有时也可以采取中位（插入句中）。置时强调从句内容。有时也可以采取中位（插入句中）。 两个词同义，一般情况下可以互换使用，如：两个词同义，一般情况下可以互换使用，如：He didnt light the fire though / although it was cold. although 比比though 较正式，语气较重，常用于强调让步概念，较正式，语气较重，常用于强调让步概念，如：如： He insisted on doing it although I warned him not to. though可以和可以和even 连用，但连用，但although 不可以，如：不可以，如： Although (Even though) the traffic held us up, we got to the airport on time. 当让步状语从句是指一种假设的情况，不指事实时，通常用当让步状语从句是指一种假设的情况，不指事实时，通常用though，而不用，而不用although，如：，如：He will never do such a thing though he (should) be forced to.Though all the world were against me, I shall still hold to my opinion. though可以在非正式文体中用作连接性状语，而可以在非正式文体中用作连接性状语，而although 则不则不行。（行。（though 可以放在句中或句末，通常用逗号隔开），如：可以放在句中或句末，通常用逗号隔开），如： He said he would come; he didnt, though. though引导的从句可用倒装语序（即把从句中的表语或状语等引导的从句可用倒装语序（即把从句中的表语或状语等放在放在though之前），而之前），而although 不能这样用，如：不能这样用，如： Young though she is, yet she is fit for the job. (= Young as she is, ) 有时可用副词有时可用副词yet, still, nevertheless (但不能用连词但不能用连词but) 来配合连来配合连接词接词though或或although，以加强语气，如：，以加强语气，如： Though he is over seventy, yet / still / nevertheless he can ride the bike. though和和although后面的主语和谓语动词后面的主语和谓语动词be 可以省略，如果这可以省略，如果这个主语和主句中的主语指同一个人或物时，如：个主语和主句中的主语指同一个人或物时，如： Though (it was) cold, it was a fine winter morning. Though (he was) severely wounded, yet he refused to leave the battle field. Though (they were) very tired, they continued to march on. even if 与与 even though同义，常用于强调让步概念，如：同义，常用于强调让步概念，如： Ill do it, even if it takes me all the afternoon. He was there even if we didnt see him. Even if you fail, you can try again. Ill help you, even if I dont sleep for a night. 注：注：if 有时也可以用于让步含义，但要注意条件有时也可以用于让步含义，但要注意条件if 与让步与让步if 的区的区别，试比较：别，试比较： If he is poor, how can he buy the house? (条件条件) If he is poor, he is at least honest. (让步让步) (= even if) If he is inexperienced, he wont be able to accomplish it. (条件条件) If he is inexperienced, he is at any rate eager to learn. (让步让步) (= even if) If John had been there, I would have seen him. (条件条件) If John was there, I didnt see him. (让步让步) (= even if) 在正式文体或文学作品中，为了强调让步的含义，可用在正式文体或文学作品中，为了强调让步的含义，可用as引导引导让步从句。但让步从句。但as一般不置于句首，而将从句中的表语或状语置于句一般不置于句首，而将从句中的表语或状语置于句首。（首。（though, that与与as一样，也可以用于这种结构），如下面几种一样，也可以用于这种结构），如下面几种情况：情况： 表语的倒装：表语的倒装： Tired as he was, he still went on with his work. Old as I am, I can still fight. Clever as you may be, you cannot do that. Tall as / though he was, he couldnt reach the top shelf. Difficult though the task was, they managed to accomplish it in time. 状语的倒装：（这时不可在状语之前加状语的倒装：（这时不可在状语之前加very, much等修饰语）等修饰语） Much as I admire him as a writer, I do not like him as a man. Much as he likes the bike, he doesnt want to buy it. Hard as I studied, I could not catch up with them. 谓语动词的倒装：谓语动词的倒装： Try as he would, he could not remember a word of it. (= No matter how he would try ) Try as he might, he didnt pass the exam. Hate him as we may, we must admit his greatness. Search as they would, they could find nothing in the room. Try as you may, you will never succeed. 如果是单数名词或形容词最高级作表语，不再用冠词，如：如果是单数名词或形容词最高级作表语，不再用冠词，如： Teacher as Michael is, he is not capable of teaching all subjects. Child as / that he was, he knew what was the right thing to do. Youngest as he is in our class, he speaks English the best. Child as he is, he knows much. as从句可以置于主句前、主句后或句中，当从句可以置于主句前、主句后或句中，当as从句置于句首时，从句置于句首时，主句前可加主句前可加yet ，如：，如： Mary, brave as she is, is afraid of snakes. He was unable to make much progress, hard as he tried. Rich as he is, (yet) I dont envy him. 当作表语的形容词提前时，如果从句的主语是人称代词，那么它当作表语的形容词提前时，如果从句的主语是人称代词，那么它只能放在动词之前；如果从句的主语是名词，则可用倒装语序，也只能放在动词之前；如果从句的主语是名词，则可用倒装语序，也可用陈述语序，如：可用陈述语序，如： Tired as were the workers, they did not stop. Clever though / as you may be, you cant do that. as 从句与主句在时态上可以不一致，如：从句与主句在时态上可以不一致，如： Child as he is, he was brave. 注意区别注意区别as 引导的原因从句与让步从句，试比较：引导的原因从句与让步从句，试比较： Lawyer as he is, he explains the reason clearly. (原因从句原因从句) Lawyer as he is, he cant explain the reason very clearly. (让步从让步从句句) even though (= even if) 引导的从句指把握不大或假设的事情，引导的从句指把握不大或假设的事情，意为意为“即使即使”、“纵然纵然”； though 引导的从句指事实，意为引导的从句指事实，意为“尽尽管管”、“虽然虽然”，例如：例如： He will not reveal the secret, even though he knows it. (可能知道，可能知道，也可能不知道。也可能不知道。) He will not reveal the secret though he knows it. (虽然知道，却不虽然知道，却不说出来。说出来。) while (= although),它引导的让步状语从句只能前置，位于句首，它引导的让步状语从句只能前置，位于句首，如：如： While you may be right, I cant altogether agree. While I admit that the problems are difficult, I dont agree that they cannot be solved.注意比较下列各句：注意比较下列各句： While I admit his good points, I can see his shortcomings. (让步让步) While I understand what you say, I cant agree with you. (让步让步) While I was reading, the light went out. (时间时间) Motion is absolute while stagnation is relative. (转折、对比转折、对比) He is idle, while his brother is diligent. (转折、对比转折、对比) 这种从句也称这种从句也称“选择条件选择条件-让步状语从句让步状语从句”，可位于主句之前，可位于主句之前或之后，如：或之后，如： Whether he drives or (whether he) flies, he will be here on time. Whether you like it or not, youll have to do it. Whether or not it rains, Im giving a party tomorrow. We hold that all countries, (whether they are) big or small, (whether they are) rich or poor, should be equal. Whether it rains or snows, I will go tonight. She had to go, whether or not she wanted it. Whoever (= no matter who) is unwilling to go, I will go. (whoever 既相当于连接词短语既相当于连接词短语no matter 连接主句与从句，又相连接主句与从句，又相当于疑问代词当于疑问代词who) Whomever (= no matter whom) you are dealing with, this method is no good. Whatever (= no matter what) happens, keep calm. Whatever others may say, you are certainly right. Whichever (= no matter which) you choose, we have no objection. Whatever (= no matter what) difficulties may arise, we must and can overcome them one by one. (whatever 既相当于既相当于no matter 连接连接主句与从句，又相当于疑问形容词主句与从句，又相当于疑问形容词what 修饰名词修饰名词difficulties。) Whichever (= no matter which) room is assigned to him, he will have no objection. Whichever method you use, the result is much the same. However ( = no matter how) difficult the task may be, we will fulfil it on time. ( however 既相当于既相当于 no matter 连接主句与从句，又相当于疑问副连接主句与从句，又相当于疑问副词词 how 修饰修饰 difficult。) Wherever ( = no matter where) they went, they were warmly welcomed. Whenever Im unhappy, he cheers me up. The dog follows me wherever I go. However difficult the task (may be), it will be fulfilled on time. However great the difficulties (may be), we will never retreat. Whatever the difficulties (may be), they must and can be overcome.11由由whenever, wherever 引导的从句，同时也分别是时间状语从引导的从句，同时也分别是时间状语从句和地点状语从句，这里作为让步状语从句来看待，是强调它们带句和地点状语从句，这里作为让步状语从句来看待，是强调它们带有有no matter when, no matter where 的含义。在口语中用的含义。在口语中用no matter +wh- 结构比较常见。例如：结构比较常见。例如： No matter what I did, no one paid any attention. (= Whatever I did, ) No matter when and how the invaders come, they will be wiped out clean. No matter who it is, I dont want to see him.No matter how difficult the task may be, we must fulfil it in time. It is true, no matter what you may say. (可置于主句之后可置于主句之后) Dont believe the rumour, no matter who repeats it. (可置于主句可置于主句之后之后) It doesnt matter (= No matter) what he may say, I am going.9.Adverb Clauses of Manner(方式状语从句 )由as, just as, as if 等从属连词。 1) You must try to do as I did.* 2)Lets do as Mrs. Li teaches us.*3)He talks as if he knew all about it. (好象 )BYE - BYE !BYE - BYE !
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