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英语二轮复习讲义冠词的用法概述一. 名词的分类冠词离开名词就没有任何亦有，因此在学习冠词前，首先要了解名词的分类：名词分为：1. 可数名词，包括普通名词：人和物所共用的名称，如：dog , chair集体名词：集体的名称，如：class, family2. 不可数名词: 物质名词：物质的名称，如：paper, water 抽象名称：抽象物的名称，如： happiness 专有名词：人或物所持有的名称，如：Tom, China二，冠词的泛指, 特指，类指，专指 泛指是指首次提到的，不限定的人或是事物。特指是指在上文已提到的人或事物，或是指被限制性修饰语在其后加以限定的人或是事物，也指说话双方心目中所默认的特定的人或是物。类指是指具有共同性质或典型特征的事物的一个类别。专指是指类别中的一员或一部分具体事物。复数名词和不可数名词三普通名词使用冠词的类指用法1. a/an单数名词、the单数名词、零冠词复数名词/不可数名词时，所用冠词都可以表类指，但也有细微区别： “the单数名词”指的是整个类别，这个类别是可以区别于另一个类别的The car goes faster than the bike.a/an单数名词 侧重于之类别中的任何一个的特点；A tiger is a type of very large wild cat that has yellow fur with black bands across.零冠词复数名词/不可数名词 侧重指类别中的许多个体；Farmers are busy in autumn.练习 Alexander Graham Bell invented _ telephone in 1876. _ Knowledge is power.2the 形容词或分词有时也可表类指The wounded the dying the unknown the deaf the young the living the old the dead冠词的基本用法不定冠词的用法不定冠词有a .an两种形式，当紧挨着冠词的第一个音素为辅音因素是用a；但挨着冠词的第一个音素为元音音素是用an.表示one, the same, a certain 或是every 的意思。 They are of an age.(= the same age.) I earned 10 dollars an hour(=every hour) I will return in a day or two (=one or two days) Hi, John. A Mr. Smith is waiting for you outside.(=a certain)练习 I earn 10dollara _ hour as _ supermarket cashier on Saturday. The teacher asked us to write _ 800-word-long composition. Theres _ dictionary on _ by your side. I know _ John Lennon, but not _ one you know. They are twins, so they are of _ age.有些不可数名词如knowledge, collection ,understanding 等式由其他动词转化而来，它们后面加of 时，前面需要用不定冠词a/an.Her new book is a collection of short stories. He has _ fine collection of paintings. Their affair is _ public knowledge.与不定冠词连用的习语。Have a cold, have a good/happy time , have a gift for , have a word with, keep a diary, in a hurry, once a while, at a loss, for a while, once upon a time, all of a sudden, tell a lie, do sb. a favor , a waste of , a collection of , a matter of 等This picture looks beautiful at _distance.He was at a loss at the news.Tom , I want to have a talk with you.训练 I dont want to have words with you. I prefer to have _ word with you. _ word came that the president would inspect them. The power supply was cut off, all of _ sudden lights went out.11. China has _ rather larger population than Canada.12. I will be back in _ matter of hours. After all you have just mentioned is not _ matter of life and death.不定冠词的特殊位置：quite/ rather +a/an(+adj.)+单数名词； what/such/half+a/an+单数名词； rather /so/as/too/how/however+adj.+a/an+单数名词； many a /an+单数名词；not a/ an +单数名词（不止一个）。He is quite a kind guy.He will be back in half an hour.He is as great a man as ever lived.However clever a student he is, he should follow the teachers instructions now.训练:句型转换what an interesting book I have read! _ _ _ book I have read! (2) That was a quite extraordinary experience. That was _ _ _ experience. 二定冠词的用法 1.用在姓氏的复数前，表示一家人。如：The Greens are at a table.The Chens are going to move to Lanfang.用在年代、朝代名词及逢十的数次（表某个年代）前；The Tang Dynasty ,the Spring and Autumn Period , in the 1990s 用在表量度单位的名词前，表示“每一”I have hired the car by the hour Eggs are sold by the dozen.训练The diet is measured in _ calories, while the food is sold by _ pound.My car does forty miles to _ gallon.在句型“动词+sb.+介词+他和+身体某一部位”中的the , 不可用人称代词代替。 take sb. by the arm hit sb. in the face 此外， 在be red in the face (脸红), be lame in the right leg (右腿瘸)，be blind in the eye(眼瞎)等结构中，名词前腰用the.用在某些固定词组中。 Make the most of, in the daytime , by the day; in the end ; in the habit of; not in the least(= not at all); in the distance; in the way; on the whole; on the right on the other hand; at the same time; go to the doctors for the time being; on the spot; on the radio; on the phone训练Many people are still in _ habit of writing silly things in _ public places.He was hit by a falling tree and killed on _ spot.定冠词的特殊位置：在名词词组中，定冠词一般放在最前面， 但名词词组中如果有exactly, just , half, double, twice, all, both , off等修饰时，定冠词要放在这些名词的后面。 Exactly the same color just the right place , half the story double the amount零冠词的用法不可数名词、复数名词表泛指，用零冠词。 Father went to his doctor for advice about his heart trouble.Horses are useful animals.训练He likes to talk on the telephone while I prefer writing _ letters.Water is changed into _ steam by heat and into _ ice by cold._ water in the well is sweet.请牢记以下用零冠词的口诀：月、季、星期、节假、洲、呼语、头衔、职务前、三餐、球类、惯用语、学科、棋类名词前不用冠词。3.、系动词turn后的单数名词做表语，用零冠词。Has he turned scientist?Nothing can make me turn traitor against my country.4.“零冠词+单数名词+as/though+主语+谓语+，主句”Hero as he is, he has some shortcomings.训练:句型转换(1)Although he is a young man, he has seen much of the world._Although he is a diligent student, he didnt pass the exam._与零冠词连用的短语 Pen and ink; master and servant; at noon/dawn/daybreak/dust/night/midnight; on second thoughts; no such boy; come to light等的。冠词易混点抽象名词具体化时，被具体化的名称可能会与a/an连用。如； A heavy rain a surprise a please a success/failure a pressure a concern An unforgettable experience 训练I didnt think my chances of _ success were very good. The gift came as _ complete surprise to me He expressed _ surprise that no one had offered to help.Of her plays, three were successes and one was _ failure.形容词比较级前用定冠词表示“两者中较的”， 而形容词比较级前用不定冠词，表示“再、更”。 形容词最高级前用定冠词表示“三者或三者以上中的最的”， 而形容词最高级前用不定冠词，并无比较含义。如： Which is the larger country, Canada or Australia?It is a most useful book.训练This is pair of shoes is not fit for me. Would you show me _ bigger pair？He is _ most diligent student in his class.If there were no examinations, we should have _ much happier time at school.三“the +序数词”表排序, “a/an +序数词”不表示排序，有时表“又一，再一”; 序数词修饰动词事实上已成为副词，这时要用零冠词。如：Can you give a second chance, please?He was only 5 years old when I first saw him.四表示世界上独一无二的事物的名词，前面一般加定冠词，但如果此类名词前有修饰成分，也可能加a/an.如：The moon a full moon五零冠词用法的口诀是：月、季、星期、节假、洲、呼语、头衔、职务前、三餐、球类、惯用语、学科、棋类名词前不用冠词。但这种用法是相对而言的，在不同的句子中，可能会用不定冠词或定冠词，因此，用哪种冠词要视情况而定。如：A year can be divided into 4 seasons: spring, summer, autumn, and winter.The organization was founded in the autumn of 2005.六牢记高考中常见的纯不可数名词，它们是：weather, fun, space, advice, word(=news), progress, information, news, 以上不可数名词永远不能与不定冠词连用。如：Beyond the stars, the astronaut saw nothing but space.七 西洋乐器名称前往往用定冠词，但是此类名词单作普通名词时， 可以与不定冠词连用。此外，中国乐器名词前不与冠词连用。如：Play the piano; play the violin; play erhuHe is playing a borrowed violin.八专有名词前冠词的用法比较复杂，但是一般情况下，不含普通名词的纯专有名词前不用冠词，如：Beijing, New York 等。但是： 1. 在江河、湖泊、海洋、山脉、群岛、海峡、运河前用the.The Changjiangriver the Hudson River the West Lake2.在由普通名词构成的专有名词前用the.The Great Wall The Summer Palace
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