资源描述
精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上一、谓语动词谓语动词是用来表示动作或状态的,在句子中充当谓语的中心语,它是句子不可缺少的部分,用来说明主语是什么或者做什么。英语中的谓语动词有不同的形式,从这些形式可以看出句子的时态、语态和语气。英语谓语动词有五种基本形式,即动词原形、第三人称单数、过去式、过去分词和现在分词。1. 一般现在时第三人称单数规则原形第三人称单数一般动词加-srise, read, writerises, reads, writes以s, x, sh, ch 结尾或以o结尾的动词,加-espass, push, watch, do, gopasses, pushes, watches, does, goes以“辅音字母+ y”结尾的动词,变y为i,再加-esstudy, try, flystudies, tries, flies2.动词过去式、过去分词1) 规则动词过去式、过去分词规则原形过去式过去分词一般动词加-edhelp, look, workhelped, looked, workedhelped, looked, worked以不发音的e结尾的动词,加-dlike, live, loveliked, lived, lovedliked, lived, loved词尾为“辅音字母+ y”,变y为i,再加-edtry, study, crytried, studied, criedtried, studied, cried重读闭音节结尾,且词尾只有一个辅音字母,则双写这个辅音字母后加-edplan, stop, nodplanned, stopped, noddedplanned, stopped, nodded注意:“重读闭音节结尾,且词尾只有一个辅音字母”形象地说,就是单词词尾三个字母依次分别是“辅音字母+元音字母+辅音字母”。2)不规则动词过去式、过去分词不规则动词的过去式、过去分词的构成可以分为AAA 型、ABA型、ABB型、ABC型五种形式。(1)AAA型:即原形、过去式和过去分词都相同。broadcast(广播)- broadcast / broadcasted - broadcast/ broadcasted , burst(爆发,突然发作)-burst-burst, cast(撒,扔,抛)- cast - cast , cost(花费)-cost-cost, cut(剪,切,割)-cut-cut, hit(打,撞击)-hit-hit, hurt(伤害,受伤)-hurt-hurt, let(让)-let-let, put(放,摆)-put-put, read(读,朗读)-read-read , set(安置,释放)-set-set, shut(关闭,合拢)-shut-shut, split(切开,撕开)-split-split, spread(展开,延伸)-spread-spread注意: read-read-read发音分别是ri:d-red-red,其余动词三式读音相同。(2)ABA型:即动词的过去分词与原形是一样的。become(变得,成为)-became-become, come(来,来到)-came-come,run(奔跑,褪色)-ran-run, overcome(克服)-overcame-overcome(3)ABB型:即动词的过去式和过去分词相同。¨ 单词末尾的字母-d改为-t。如:bend(使弯曲)-bent-bent, build(建筑,造)-built-built, lend(借出)-lent-lent, send(打发,送,邮寄)-sent-sent, spend(花费,度过)-spent-spent¨ 原形最后一个字母改为t。如:lose(失去,丢失)-lost-lost, smell(嗅,闻到,发出气味)-smelledsmelt-smelledsmelt, spell(拼写)-spelt/spelled-spelt/spelled, ¨ 原形后加一个字母t。如:burn(燃烧,着火)-burnt/burned-burnt/burned, dream(做梦)-dreameddreamt-dreameddreamt, learn(学习,学会)-learnedlearnt-learnedlearnt, mean(意指,意思是)-meant-meant¨ 原形中的双e变单e。如:bleed(出血,流血)-bled-bled, feed(喂,饲养)-fed-fed, meet(遇见,见到)-met-met, speed(快速前进,快速运行)-sped/speeded-sped/speeded¨ 原形中的ee去掉一个字母e, 然后在词尾加t。如:feel(觉得,触摸)-felt-felt , keep(保持,保存)-kept-kept, sleep(睡觉)-slept-slept, sweep(扫,扫除)-swept-swept, weep(哭泣,流泪)-wept-wept¨ 过去式和过去分词都以-aught或-ought结尾的动词。如:catch(抓住,赶上)-caught-caught, teach(教,教书)-taught-taught; bring(拿来,带来,取来)-brought-brought, buy(买)-bought-bought, fight(打架,打架)-fought-fought, seek(探寻,争取)-sought-sought, think(想,认为,考虑)-thought-thought注意:原形中有字母a的为-aught,其他的是-ought。¨ 以-ay结尾的动词,在过去式和过去分词中把-ay变成-aid。如:lay(放,搁)-laid-laid, pay(付钱,给报酬)-paid-paid, say(说,讲)-said-said¨ 原形中的字母i改为o。例如:win(赢)-won-won, shine(照耀,发光,擦亮)-shone/ shined-shone / shined¨ 原形中的字母i改为a。例如:sit(坐)-sat-sat, spit(吐痰)-spat-spat¨ 原形中的an变为oo。例如:misunderstand(误会,不理解)-misunderstood-misunderstood,stand(站立,忍受,坐落)-stood-stood, understand(明白,理解,懂得)-understood-understood ¨ 原形中的-ell变成-old。如:retell(复述,重讲)-retold-retold, sell(卖,出售)-sold-sold, tell(讲述,告诉,吩咐)-told-told¨ 原形中间的元音字母变成u。如:dig(挖,掘)-dug-dug , stick(粘住钉住,坚持)-stuck-stuck, hang(悬挂,吊)-hung-hung, swing(摆动,舞动)-swung-swung, ¨ 其它的变化形式。如:find(找到,发现)-found-found, flee(逃跑)-fled-fled, get(成为,得到,到达)-got-got , have(有,吃,喝,进行)-had-had, hear(听见,得知,听说)-heard-heard , hold(握住,举行)-held-held , lead(领导,带领)-led-led, leave(离开,遗留,剩下)-left-left, light(点燃)-lit/lighted-lit/lighted, make(制造,做,使得)-made-made, shoot(射击,发射)-shot-shot, slide(滑行,滑动)-slid-slid, strike(侵袭,打火)-struck-struck/stricken, win(获胜,赢)-won-won, wind(缠绕,蜿蜒,弯曲)-wound-wound, rewind(倒带,倒片,重绕)-rewound-rewound(4)ABC型:即原形、过去式和过去分词各不相同。¨ 原形中含有字母i,在过去式中变为a,在过去分词中变为u。如:begin(开始,着手)-began-begun, drink(喝,饮)-drank-drunk, ring(响铃,打电话)-rang-rung, sing(唱歌)-sang-sung , sink(下沉,消沉)-sank-sunk, swim(游泳)-swam-swum ¨ 以字母ow或aw结尾的动词,在过去式中变成ew,过去分词则在原形后加-n。如:blow(吹,刮风,吹气)-blew-blown, grow(成长,种植,变成)-grew-grown,know(知道,认识,了解)-knew-known, throw(投,掷,扔)-threw-thrown,draw(绘画,拖,拉)-drew-drawn注意:为了便于记忆,我们将fly(飞,飘)-flew-flown也归纳到这里。¨ 原形-ear,过去式-ore,过去分词-orn。如:bear(负担,承受,忍受)-bore-born/borne, tear(扯破,撕开)-tore-torn, wear(穿,戴)-wore-worn, ¨ 过去分词是在原形词尾加-n或-en。如:arise(升起,出现)-arose-risen, be(是)-was/were-been, beat(敲打,跳动,打赢)-beat-beaten, drive(驾驶,驱赶)-drove-driven,eat(吃)-ate-eaten, fall(落下,倒)-fell-fallen, forsee(预见,预知)-forsaw-forseen, forgive(原谅,宽恕)-forgave-forgiven, give(给,付出,递给)-gave-given, mistake(弄错,搞混)-mistook-mistaken, rise(上升,上涨)-rose-risen, see(看见,领会,拜会)-saw-seen,sew(缝补,缝制)-sewed-sewn/sewed, shake(震动,动摇)-shook-shaken,shave(刮)-shaved-shaven/shaved, show(出示,显示)-showed-shown/showed, sow(播种)-sowed-sown/sowed, take(拿走,花费,服用,乘坐)-took-taken,特殊:bite(咬,叮)-bit-bitten, forbid(禁止,不许)-forbade-forbidden,hide(隐藏,躲藏)-hid-hidden, rewrite(重写)- rewrote-rewritten,ride(骑,乘车)-rode-ridden, write(写,著述)-wrote-written,¨ 过去分词是在过去式后面-n或-en。如:awake(唤醒)-awoke-awoken, break(打破,损坏,撕开)-broke-broken,choose(选择)-chose-chosen, freeze(结冰)-froze-frozen,speak(说,讲,发言)-spoke-spoken, forget(忘记)-forgot-forgotten, steal(偷盗,窃取)-stole-stolen, wake(唤醒,醒来)-woke-woken¨ 其他变化形式的动词。如:do(做,干)-did-done, go(去,到达)-went-gone, lie(躺,平放,位于)-lay-lain, (5)没有过去分词的动词can(能,会)-could, may(可以,可能)-mightmust(必须)-must, shall(将,会)-should, will(将,愿意)-would3.动词现在分词规则原形现在分词一般动词加-ingask, studyasking, studying以不发音的e结尾的动词,去e再加-ingcome, takecoming, taking重读闭音节结尾,且词尾只有一个辅音字母,则双写这个辅音字母后加-ingsit, beginsitting, beginning少数以ie结尾的动词,先变ie为y,再加-ingdie, lie, tiedying, lying, tying以oe, ee, ye结尾的动词,直接加-ingsee, agreeseeing, agreeing二、时态英语中除了运用时间状语表示动作发生的时间外,谓语动词本身也要有形式的变化来表示时间,这就是时态。英语中的时态大致可分为三类:过去的时态(一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时,过去完成时)、现在的时态(一般现在时,现在进行时,现在完成时)和将来的时态(一般将来时)。初中阶段常用时态共8种,各种时态的助动词分别如下表:时态意义标志时间词助动词谓语形式(肯定句)一般现在时一般时间发生的行为,或经常性、习惯性的动作,或客观真理often, always, usually, sometimes, once a week, every daydo, does(第三人称单数)do(动词原形)或does(第三人称单数)一般过去时过去发生的动作或情况yesterday, last week, ago, in 1998, just nowdiddid(动词过去式)一般将来时将要发生的动作或将来的状态tomorrow, next week, in the future, in two days, in 2100will, shall(用于第一人称)will do 或shall do, be going to do(表示计划要做的事)现在进行时现在(或目前一段时间内)正在发生的动作now, Look!, listen!, at this momentbe(am, is, are)be(am, is, are) doing(现在分词)过去进行时过去某一时刻(或某一段时间内)正在发生或反复发生的动作at this time yesterday, just then, at 6 last Sunday, when + 一般过去时be(was, were)be(was, were) doing(现在分词)过去将来时过去时间内将要发生的动作或存在的状态常用于主句是一般过去时的宾语从句would, should(用于第一人称)would do或should do, be going to do(表示计划要做的事)现在完成时过去的动作对现在有影响或过去的动作一直持续到现在already, yet, since 2000, for 2 days, so farhave, has(第三人称单数)have done(过去分词) 或 has done过去完成时过去某一时刻前已完成的动作,“过去的过去”by the end of + 过去的时间,by the time + 一般过去时hadhad done(过去分词)三、语态语态是动词的一种形式,表示主语与谓语动词之间的具体关系,分为主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是谓语动词动作的执行者。被动语态表示主语是谓语动词动作的承受者。被动语态的结构是“be + done(及物动词的过去分词)”,be本身无词义,但有时态、人称和数的变化。以被动语态表达的句子中,要时刻注意时态的变化形式,承担时态变化任务的就是be done结构中的be动词。被动语态be done在各种时态中的变化形式如下:一般现在时:be (am/is/are) done, 一般过去时:be (was/were) done,一般将来是:shall/will be done, 现在进行时:be (am/is/are) being done,过去进行时:be (was/were) being done, 过去将来时:would/should be done,现在完成时:have/has been done, 过去完成时:had been done.四、非谓语动词非谓语动词没有人称和数的变化,在句子中不做谓语,而是做主语、标语、宾语等成分。主要有动词不定式(to do)、现在分词与动名词形式(doing)和过去分词形式(done)。1. 作主语不定式和现在分词形式都可作主语,两者用法没有大的差异,只是不定式更强调具体性,往往有明确的时间;而现在分词形式是一种泛指,不是明确地发生在过去、现在或将来的动作,更具有普遍性。Reading is really fun. 读书很有趣。To read such a story is hard. 读这样一个故事真难。It is no good waiting here. 在这儿等没用。2. 作宾语不定式和现在分词都可作宾语,但受到谓语动词的限制。1) 在advise, allow, dislike, enjoy, finish, keep, mind, miss, practice, suggest, give up, keep on, cant help, feel like, pay attention to, be used to, look forward to 等动词后面,用现在分词形式(doing)做宾语。Would you mind turning down the TV a little? 请你把电视声音关小点儿好吗?Have you finished cleaning the classroom? 你打扫完教室了吗?2) 在want, wish, hope, offer, decide, help, learn, ask, refuse, promise, expect, dare, plan, manage, agree, pretend, prepare, would like, would prefer等动词后面,用动词不定式(to do)。We all expect to hear from you very soon. 我们都期待着收到你的来信。Victoria decided to leave here on Sunday instead of Monday. 维多利亚决定星期天而不是星期一离开这里。3) 在like, love, begin, start, continue等动词后面,即可用动词不定式,也可用现在分词,意义差别不大。Lets start playing/ to play the PC game. 让我们开始玩电脑游戏吧。4) 在remember, forget, stop, regret, go on, mean, try等动词后面,既可用动词不定式,也可用现在分词,意义差别很大。remember to do记住要做某事;remember doing 记着做过某事forget to do 忘记去做某事;forget doing 忘记做过某事stop to do 停下来,去做某事; stop doing 停止做某事regret to do 对马上要做的事表示遗憾; regret doing 对已发生的事表示遗憾、后悔go on to do 继续做另外的事情(强调事情的转接);go on doing 继续做未做完的事(强调动作的持续)mean to do 想做,打算做;mean doing 意味着try to do 尽力去做;try doing 试着去做,尝试去做5) want, need, require, deserve的用法这四个词后接不定式时表示主动的概念;I need to exercise every day. 我需要每天锻炼身体。I want to get good grades in final test. 我想在期末考试中取得好成绩。后接现在分词时表示被动的概念,与to be done同义。Your paper needs checking/ to be checked again. 你的试卷需要再检查一遍。Children need awarding/ to be awarded. 孩子需要奖励。City construction wants designing/ to be designed carefully. 城市建设需要精心设计。专心-专注-专业
展开阅读全文