航海技术毕业论文狭水道航行——琼州海峡航行

大连海事大学毕 业 论 文 狭水道航行 -琼州海峡航行 二一五 年 四 月内容摘要世界贸易很大一部分是由海上船舶运输来承担，船舶在经过狭水道时，会受风、流、浅水、岸壁效应的影响，船员自身的心理变化及来船等因素也会影响船舶安全，因此为了减少事故的发生，保障狭水道航行安全，我们必须要对狭水道的航行进行深入的探索。这篇文章主要针对这些影响因素以及船舶航行的特点，根据1972年国际海上避碰规则中狭水道航行规则，结琼州海峡航行时的经验，探索出正确而有效的航行方法，最大程度的减少狭水道航行事故的发生。关键词：狭水道 安全 事故 航行方法 ABSTRACTA large part of the world trade is sea shipping, when ship through the narrow channel, will be affected by the wind, flow, shallow water, the influence of the quay wall effect, the crews own psychological change and out will affect the ship safety, thus to reduce accidents, ensure the narrow waterway navigation safety, we must be on the narrow waterway navigation in-depth exploration. This article focuses on the influence factors and the characteristic of the navigation of ships, according to the international regulations for preventing collisions at sea 1972 in the narrow waterway navigation rules, combined with qiongzhou straits the sailing experience , explore the correct and effective navigation method, the greatest degree of reduce the narrow waterway navigation accidents. Keywords：narrow channel safety accident Navigation method 目 录1 琼州海峡介绍61.1 琼州海峡特点61.2 琼州海峡的通航环境62在进入狭水道之前的准备工作72.1 研究图书资料72.2制定详细地航线计划72.3接收天气预报和气象传真72.4检查航海仪器、船舶主机等设备72.5调整好身体状况73航道内航行3.1琼州海峡导航方法介绍83.2海峡内定位要求83.3要准确掌握转向点，避免形成紧迫局面83.4海峡避让危险物方法84琼州海峡安全航行的有关事项4.1采用适当的安全航速94.2海峡内船舶避让要引起足够的重视94.3控制两船间距离，防止船吸现象.9参考文献10附录.11狭水道航行 狭水道，通常指可航水域的宽度狭窄，船舶操纵会受到一定限制的通航水域。其特点航道狭窄弯曲，暗礁、沉船、鱼栅等障碍物较多，过往船舶很多,通航密度较大，加上水深和水面宽度较小，大船的富余水深较小，操纵性受到限制，稍不小心就会发生事故，一旦发生事故，造成的直接和间接损失都是极大的，研究狭水道航行的方法，减少海上事故的发生，对海上人命安全，防止海洋污染有着非常重要的意义，现就本人工作中航行于琼州海峡为例，介绍一下狭水道航行的注意事项和方法。1琼州海峡介绍1.1 琼州海峡的特点琼州海峡是广东省雷州半岛和海南岛北部之间的一条狭长水域，海峡东西长约50海里，东口连界线是以山狗吼灯桩和海南角灯塔连线为界，西口以灯楼角和临高角的连线为界。其中包括海南省和广东省众多港口同时也是广西北海、防城和越南各港口必经之路，过往船舶众多，而且各种船舶航线纵横交错，有东西走向航行于海峡的，也有航行于海口-海安南北走向的滚装船，在此频繁交汇，加上一些小渔船等的不规则航行，导致该航段通航秩序混乱，极易发生事故。海峡东口、西口和航道内的潮流之间区别很大也是要尤其注意的，东口附近浅滩较多流向复杂，流速可达3.5kn，海南角北方海流的流速可达6kn左右；海峡中部为往复流，涨潮为西流，落潮为东流，最大可达3-5kn；西口附近有顺时针方向的回转流，流速最大可为2kn，海峡内有急湍流，灯楼角和海南角附近很明显，船舶航行时应加以注意，勤观测风流压差的变化，防止船舶偏离航线而出现紧迫局面。1.2 琼州海峡的通航环境琼州海峡通航水域有限，近年来在海峡及附近水域常有渔船违章定置渔桩网门、海水养殖等设施以及占用可航水域违章捕捞，严重地影响船舶的安全航行，恶化了海峡的通航环境，造成了多起船舶触碰鱼桩或为了避让鱼桩而导致与他船碰撞的交通事故。这里重点提到海峡西口的渔桩网门设置杂乱无章，网桩的特点是用钢丝绳连接着两个泡沫圆球，间距大概有20-30米左右船舶不能从其中间穿过，夜间大风浪期间很难被发现，常常有船舶的螺旋桨被网具缠绕而使船舶处于危险的境地。如遇到夜间过海峡加上有风浪的情况，建议在西口外宽阔水域抛锚，待天亮时在进入海峡。2在进入狭水道之前的准备工作2.1研究图书资料 船舶首先要备齐各种必须的航海图书资料，驾驶员则应该在进入狭水道之前进行航海图书资料的研究，仔细阅读航路指南，潮汐表等。检查海图资料是否是最新的以及要关心水深的变动情况。选择大比例尺海图、熟悉该地区的水深、导航设施、和潮流等，提前做好航次计划，对水道中的浅点，碍航物及可航宽度，要做到心中有数。2.2制定详细地航线计划要综合考虑琼州海峡的特殊情况来进行航线设计，如，海峡两侧海南和广东两省港口之间的贸易和人员往来需很多轮渡和货船来实现，这就与东西走向的船舶形成交叉会遇，因此航线设计时要保持1海里之外通过上述的港口航道出入口。海峡航道有沉船和浅水区域，航线设计时要考虑到浅水效应对船舶操纵性的影响，同时海峡航道内及两侧有大量的鱼栅，而这些鱼栅和普通的渔网不同他们是用钢丝绳连接着两个泡沫圆球，船舶不能从中间通过，设计航线时应该避开这些区域尽量选择深水区航行，谨记一点航程短不一定是安全航线。最后，要在设计好的航线上正确标识计划航向，并使用红笔将危险水深、障碍物圈出。2.3接收天气预报和气象传真天气的变化对狭水道航行也是有很大的影响的，很多事故往往发生在能见度不良、风力较大等天气下，因此接受天气预报和气象传真是必不可少的。掌握好天气的变化，对特殊天气及能见度要做好心理准备，并且做好应对措施。2.4检查航海仪器、船舶主机等设备航海仪器和船舶主机等设备是船舶的重要“器官”，如果“器官”出毛病了，那么安全将失去保障。因此二副要及时做好航海仪器和图书资料的检查工作，尤其是在进入狭水道前，必须要仔细的研究有关的航海图书资料，并及时进行改正。对各段航线的航向、航程和水道中航海危险、水流情况以及定位、导航、避险和转向物标等做到心中有数，有些要加以熟记，明确在各段航行中应采取的航行方法和注意事项，防止疏漏或者变故影响使用，对航行造成安全隐患。此外有关人员要做好对主机、锚、舵的检查，保证其处于可用或应急状态，保证船舶的安全航行。2.5调整好身体状况狭水道航行和大洋航行不同，狭水道的地形比较复杂，容易让人产生疲劳，造成安全隐患。因此，在进入狭水道航行前，值班船员必须要调整好自己的身体状况，保证充足的精力去操纵船舶，保障船舶安全。切不可让疲劳的船员去驾驶，防止其因疲劳而注意力不集中，出现失误，导致事故的发生。如果值班船员身体有疲劳或生病等情况，船长要及时安排其他人顶替该船员值班。3航道内航行3.1琼州海峡导航方法介绍琼州海峡两侧有浮标，我们通常采用的是浮标导航，这种方法简单直观，但有一定的局限性，因为浮标多数采用锚链系固水泥块方式固定在海床上，因海峡内水流较大如果在加上大风的作用下，很容易导致移位，也有时因临时辖区作业移除灯浮，所以我们在导航时至少要采取两种方法来进行，另外在辖区经常用的是平行线导航，这种导航要借助雷达，导航时要事先结合海图，选取离航线较近、显著、海图位置准确的物标，并量取该物标至计划航线的最近距离。调整雷达北向上相对运动，活动距标至相应的最近距离值，电子方位线与计划航线平行，再调整电子方位线扫描中心，使其刚好在物标同侧与活动距标圈相切，利用物标回波和电子方位线的相对位置关系调整航向。3.2海峡内定位要求无论是大洋、沿岸，或是狭水道、进出港航行，海图作业中都要有与之相符合的足够频繁的定位。狭水道航行时要采用多种定位手段核对船位，琼州海峡两端孤立、显著物标较多，如：灯塔，它是我们物标方位距离定位的很好的参照物标，结合GPS等定位系统做好船位校核，保证船舶调整在设定的计划航线上，并且在经过重要物标时要记录好相应的时间、方位和距离，以及经过重要航标的时间和正横距离。航行中定位的频率不能机械的理解为间隔1小时和0.5小时，值班驾驶员应该清楚掌握周围航行环境，预计到可能的危险和对应的规避措施，对到达风险位置的时间要做到心中有数，定位的时机要留有充分时间规避风险。3.3要准确掌握转向点，避免形成紧迫局面在海峡内航行时，要推算出到达航道内弯头或转向点时间，确定好风流压差，多方法的使其船舶行驶在计划航线上，转向时尽可能选择转向同一侧的孤立、显著物标。转向时要结合船舶的实际情况，适当提前或推迟转向，准确把船转至新航线上。如新航线正前方或正后方有适当的导标时，可直接观测该导标方位来确定转向时机。这样，不论转向前船舶是否偏离计划航线，均能较为准确的将船舶转到新航线上。往往我们在转向时是会遇船舶较多的时候，我们要提前做好准备，注意收听琼州海峡VTS08和16频道掌握海峡内船舶交通状况，包括航行和锚地船舶的动态，严格遵守避碰规则、狭水道特定水域的航行条例，及时进行联系避让，必要时要请求海峡VTS帮忙协调避让。3.4海峡避让危险物方法海峡避让危险物主要用两种方法：a.方位避险为避开航线一侧的危险物，如所选避险物标与危险物的连线与计划航线平行或接近平行，则用方位避险线避险。采用方位避险，应选择与危险物位于同一侧的显著物标作为避险物标，并根据避险物标，危险物和船舶之间的相对位置关系确定相应的避险方案：在海图上以危险物为圆心，最小安全距离d为半径画圆弧，在自M作靠近航线一侧的圆弧的切线，该切线即为方位避险线。量取避险线真方位TB0，即为相应的避险方位。若所选避险物标M与危险物同位于航线右侧，且避险物标位于危险物前方，航行中，只要保持实测M的真方位TBTB0,即可安全避开该危险物；如避险物标M与危险物同位于航线的右侧，但避险物标在危险物后面，则应保持实测方位TBTB0,方可避开危险物。如避险物标和危险物同位于航线左侧，避险方案刚好与上述相反：当避险物位于危险物前方时，为安全避开危险物，应保持实测方位TBTB0；当避险物标位于危险物后面时，确保TBTB0。（见附录图一）b.距离避险采用距离避险线避险，必须选择位于危险物同侧的避险物标并且连线与计划航线垂直或接近垂直。首先确定距危险物的最近距离，再进一步确定避险距离。航行中，保持船舶至该物标的距离大于等于避险距离，即可避离物标附近的危险物。雷达导航时，调整雷达活动距标值至避险距离，只要避险物标的回波位于该活动距标圈以外，就可以安全避开该危险物。4琼州海峡安全航行的有关事项4.1采用适当的安全航速采用安全航速，机舱备车航行，甲板部备妥双锚，以备紧急情况。驶过浅水区时，应保持连续测深，必要时应该降速航行以减少船舶浅水区船体下沉的情况，安全航速不是要求船舶以低速行驶，而我们建议的是船舶根据具体的情况以安全航速行驶，安全航速从来就没有过具体的大小，这是需要驾驶员运用良好的船艺及经验自己去判断和操纵的。安全航速主要受能见度、交通密度、风流状况等因素的影响，速度要快慢结合，保持狭水道航行的通畅和安全，避免堵塞、碰撞等局面的发生。在琼州海峡的夏季经常会出现短时暴雨并伴随着大风天气，暴雨会使能见度下降，船舶要加强瞭望，及时减速航行。4.2海峡内船舶避让要引起足够的重视对于在狭水道航行发生的事故，很大一部分是由人为因素造成的。尽管有的驾驶员经验丰富，但是往往却犯一些低级错误。或许是因为自认为驾驶技术比较好，忽视了规则的重要性。我们在海峡里避让行动应是积极的、及时的，应该做到“早、大、宽、清”。海峡内渔船拖网捕鱼很多，我们要利用各种手段让对方及早的注意到本船，可以通过探照灯、汽笛等手段警告对方，让其明白我船的意图。这里还要提到一点，驾驶员的业务水平和综合素质很重要，船长及部门长应经常监督指导培训，尤其是对刚刚上任的驾驶员。4.3控制两船间距离，防止船吸现象狭水道一般可航水域较窄，在受限水域会船和追越时，由于距离较近，将会出现船间效应，一旦操作不当就会引发事故，故在有些港章中对某些弯曲地段有明确规定，严禁追越和尽量避免会船，即使在直航段会船时，也应缓速行驶，当两船船首相平，因相斥而外偏时不宜用大舵角来抑制，以免而后船首驶过他船船中时，会增加两船之间的吸力，而出现船首向内偏转过快，而引起碰撞。一般情况下，当横距小于两船船长之和时就会产生这种作用力，当横距小于两船船长之和的一半时，该作用力明显增加，所以应尽可能会遇距离大于两船船长之和的一半。尤为强调在追越时，一定要征得对方同意并且对方采取了有效地行动，我船才能开始追越，因为在追越的过程中，两船之间的相对运动时间较长，长时间近距离航行必将增加安全隐患。参考文献1 郑和平，船舶操纵与避碰，人民交通出版社， 2012年5月 2 郑中义，船舶避碰决策，大连海事大学出版社， 2000-12版 3 李人环，追越、船吸与操纵，世界海运，2012年4月4 郝勇，海事管理学，武汉理工大学出版社，2010年5月5 戴喜平，浅析狭水道航行特点及避碰措施，科技视界 2012年05月第15期6 刘德新，王志明，航海学，人民交通出版社，2012年5月7 冯开峰，狭水道内船舶主机及舵失控的应急措施探讨，中国水运，2011年3月8 佚名，浅谈海轮在狭水道航行，海事航运，2009年1月附录NCATB0图一CA图一（1）NNTB0TB0图二（2）图二（3）NTB0CA图二（4）您好，为你提供优秀的毕业论文参考资料，请您删除以下内容，O(_)O谢谢！AnationalsurveywasrecentlylaunchedtoevaluatetheeyehealthofChinesechildrenandteenagers.OnJune6,ChinasannualNationalDayforEyeCare,theChinaYouthDevelopmentServiceCenterandZhejiangMedicine,aleadinglistedChinesepharmaceuticalcompany,jointlyannouncedthekickoffofthesurvey.Inaboutonemonth,aquestionnairecompiledbytopeyecaremedicalexpertsinChinawillbedistributedthroughmultipleonlinepartners,includingH,aswellasthroughofflinesurveyeventsheldinuniversities,middleschoolsandprimaryschoolsacrossthecountry.Areportwillbereleasedbasedonthesurveystatisticsandanalysis,andmostimportantly,guidelinesforparentsandyouthonhowtocarefortheeyesandpreventmyopiaagrowingprobleminChinasdigitizedsociety,willalsobeattachedonthereport.Myopiaisnotonlyadiseasethatmakespeopleseethingsblurrily,butalsoleadstoseverecomplications,suchasglaucoma(increasedpressurewithintheeyeball),andcancauseblindness,saidZhouYuehua,anestablishedeyecarespecialistwithBeijingTongrenHospital.Itisveryimportantforparentsandchildrentoknowabouttheriskandcarefortheireyes.Thereareabout450millionmyopiapatientsinChina.AmongChinesemyopiapatients,30millionareseverepatients,accordingtoZhouTheprevalenceofmyopiaamonghighschoolandcollegestudentsismorethan70percent,andthesituationiscontinuouslyworsening,headded.SunZhu,directorwiththeChinaYouthDevelopmentServiceCenter,saidlonghoursofstudy,lackofexercise,especiallyoutdooractivities,andattachmenttoelectronicscreenaresomeofthetopreasonsbehindthewidespreadmyopiaproblems,andtheincreaseofyoungerpatients,althoughChinahasmadegreatprogressinimprovingthehardwarefacilitiesandlightingconditionsinschools.Hesaidhehopesthesurveywillalertpeopleonthethreateningsituation,andalsohelpmedicalexpertstobetterguidelineparentsandchildrensbehaviorstocareforeyes,basedonthetimelyandfactualstatisticsthesurveycollected.Aseriesoffollow-upeventswillalsobeheldinsixcities,includingJinaninShandongprovince,andChangshainHunanprovince,toeducatepeopleonhowtocareforeyesafterthesurveystarted. More and more Chinese are jogging to get and stay fit. Most joggers will run alone, but some will jog with friends or even coaches. The Beijing Olympic Forest Park is one of the most popular spots. It is packed with runners in the afternoon, usually after work, and at weekends. Jogging after a whole days work can be a way to unwind. It is true for He Wenjun, whose workplace is right near the forest park. She discovered her athletic aptitude at the age of seven, when she began playing tennis. Then she turned to jogging, and she has persevered with it for 10 years. I come to jog almost every day after work, whenever I have time. I think jogging is good for my health. And for me, a girl, it helps me to achieve to eternal goal, to keep slim, He said. He says she prefers jogging alone, so she can focus better. She loves jogging, even during Beijings smoggy days. If the smog is severe, Ill hold off jogging for a while. But if I really want to get away from work, Ill wear a mask, or just ignore the smog and go on jogging, she said. For those who are not so athletic, jogging also has its attractions. Wu Houbin started roughly two years ago, when he was severely obese. Within two months, his weight dropped from 82 kilograms to 64 kilograms. The success helped him recover health, and he has made friends. Jogging does not require speed, but stamina. If you want to stick to the game, you need to take it as a mission, a habit, and then eventually a hobby, Wu said. But persevering with jogging is not always easy. Jogging is beneficial for heart-lung function, and the skeletal system, but doctors say improper technique damages the joints, especially the knees and ankles. Excessive jogging wears down the body, and harms ones health. Poor technique harms the muscles and skeleton, and can cause secondary injures. And, jogging in a bad environment can cause circulation problems, said Lu Zhiyong, attending doctor, Sports Hospital, General Admin. of Sports.Dr. Lu has some tips for joggers, and those who are thinking of taking it up.He says people should first evaluate their physical condition, to decide the amount and type of exercise, and jogging in the open air is better running on a treadmill. Conrad Macao will run special programs for the entire month of October this year to support the Hong Kong Cancer Funds Pink Revolution, an annual campaign that seeks to raise awareness and funds for breast cancer research, the hotel recently announced. A major sponsor of the campaign for three years in a row, Conrad Macao has pledged to donate a portion of its proceeds to the fund, including those collected from selling its popular bear and rubber duck merchandise, in limited pink editions. Pink is the theme for floral arrangements and decorations in the hotel in October. In addition, on Fridays that month, members of the management and staff will add something pink to their uniforms, regular e-mails and handwritten guest cards. Breast cancer is the most prevalent type of cancer among women in Hong Kong and is also of significant concern in Macao and around the world, regardless of age, general manager Bede Barry said in a statement. The hotel has enlisted the support of a number of international and local celebrities to help drive the cause, including South Korean actor Jung Suk Won. This year, a lucky guest who stays at the hotel during the campaign and also donates money for the cause will win a necklace specially designed by Arte Madrid, a Spanish jewelry brand. Women should strive to balance quality of work and life, and have children at a young age. As a doctor I see much suffering because of this imbalance. Xiao Ying, 36, works for a large law firm. Her job means lots of travel, a heavy caseload and a large number of meetings, so her schedule is hectic. She has been pregnant twice, but had abortions on both occasions because she felt her busy, high-pressure career wasnt conducive to raising a child. She planned to have children once she had achieved career success so she could provide a stable environment for her baby. After 10 years, Xiao felt the time was right, and she tried to conceive for about six months, but was unable to become pregnant. I conducted comprehensive physical checkups. The results suggested that Xiaos ovarian function has declined and a bilateral oviduct blockage has occurred, meaning that in vitro fertilization is her only option. So, after reducing her workload, Xiao underwent IVF treatment. Luckily, she got pregnant after just one treatment cycle, but later experienced vaginal bleeding, and rushed to the hospital. I told her to rest and carry on with the treatment (to prevent a miscarriage). As Zubin Zarthoshtimanesh, a yoga guru, demonstrated postures at a high school stadium in Dujiangyan city, Sichuan province, some 200 students sat on colorful mats watching him closely. It was part of the first India-China international yoga festival in the provincial capital, Chengdu, in Southwest China, where more than 1,000 fans from home and abroad gathered for lessons from 20 leading practitioners of the ancient Indian regimen, from June 17-21. Yoga is to India what perhaps tai chi is to China. Many countries other than India and China, also held the first World Yoga Day on June 21, after the United Nations last year agreed to Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modis suggestion that a special day be marked in the year for the global practice of the stress-busting regimen, which is already a multibillion dollar industry in the United States. Modi said in the speech: Yoga is an invaluable gift of Indias ancient tradition. . It is not about exercise but to discover the sense of oneness with yourself, the world and nature.Zarthoshtimanesh, who runs his own yoga center, Iyengar Yogabhyasa, in the Indian financial capital of Mumbai, says: Chinese students are very respectful. For me, all students are the same no matter what their race is and where they come from. The most important thing is to remove mental walls. Zarthoshtimanesh learned yoga from the late Yogacharya Iyengar and traveled with the master to different countries. Consulate General of India in southern Chinas Guangzhou city organized the Chengdu festival. A terrifying wooden bridge in China has just been replaced by a glass one. This, the worlds longest glass-bottomed walkway, is located in Shiniuzhai Geopark in Hunan, and spans 300m (984f) and is 180m (590f) above ground. The floor is made of double-layered glass that is 24mm (0.94in), and is reportedly 25 times stronger than regular window glass. The bridge had previously been made of wood, linking the two peaks of Stone Buddha Mountain, but 11 engineers working 12 hours a day converted it to glass. Previously, you were considered brave if you steeled yourself to cross the wooden walkway; now, with its glass bottom, the bridge is already being referred to as “hero bridge.” The popular chains longtime executive chef embraces mapo tofu and other exotic elements for the burger-driven menu, Liu Zhihua reports.At the age of 37, Shanghai native Lin Zhengu has become a star as a Western cuisine chef in the Chinese metropolis, a city that has a wealth of Western restaurants. The executive chef of Blue Frog Bar and Grill, a popular burger-based restaurant and bar chain on the Chinese mainland, Lin is the soul of the restaurant franchises team of more than 550 chefs. Many of the franchises most popular dishes are his brainchild. Lin says his secret of success is innovation rooted in experience: He spends months every year traveling and eating worldwide, seeking new ingredients and inspirations that could improve the offerings of Blue Frog restaurants. The restaurant chain regularly launches a new seasonal menu, usually featuring eight new dishes with fresh ingredients. The best-selling seasonal dishes later replace the least popular items on the regular menu, which is usually updated in late fall and boasts a selection of about 40 dishes. Food should have no boundaries, Lin says. As long as the food tastes good and is healthy, it doesnt really matter where it originates or how it is cooked. Lin likes to give the American-style restaurants menu some culinary touches from other countries, such as China and Mexico, and customers love such innovation, he says. He started his career as an apprentice in a Chinese kitchen in 1993. By chance he learned from a French chef in 1994, and soon became enamored with the world of Western food. During the next couple of years, he received strict training in Western culinary art from French, Chinese and German chefs. That was rare for a Chinese chef in the 1990s, he saysand so was being a Chinese chef who spoke fluent English. When an American entrepreneur invited him to join in his startup Blue Frog in 2000, Lin didnt hesitate to resign from a five-star hotel to work in the new restaurant with just five chefs, eager to explore the excitement of a life that had yet to unfold. Since that Shanghai launch, Blue Frog has opened 24 branches in seven cities across China, including Beijing, Tianjin, Chongqing and Nanjing in Jiangsu province. The new menu for this fall, which was launched in early September, showcases how flavors of East and West meet to create a variety of delicious burgers and other entrees in the cozy, soft-lit restaurants. I liked the mapo burger best. Just imagine the flavorful combination of the hot, mildly numb-spicy mapo tofu sauce and grilled 100-percent Australian beef patty, along with a slice of cheddar cheese and a side of french fries. The savory sauce helped highlight the pattys juicy, tender texture and its delicious beef flavor. Matching that Sichuan flavor with cheese created a new taste experience.13